the Saxons

R1xR1a1, IxI1b2, and R1a1 have been indicated by subtracting AMH+1, 2.47+1, and 3.65+1, respectively. a, frequency of 0.005.



In Principal Component (PC) plots summarizing variation in Y chromosome frequencies (Figure 3), all the British populations (excluding Orkney and Shetland) skewed toward the right of axis one; this reflects the relatively high frequencies of AMH+1 in these populations. The Basques, the most extreme on this axis, clustered with samples from central Ireland (Castlerea) and Wales (Haverfordwest and Llangefni). It is interesting to note that Scottish mainland sites appear generally between English ones and these “indigenous” populations. The Norwegian and the German/Danish samples are separated on axis two.



Figure 3. Principal Components PlotA plot of the first and second principal components of the Y chromosome haplogroup frequencies of the populations shown in Table 1. The first two components of the Principal Components analysis of Y chromosome frequencies explain almost 60% of the total variation. The loadings with the greatest magnitude for the first axis are for AMH+1 and 3.65+1 (+0.152 and –0.241), while 2.47+1 and 3.65+1 have the greatest impact on the second axis (+0.128, −0.131).