John F. Kennedy's funeral in 1963
included a riderless horse, named
"Black Jack",
with boots facing backwards in the
saddle.
M E M O R I A L D A Y
Remember The Fallen
Riderless horse adds poignancy to military burials
Riderless horses honor high-ranking fallen U.S. troops, government officials
Many recall horse with empty saddle during 1963 JFK funeral
Army's ceremonial "Old Guard" unit prides itself on its military funerals
Tradition of riderless horses at funerals dates to ancient Rome, soldier says
By Bob Kovach
CNN
ARLINGTON, Virginia (CNN) -- Staff Sgt. Travis Nielsen had no idea when he joined the U.S. Army that
his duty would include one of the most solemn and hallowed ceremonies in the military.
John F. Kennedy's funeral in 1963 included a riderless horse, named "Black Jack", with boots facing backwards
in the saddle.
During funeral processions at Virginia's Arlington National Cemetery near Washington, Nielsen walks the
so-called riderless horse -- a powerful military symbol that stands among the highest honors for the fallen.
Images of the so-called caparisoned horse -- often referred to as the "cap horse" --
remain emblazoned in the memories of millions of shocked Americans who watched televised images of
President John F. Kennedy's funeral procession shortly after his 1963 assassination.
According to Army tradition, a ceremonial horse is led by a "cap walker" -- like Nielsen -- in a procession
with boots set backward in the saddle's stirrups. In addition to high-ranking government officials such as
the president, the cap horse honor is reserved for officers of the rank of colonel or above.
The tradition dates "to Roman times, or Genghis Khan," Nielsen said, "as a high honor bestowed on high-
ranking fallen warriors."
The ancient riderless horse ceremony didn't include backward boots, he said, but it did include an
unusual meal.
"They were shrouding their horses or putting him in battle armor or escorting the fallen to their grave,"
Nielsen said. "When that was done they would eat the horse and they would have a big feast."
Today "the boots facing backward symbolize [that] the fallen won't ride again and [the rider is] looking
back on his family one last time," he said.
Nielsen serves with the ceremonial Caisson Platoon of the 3rd U.S. Infantry regiment, also known as
The Old Guard, based at Fort Myer, Virginia, near the cemetery. Formed in 1784, the Old Guard ranks
as the oldest active duty unit in the Army.
Platoon soldiers rarely know any details about the troops or civilians they honor.
"Sometimes someone who served with the fallen -- or maybe [who] went to [military] academy with them -- will come up to you and tell you what a great guy they were," Nielsen said.
When choosing Old Guard members, commanders "want guys who are punctual and disciplined and picky about the way they look and the way their horses look," he said.
The focus of much of Nielsen's duties involves drilling and training horses such as Kennedy, a cap horse whose previous career involved running around harness racing tracks.
Staff Sgt. Travis Nielsen
groominf Kennedy
Cemetery ceremonial horses are washed and brushed until their coats give off a bright sheen. Saddles and brass are buffed and polished until they shine like mirrors.
Ancient caissons that carry flag-draped caskets are cleaned and readied for a day of service.
As for the soldiers, Old Guard members' woolen uniforms are flawless and take hours to prepare, as each
inch is inspected again and again.
Uniforms are pressed and ironed. Shoes and brass are polished and shined.
"In the winter it can get pretty cold out there," Nielsen said. "In the summer -- it's no joke -- the summers get extremely hot. There will be heat indexes of 100 to 115 degrees."
Nielsen described his duty as rewarding.
"We carry America's heroes to their final resting place"
he said.
Soldiers in formation lead the procession. An Army band plays, and the unit marches to muffled drums.
The caisson passes, led by six horses -- either black or white. The horses' harnesses jangle and the caisson wheels rumble through the hallowed paths of Arlington.
Bringing up the rear of the procession is Nielsen, leading Kennedy.
They pass in formation directly behind a flag-draped casket carrying the body of a soldier or Marine -- Navy and Air Force officers do not use cap horses at burial ceremonies.
After a casket is carried to a burial site, the caisson and cap horse depart.
Nielsen and Kennedy head back
to the stables alone, to prepare
for another ceremony.
