Greek Mythology & the Origins of the World
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BIRTH & NAMES OF THE KHARITES
I) DAUGHERS OF ZEUS & EURYNOME
"And Eurynome (Broad Pasture), the daughter of Okeanos, beautiful in form, bare him [Zeus] three fair-cheeked Kharites (Graces), Aglaia (Glory, Beauty), and Euphrosyne (Merriment), and lovely Thaleia (Festivity), from whose eyes as they glanced flowed love that unnerves the limbs: and beautiful is their glance beneath their brows." - Hesiod, Theogony 907
"Kharites three ... Euphrosyne, lover of song, and Aglaia revered, daughters of Zeus the all-highest ... with Thalia, darling of harmony." - Pindar, Odes Olympian 14 str1-str2
"Hither, holy rosy-armed Kharites, daughters of Zeus." - Greek Lyric I Sappho, Frag 53
"Mousai and Kharites, daughters of Zeus." - Greek Elegaic Theognis, Frag 1.15
"By Okeanos’ daughter Eurynome he [Zeus] had the Kharites, named Aglaia, Eurphrosyne, and Thaleia." - Apollodorus, The Library 1.13
"Others said that the Titenia (the Titaness) Eurynome gave birth to the Kharites." - Callimachus, Aetia Frag 6
"Illustrious Kharites, mighty named, from Zeus descended, and Eunomia famed, Thalia and Aglaia fair and bright, and blest Euphrosyne." - Orphic Hymn 60 to the Charites
"To Zeus also were born, they say, the goddesses Aphrodite and the Kharites (Graces)." - Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 5.72.5
"From Jove [Zeus] and Eurynome [were born]: Gratiae (Graces)." - Hyginus, Preface
II) DAUGHTERS OF DIONYSOS
"Let us be merry and drink wine and sing of Bakkhos ... thanks to him Methe (Drunkenness) was brought forth, the Kharis (Grace) was born, Lupa (Pain) takes rest and Ania (Trouble) goes to sleep." - Greek Lyric II The Anacreontea, Frag 38
"[Dionysos:] ‘I will present you with the Kharites of divine Orkhomenos ... my daughters, whom I will take from Aphrodite." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 16.130
"One of the swiftshoe Kharites [Pasithea] ... in a forest not far off she saw the madness of Lyaios her father [Dionysos who was driven mad by Hera during his war against the Indians and his army routed]. She wept for sorrow and tender affection, and tore her cheeks with her nails in mourning." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 33.4
"[The ghost of Ariadne to Dionysos:] 'I will say nothing of the [your] love of Kronois [Hera?], from whose bed were born the three Kharites ever inseparable." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 48.530
III) DAUGHTERS OF HERA
"Hera answered him [Hypnos]: '... I will give you one of the younger Kharites for you to marry, and she shall be called you lady; Pasithea.' [Homer is perhaps suggesting that Hera was their mother]." - Homer, Iliad 14.231
"Alkaios ... deals with the mid-wifery of the Kharites (Graces) and the nursing of the Horai (Seasons)." - Greek Lyric I Alcaeus, Frag 308 (from Menander the rhetorician, Declamations)
"Hera they call the holy nurse of the Kharites (Graces), and they say that she wields sovereignty and holds the sceptre. " - Colluthus, The **** of Helen 88
"They say that thou [Hera], mother of Ares, dist with travail bear the holy choir of fair-tressed Kharites (Graces)." - Colluthus, The **** of Helen 174
IV) DAUGHTERS OF HELIOS & AIGLE
"Antimakhos [poet C5th BC], while giving neither the number of the Kharites nor their names, says that they are daughters of Aigle and Helios." - Pausanias, Guide to Greece 9.35.1
"Aigles Kharites (Radiant Graces): They have plausibly traced the lineage of the Kharites (Graces). Helios is also from Aigle, since, it seems, the Kharites are radiant [beautiful]." - Suidas "Aigles Kharites"
V) VARIOUS ACCOUNTS
"The Boiotians say that Eteokles [mythical King of Orkhomenos] was the first man to sacrifice to the Kharites. Moreover, they are aware that he established three as the number of the Kharites, but they have no tradition of the names he gave them.
The Lakedaimonians, however, say that the Kharites are two, and that they were instituted by Lakedaimon, son of Taygete, who gave them the names Kleta and Phaenna. These are appropriate names for the Kharites,.
As are those given by the Athenians, who from of old have worshipped two Kharites, Auxo and Hegemone. Karpo is the name, not of a Kharis, but of a Horai ...
It was from Eteokles of Orkhomenos that we learned the custom of praying to three Kharites.
And Angelion and Tekatios, sons of Dionysos, who made the image of Apollon for Athens, set three Kharites in his hand. Again, at Athens, before the entrance to the Akropolis, the Kharites are three in number ...
Pamphos [poet of the Homeric Hymn to Demeter] was the first we know of to sing about the Kharites, but his poetry contains no information either as to their number or about their names.
Homer (he too referes to the Kharites) makes one the wife of Hephaistos, giving her the name Kharis. He also says that Hypnos was a lover of Pasithea, and in the speech of Hypnos there is this verse:- ‘Verily that he would give me one of the younger Kharites.’. Hence some have suspected that Homer knew of older Kharites as well.
Hesiod in the Theogony says that the Kharites are daughters of Zeus and Eurynome, giving them the names of Euphrosyne, Aglaia and Thalia. The poem of Onomakritos [poet C6th BC] agrees with this account.
Antimakhos [poet C5th BC], while giving neither the number of the Kharites nor their names, says that they are daughters of Aigle and Helios.
The elegaic poet Hermesianax [poet C4th BC] disagrees with his predecessors in that he makes Peitho one of the Kharites." - Pausanias, Guide to Greece 9.35.1
"The Lakedaimonians, however, say that the Kharites are two ... who gave them the names Kleta and Phaenna. These are appropriate names for the Kharites, as are those given by the Athenians, who from of old have worshipped two Kharites, Auxo and Hegemone ...
" - Pausanias, Guide to Greece 9.35.1
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K70.2 "Aphrodite and her retinue"
Athenian Red Figure C5th BC
London, British Museum 698
Detail: Eudaimonia (Happiness) (named) is seated with a flying Eros in the retinue of Aphrodite
K70.1 "Aphrodite, Adonis and her retinue"
Athenian Red Figure Hydria C5th BC
Florence, Museo Archeologico Etrusco 81948
Detail: Harmonia (Harmony) sits with Eudaimonia (Happiness) on her lap, next to Paidia (Play) amongst the companions of the goddess Aphrodite
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HYMNS TO THE KHARITES
"Whose haunts are by Kephissos’ river, you queens beloved of poets’ song, ruling Orkhomenos, that sunlit city and land of lovely steeds, watch and ward of the ancient Minyan race, hear now my prayer, you Kharites three. For in your gift are all our mortal joys, and every sweet thing, be it wisdom, beauty, or glory, that makes rich the soul of man. Nor even can the immortal gods order at their behest the dance and festals, lacking the Kharites’ aid; who are the steward of all rites of heaven, whose thrones are set at Pytho beside Apollon of the golden bow, and who with everlasting honour worship the Father, lord of great Olympos.
Euphrosyne, lover of song, and Aglaia revered, daughters of Zeus the all-highest, hearken, and with Thalia, darling of harmony, look on our songs of revel, on light feet stepping to grace this happy hour ... I come to praise Asopikhos, whose Minyan house, Thalia, now of your favour wears the pride of the Olympian victor." - Pindar, Odes Olympian 14 str1-str2
"To the Kharites (Graces), Fumigation from Storax. Hear me, illustrious Kharites, mighty named, from Zeus descended, and Eunomia famed, Thalia and Aglaia fair and bright, and blest Euphrosyne, whom joys delight: mothers of mirth; all lovely to the view, pleasure abundant, pure, belongs to you: various, for ever flourishing and fair, desired by mortals, much invoked in prayer; circling, dark-eyed, delightful to mankind, come, and you mystics’ bless with bounteous mind." - Orphic Hymn 60 to the Charites
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KHARITES GODDESSES OF JOY & FAVOUR
The Kharites were the goddesses of all things that bring joy: beauty, adornment, art, music, glory, dancing, festivity, and mirth.
"Kharites three. For in your gift are all our mortal joys, and every sweet thing, be it wisdom, beauty, or glory, that makes rich the soul of man. Nor even can the immortal gods order at their behest the dance and festals, lacking the Kharites’ aid; who are the steward of all rites of heaven, whose thrones are set at Pytho beside Apollon of the golden bow, and who with everlasting honour praise the Father, lord of great Olympos.
Euphrosyne, lover of song, and Aglaia revered, daughters of Zeus the all-highest, hearken, and with Thalia, darling of harmony, look on our songs of revel." - Pindar, Odes Olympian 14 str1-str2
"My message shall go speeding far and wide, if Fate’s decree grant’s that my hand may till the precious beauty of the Kharite’s garden. For of their gift is every joy, and from divine power are noble and wise hearts endowed to man." - Pindar, Odes Olympian 9 ep1
"Elpis (Hope) is the only good god remaining among mankind; the others have left and gone to Olympos. Pistis (Trust), a mighty god has gone, Sophrosyne (Restraint) has gone from men, and the Kharites (Graces), my friend, have abandoned the earth." - Greek Elegaic, Theognis 1.1135
"Illustrious Kharites ... whom joys delight: mothers of mirth; all lovely to the view, pleasure abundant, pure, belongs to you: various, for ever flourishing and fair, desired by mortals, much invoked in prayer; circling, dark-eyed, delightful to mankind." - Orphic Hymn 60 to the Charites
"To Zeus also were born, they say, the goddesses Aphrodite and the Kharites (Graces) ... To the Kharites (Graces) was given [assigned by Zeus and Hera] the adornment of personal appearance and the beautifying of each part of the body with an eye to making it more comely and pleasing to the gaze, and the further privilege of being the first to bestow benefaction and, on the other hand, of requiting with appropriate favours (kharites) such men as have performed good acts." - Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 5.72.5
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KHARITES GODDESSES OF BEAUTY & ADORNMENT
The Kharites were goddesses of beauty and adornment.
As attendants of Aphrodite they were goddesses of personal beauty and the adornments which enhanced this: makeup, oils, perfumes, fine clothing and jewellery.
Kharis as the wife of Hephaistos represented beauty in crafted objects and artistic adornment.
I) GODDESSES OF PERSONAL BEAUTY
"Three fair-cheeked Kharites (Graces) ... from whose eyes as they glanced flowed love that unnerves the limbs: and beautiful is their glance beneath their brows." - Hesiod, Theogony 907
"The beaming eyes of the Kharites." - Hesiod, Catalogues of Women Frag 14
"The sparkling eyes of the Kharites." - Hesiod, Catalogues of Women 68
"Who ... had the beauty of the Kharites." - Hesiod, Catalogues of Women Frag 92
"Or, maybe, you [the beautiful Aphrodite in disguise] are one of the Kharites (Graces) come hither, who bear the gods company and are called immortal." - Homeric Hymn V to Aphrodite 94
"You Kharites three ... your gift are all our mortal joys, and every sweet thing, be it wisdom, beauty, or glory." - Pindar, Odes Olympian 14 str1-str2
"Far were the Kharites when the mother [Nephele] bore - ne’er such a mother, never such a son - her babe of monstrous breed [the malformed Kentauros]." - Pindar, Odes Pythian 2 ant2-ep2
"Hither, holy rosy-armed Kharites, daughters of Zeus." - Greek Lyric I Sappho, Frag 53
"The pure Kharites took you [a charming, beautiful youth] to their bosom for Kronides [Zeus]." - Greek Lyric I Alcaeus, Frag 386
"Erotes (Loves) unarmed and laughing Kharites (Graces) [beauty and love are related]." - Greek Lyric II The Anacreontea, Frag 5
"Under her soft chin let all the Kharites (Graces) [beauty or adornments] fly around her marble-white neck." - Greek Lyric II The Anacreontea Frag 16
"Among lovely buds of roses, Kharis (Grace), you nurtured him [a beautiful boy] about the temple of Aphrodite. I must call the garland fragrant, all the flowers from which she tinged the boy, flattering him. And the goddesses bestowed tender beauty." - Greek Lyric III Ibycus, Frag 284
"Euryalos, offshoot of the blue-eyed Kharites (Graces), darling of the lovely-haired Horai, Kypris [Aphrodite] and soft-lidded Peitho (Suasion) nursed you among rose-blossoms [made him beautiful]." - Greek Lyric III Ibycus, Frag 288
"Who tuned his lyre for songs of the sweet love of boys, songs with the scent of the Kharites (Graces) and Erotes (Loves)." - Greek Lyric III Simonides, Frag 67
"Richly gifted by the Kharites [as givers of athletic beauty]." - Greek Lyric IV Bacchylides, Frag 1
"The girl who is dear to the Kharites and beautiful." - Greek Lyric V Lycophronides, Frag 844 (from Athenaeus, Scholars at Dinner)
"Mousai and Kharites, daughters of Zeus, who came once to the wedding of Kadmos [and Harmonia] and sang the lovely verse, ‘What is beautiful is loved, what is not beautiful is not loved.’ This is the verse that went through your immortal lips." - Greek Elegaic Theognis, Frag 1.15
"Out of the sea was rising lovely-crowned Kypris [Aphrodite] ... and [around her] danced the Kharites (Graces) lovely-tressed." - Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 5.70
"One of them [the statues of the Kharites in their temple in Elis] holds a rose, the middle one a die, and the third a small branch of myrtle ... As for the die, it is the plaything of youths and maidens, who have nothing of the ugliness of old age." - Pausanias, Guide to Greece 6.24.6
"Kharites ... all lovely to the view, pleasure abundant, pure, belongs to you: various, for ever flourishing and fair, desired by mortals, much invoked in prayer; circling, dark-eyed, delightful to mankind." - Orphic Hymn 60 to the Charites
"To the Kharites (Graces) was given ,,, the beautifying of each part of the body with an eye to making it more comely and pleasing to the gaze." - Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 5.72.5
"The Gratiae [Kharites] at their most graceful." - Apuleius, The Golden Ass 10.30
"Aigles Kharites (Radiant Graces): They have plausibly traced the lineage of the Kharites (Graces). Helios is also from Aigle, since, it seems, the Kharites are radiant [beautiful]." - Suidas "Aigles Kharites"
II) GODDESSES OF PERSONAL ADORNMENT
"The divine Kharites (Graces) and queenly Persuasion (Seduction) put necklaces of gold upon her [Pandora the first woman]." - Hesiod, Works & Days 69
"The Kharites bathed her [Aphrodite] with heavenly oil such as blooms upon the bodies of the eternal gods - oil divinely sweet, which she had by her, filled with fragrance." - Homeric Hymn V to Aphrodite 58
"Hail holy Kharites ... enthroned in splendour." - Pindar, Paean 3
"To the Kharites (Graces) was given the adornment of personal appearance and the beautifying of each part of the body with an eye to making it more comely and pleasing to the gaze." - Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 5.72.5
"A purple robe which the divine Kharites had made with their own hands for Dionysos in sea-girt Dia." - Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 4.425
"One of the swiftshoe Kharites [Pasithea] was gathering the shoots of the fragrant reeds in the Erythraian garden, in order to mix the flowing juice of Assyrian oil with Indian flowers in the steaming cauldrons of Paphos, and make ointment [or perfume] for her Lady [Aphrodite]." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 33.4
"Hai Kharites gumnai (the Graces are naked): because it is necessary for them to give delight easily and openly; or because those who lack the gifts of the Kharites are deprived of their own adornment." - Suidas "Hai Kharites gumnai"
V) GODDESSES OF ARTISTIC BEAUTY
"Truly the skilled man [poet or artisan] prospers in golden hope, whether he has won honour from the Kharites." - Greek Lyric IV Bacchylides, Frag 10
http://theoi.com/Ouranios/Kharites.html
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Socrates:
Chronos
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Member # 2051
Member Rated:
posted 02-08-2006 08:46 AM
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KHARITES GODDESSES OF FESTIVITY, DANCE & SONG
I) GODDESSES OF FESTIVE DANCE
"There [on Olympos] are their [the Mousai's] bright dancing-places and beautiful homes, and beside them the Kharites (Graces) and Himeros (Desire) live in delight." - Hesiod, Theogony 53
"Meanwhile [as Apollon plays the lyre & the Mousai sing on Olympos] the rich-tressed Kharites (Graces) and cheerful Horai (Seasons) dance with Harmonia (Harmony) and Hebe (Youth) and Aphrodite, daughter of Zeus, holding each other by the wrist. " - Homeric Hymn III to Pythian Apollo 186
"The lovely dance of the Mousai (Muses) and Kharites (Graces) ... [Artemis] leads the dances, gracefully arrayed, while all they utter their heavenly voice, singing." - Homeric Hymn XXVII to Artemis 14
"You Kharites three ... in your gift are all our mortal joys ... Nor even can the immortal gods order at their behest the dance and festals, lacking the Kharites’ aid." - Pindar, Odes Olympian 14 str1-str2
"[Apollon] dances with the Mousai (Muses) and Kharites (Graces)." - Greek Lyric I Sappho, Frag 208 (from Himerius, Orations)
"[At the wedding of Peleus & Thetis there was seen] the ravishing dance twined by the Kharites' (Graces) feet ... the chant the Mousai raised." - Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 4.128
"[At the birth of Aphrodite] danced the Kharites (Graces) lovely-tressed." - Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 5.70
"The dancers of Orkhomenos [the Kharites]." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 24.261
"There are three Kharites, the dancers of Orkhomenos, handmaids of Phoibos [Apollon]." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 34.36
"The dancing maidens of Orkhomenos [the Kharites], handmaids of the Paphian [Aphrodite], drew from the horsehoof fountain of imagination [Hippokrene], dear to the nine Mousai." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 41.212
II) GODDESSES OF FESTIVE SONG
See Kharites, Goddesses of Charming Song (below)
III) GODDESSES OF FESTIVITY
"[In the festivities of Olympos] the rich-tressed Kharites (Graces) and cheerful Horai (Seasons) dance with Harmonia (Harmony) and Hebe (Youth) and Aphrodite, daughter of Zeus, holding each other by the wrist. " - Homeric Hymn III to Pythian Apollo 186
"You Kharites three ... in your gift are all our mortal joys ... Nor even can the immortal gods order at their behest the dance and festals, lacking the Kharites’ aid; who are the steward of all rites of heaven [festivals] ... look on our songs of revel, on light feet stepping to grace this happy hour." - Pindar, Odes Olympian 14 str1-str2
"Let us be merry and drink wine and sing of Bakkhos [Dionysos], the inventor of the choral dance, the lover of all songs, leading the same life as the Erotes (Loves), the darling of Kythere [Aphrodite]; thanks to him Methe (Drunkenness) was brought forth, the Kharis (Grace) was born, Lupa (Pain) takes rest and Ania (Trouble) goes to sleep." - Greek Lyric II The Anacreontea, Frag 38
"Rest your righteous mind in ease from its cares and come! turn your thoughts this way: with the help of the slim-waisted Kharites your guest-friend, the famous servant of Ourania." - Greek Lyric IV Bacchylides, Frag 5
"Illustrious Kharites ... whom joys delight: mothers of mirth; all lovely to the view, pleasure abundant, pure, belongs to you." - Orphic Hymn 60 to the Charites
"[At the wedding of Eros and Psykhe:] The Horae (Seasons) brightened the scene with roses and other flowers, the Gratiae [Kharites] diffused balsam." - Apuleius, The Golden Ass 6.24
"When they [the doomed Tereus and Prokne] were married, Juno [Hera] was not there to bless the rite, nor Hymenaeus nor the Gratia [Kharis]." - Ovid, Metamorphoses 6.428
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KHARITES GODDESSES OF CHARMING SONG & SPEECH
I) GODDESSES OF CHARMING SONG
"The lovely dance of the Mousai (Muses) and Kharites (Graces) ... [Artemis] leads the dances, gracefully arrayed, while all they utter their heavenly voice, singing." - Homeric Hymn XXVII to Artemis 14
"You Kharites three ... in your gift are all our mortal joys ... whose thrones are set at Pytho beside Apollon of the golden bow, and who with everlasting praise [song] worship the Father, lord of great Olympos.
Euphrosyne, lover of song, and Aglaia revered, daughters of Zeus the all-highest, hearken, and with Thalia, darling of harmony, look on our songs of revel." - Pindar, Odes Olympian 14 str1-str2
"Kharis’ (Beauty) refreshing grace shines with the rich notes of the lyre and the far-echoing flute." - Pindar, Odes Olympian 7 ant1
"The Pierian Mousai and whose songs are clothed with honour by the violet-eyed maidens, the garland-bearing Kharites." - Greek Lyric IV Bacchylides, Frag 19
"Mousai and Kharites, daughters of Zeus, who came once to the wedding of Kadmos [and Harmonia] and sang the lovely verse." - Greek Elegaic Theognis, Frag 1.15
"I also pray Hermes, the god of the shepherds, and Pan and the beloved Kharites (Graces) to bestow a benevolent smile upon our songs." - Aristophanes, Thesmophoriazusae 970
"[The Kharites] drew from the horsehoof fountain of imagination [Hippokrene], dear to the nine Mousai." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 41.212
See also Kharites, Goddesses of Praise & Glory (below)
II) GODDESSES OF CHARMING SPEECH
"If that man with the Kharites’ favour haply bring forth the heart’s deep mood to live upon the tongue." - Pindar, Odes Nemean 4 str1
"When you dedicated this statue to Hermes you did not escape the notice of the fair-tressed Kharites." - Greek Lyric II Simonides, Frag 10D
"Menelaus spoke with spell-binding words, making partners of the fair-robed Kharites (Graces)." - Greek Lyric IV Bacchylides, Frag 15
"I ween that even in Tenedos Peitho (Suasion) and Kharis (Charm) dwelt in the soul of the son of Hagesias." - Pindar, Odes Eulogies Frag 123
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KHARITES GODDESSES OF GLORY & PRAISE
"Your name shines with the glory lit by the Kharites of the lovely hair." - Pindar, Odes Pythian 5 ant2
"May I never lose the pure light of the sweet-singing Kharites." - Pindar, Odes Pythian 9 ant4
"Kharis (Grace), who brings fulfilment all things for men’s delight, granting honour again, many a time makes things incredible seem true." - Pindar, Odes Olympian 1 st2
"And for his brother alike, the impartial Kharites at Pytho and the Isthmos gave his four-horsed chariot on the twelve lap course their crown of flowers [the victor received the glory of praise]." - Pindar, Odes Olympian 2 ant3
"On whom the divine grace of Kharis (Beauty) has shed the dewdrops of her fame most fair." - Pindar, Odes Olympian 6 ant4
"My message [glorious praise] shall go speeding far and wide, if fate’s decree grant’s that my hand may till the precious beauty of the Kharite’s garden. For of their gift is every joy, and from divine power are noble and wise hearts endowed to man." - Pindar, Odes Olympian 9 ep1
"You Kharites three ... in your gift are all our mortal joys, and every sweet thing, be it wisdom, beauty, or glory, that makes rich the soul of man ... who with everlasting praise worship the Father, lord of great Olympos ... I come to praise [the Olympian victor] Asopikhos, whose Minyan house, Thalia, now of your favour wears the pride of the Olympian victor." - Pindar, Odes Olympian 14 str1-str2
"Wreathed with fresh flowers, gift of the fair-haired Kharites [the victor's chaplet]." - Pindar, Odes Nemean 5 ep3
"Kharites of the golden-distaff, grant the fame that convinces mortals; for the god-inspired spokesman [the poet] of the violet-eyed Mousai is ready to sing the praises of Phlios and the luxuriant ground of Nemeian Zeus." - Greek Lyric IV Bacchylides, Frag 9
"Truly the skilled man [poet or artisan] prospers in golden hope, whether he has won honour from the Kharites." - Greek Lyric IV Bacchylides, Frag 10
"The Pierian Mousai and whose songs are clothed with honour by the violet-eyed maidens, the garland-bearing Kharites." - Greek Lyric IV Bacchylides, Frag 19
"Such public songs [public songs of praise] of the lovely-haired Kharites must we sing." - Greek Lyric III Stesichorus, Frag 212
"To the Kharites (Graces) was given ... the privilege of being the first to bestow benefaction and, on the other hand, of requiting with appropriate favours (kharites) such men as have performed good acts." - Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 5.72.5
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GODDESSES OF ROSES & FLOWER GARLANDS
"Wreathed with fresh flowers, gift of the fair-haired Kharites." - Pindar, Odes Nemean 5 ep3
"The blessed Kharites look rather on what is adorned with flowers and turn away from the ungarlanded." - Greek Lyric I Sappho, Frag 81
"The soft rose. It is the breath of the gods and the joy of mortals, the glory of the Kharites in spring-time, the delight of the Erotes (Loves) with their rich garlands and of Aphrodite; it is a subject for poetry and the graceful plant of the Mousai." - Greek Lyric II The Anacreontea, Frag 35
"See how the Kharites swell the rosebuds now that spring has appeared." - Greek Lyric II The Anacreontea, Frag 46
"Among lovely buds of roses, Kharis (Grace), you nurtured him [a beautiful boy] about the temple of Aphrodite. I must call the garland fragrant, all the flowers from which she tinged the boy, flattering him. And the goddesses bestowed tender beauty." - Greek Lyric III Ibycus, Frag 284
"The garland-bearing Kharites." - Greek Lyric IV Bacchylides, Frag 19
"On Paros they sacrifice to the Kharites without benefit of flutes or garlands [contrary to the usual custom]." - Apollodorus, The Library 3.210
"[Comedy-Play] In spring I [a bird] despoil the gardens of the Kharites (Graces) and gather the white, virgin berry on the myrtle bushes." - Aristophanes, The Birds 1088
"One of them [the statues of the Kharites in their temple in Elis] holds a rose, the middle one a die, and the third a small branch of myrtle." - Pausanias, Guide to Greece 6.24.6
"[The Horai] attending Persephone, when back from night the Moirai (Fates) and Kharites (Graces) [as goddesses of spring flowers] lead her up to light; when in a band harmonious they advance, and joyful found her form the solemn dance." - Orphic Hymn 43 to the Horae
"As soon as the dewy frost is cast from the leaves and sunbeams warm the dappled blossom, the Horae (Seasons) assemble, hitch up their coloured dresses and collect these gifts of mine [Khloris goddess of flowers] in light tubs. Suddenly the Charites (Graces) burst in, and weave chaplets and crowns to entwine the hair of gods." - Ovid, Fasti 5.217
"Nor do winsome Amor [Eros, Love] and Gratia [Kharis, grace] grow weary in scattering countless blossoms and cloudy perfumes [during the wedding] o’er thee [the bridegroom] and as thou holdest close-locked the snow-white limbs of thy longed-for bride. And now roses, now lilies mixed with violets dost thou receive upon thy brow, as thou shieldest the fair face of thy mistress." - Statius, Silvae 1.2.19
"I saw at some distance a valley shaded by a leafy wood. Glinting among diverse smaller plants and the most luxuriant shrubbery were some bright roses of ruddy hue ... that grove seemed to me to be the abode of Venus [Aphrodite] and the Gratiae [Kharites]; in its shady recesses that delightful blossom shone out with its brightness of royal crimson." - Apuleius, The Golden Ass 4.2
"They [the Kharites] were appeasing the goddess [Aphrodite] by strewing wreaths and single blossoms before her, and they formed a most elegant chorus-line as they sought to please the Mistress of pleasures with the foliage of spring." - Apuleius, The Golden Ass 10.30
"Assyrian Aphrodite seated in a solitary spot upon Libanos [Lebanon], alone, for the Kharites, those dancers of Orkhomenos, had been sent away to gather the various flowers of spring in the gardens - one to gather Kilikian crocus, one eager to bring balsam and sprouts of the Indian reed, another for the fragrant petals of the rose." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 31.203
"One of the swiftshoe Kharites [Pasithea] was gathering the shoots of the fragrant reeds in the Erythraian garden, in order to mix the flowing juice of Assyrian oil with Indian flowers in the steaming cauldrons of Paphos, and make ointment [or perfume] for her Lady [Aphrodite]. While she plucked all manner of dew-wet plants she gazed all around the place." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 33.4
"Blushing anemone [the flower] never-fading, which the Kharites tend and the winds never destroy." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 34.112
"The wedding dance resounded [at the wedding of Dionysos and Ariadne] ... about the bridal bed all flowers grew; the dancers of Orkhomenos [the Kharites] surrounded Naxos with foliage of spring." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 47.456
"Anthemidon (on blossoms): 'And Artemis, let the running Kharites (Graces) tread this grove, their light sandals on the blossoms.' Meaning flowers." - Suidas "Anthemidon"
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KHARITES COMPANIONS OF APOLLON & THE MOUSAI
"There [on Olympos] are their [the Mousai's] bright dancing-places and beautiful homes, and beside them the Kharites (Graces) ... live in delight." - Hesiod, Theogony 53
"Meanwhile [as Apollon plays the lyre & the Mousai sing on Olympos] the rich-tressed Kharites (Graces) and cheerful Horai (Seasons) dance with Harmonia (Harmony) and Hebe (Youth) and Aphrodite, daughter of Zeus, holding each other by the wrist. " - Homeric Hymn III to Pythian Apollo 186
"[Artemis] goes to the great house of her dear brother Phoibos Apollon, to the rich land of Delphoi, there to order the lovely dance of the Mousai (Muses) and Kharites (Graces). There she hangs up her curved bow and her arrows, and heads and leads the dances, gracefully arrayed, while all they utter their heavenly voice, singing." - Homeric Hymn XXVII to Artemis 14
"The Leader of the Mousai (Mousagete) [Apollon] himself as he appears when Sappho and Pindar in their songs deck him out with golden hair and lyre and send him drawn by swans to Mount Helikon to dance there with the Mousai (Muses) and Kharites (Graces)." - Greek Lyric I Sappho, Frag 208 (from Himerius, Orations)
"Hail holy Kharites, companions of the Moisai, enthroned in splendour." - Pindar, Paean 3
"Hither, holy Kharites and Pierides (Pierian) Moisai." - Greek Lyric I Sappho, Frag 103
"Hither now, tender Kharites and lovely-haired Moisai." - Greek Lyric I Sappho, Frag 128
"The Pierian Mousai and whose songs are clothed with honour by the violet-eyed maidens, the garland-bearing Kharites." - Greek Lyric IV Bacchylides, Frag 19
"Mousai and Kharites, daughters of Zeus, who came once to the wedding of Kadmos [and Harmonia] and sang the lovely verse, ‘What is beautiful is loved, what is not beautiful is not loved.’ This is the verse that went through your immortal lips." - Greek Elegaic Theognis, Frag 1.15
"[At the wedding of Peleus & Thetis there was seen] the ravishing dance twined by the Kharites' (Graces) feet ... the chant the Mousai raised." - Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 4.128
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KHARITES ATTENDANTS OF APHRODITE
The Kharites as the goddesses of beauty and personal adornment were natural companions of Aphrodite and the Erotes (Loves).
"Meanwhile [as Apollon plays the lyre & the Mousai sing on Olympos] the rich-tressed Kharites (Graces) and cheerful Horai (Seasons) dance with Harmonia (Harmony) and Hebe (Youth) and Aphrodite, daughter of Zeus, holding each other by the wrist. " - Homeric Hymn 3 to Pythian Apollo 186
"She [Aphrodite] went to Kypros, to Paphos, wher her precinct is and fragrant altar, and passed into her sweet-smelling temple. There she went in and put to the glittering doors, and there the Kharites bathed her with heavenly oil such as blooms upon the bodies of the eternal gods - oil divinely sweet, which she had by her, filled with fragrance." - Homeric Hymn 5 to Aphrodite 58
"Sea-set Kypros ... and there the gold-filleted Horai [here indistinguishable from the Kharites] welcomed her [the new-born Aphrodite] joyously. They clothed her with heavenly garments: on her head they put a fine, well-wrought rorwn of gold, and in her pierced ears they hung ornaments of orichale and precious gold, and adorned her with golden necklaces over her soft neck and snow-white breats, jewels the gold-filleted Horai wear themselves whenever they go to their father's house to join the lovely dances of the gods. And when they had fully decked her, they brought her to the gods, who welcomed her when they saw her." - Homeric Hymn 6 to Aphrodite 2
"[The rites of Aphrodite:] and brings in Aphrodite herself on the Kharites' chariot with her chorus of Erotes (Loves) to join in the fun." - Greek Lyric I Sappho, Frag 194 (from Himerius, Orations)
"Erotes (Loves) unarmed and laughing Kharites (Graces)." - Greek Lyric II The Anacreontea, Frag 5
"The Mousai (Muses) tied Eros (Love) with garlands and handed him over to [the Kharis] Kalleis (Beauty). And now Kythereia [Aphrodite] brings a ransom and seeks to have him released." - Greek Lyric II The Anacreontea, Frag 19
"Kharis (Grace), you nurtured him [a beautiful boy] about the temple of Aphrodite ... and bestowed tender beauty." - Greek Lyric III Ibycus, Frag 284
"Euryalos, offshoot of the blue-eyed Kharites (Graces), darling of the lovely-haired Horai, Kypris [Aphrodite] and soft-lidded Peitho (Suasion) nursed you among rose-blossoms [made him beautiful]." - Greek Lyric III Ibycus, Frag 288
"One of them [the statues of the Kharites in their temple in Elis] holds a rose, the middle one a die, and the third a small branch of myrtle. The reason for their holding these things may be guessed to be this. The rose and the myrtle are sacred to Aphrodite and connected with the story of Adonis, while the Kharites (Graces) are of all deities the nearest related to Aphrodite. As for the die, it is the plaything of youths and maidens, who have nothing of the ugliness of old age. On the right of the Kharites is an image of Eros, standing on the same pedestal." - Pausanias, Guide to Greece 6.24.6
"Out of the sea was rising lovely-crowned Kypris [Aphrodite], foam-blossoms still upon her hair; and round her hovered smiling witchingly Himeros (Desire), and danced the Kharites (Graces) lovely-tressed." - Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 5.70
"Venus [Aphrodite] herself, flanked by a whole choir of Gratiae [Kharites], accompanied by the entire body of Cupides [Erotes], wearing that belt of hers around her waist, diffusing the scent of cinnamon and bedewing the air with balsam." - Apuleius, The Golden Ass 2.8
"That grove seemed to me to be the abode of Venus [Aphrodite] and the Gratiae [Kharites]; in its shady recesses that delightful blossom shone out with its brightness of royal crimson." - Apuleius, The Golden Ass 4.2
"[At the wedding of Eros, son of Aphrodite, and Psykhe:] The Horae (Seasons) brightened the scene with roses and other flowers, the Gratiae [Kharites] diffused balsam." - Apuleius, The Golden Ass 6.24
"[Description of an ancient Greek play portraying the Judgement of Paris:] Each maiden representing a goddess was accompanied by her own escort ... Next floated in charming children [attending Aphrodite], unmarried girls, representing on one side the Gratiae [Kharites] at their most graceful, and on the other the Horae [Horai] in all their beauty. They were appeasing the goddess by strewing wreaths and single blossoms before her, and they formed a most elegant chorus-line as they sought to please the Mistress of pleasures with the foliage of spring." - Apuleius, The Golden Ass 10.30
"The soil of Byblos [in Syria] where the Kharites have their home, where Assyrian Kythereia [Aphrodite] dances." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 3.110
"[Dionysos to Nikaia:] ‘I will present you with the Kharites of divine Orkhomenos for servants, my daughters, whom I will take from Aphrodite." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 16.130
"The dancers of Orkhomenos [the Kharites] who were attendants upon the Paphian [Aphrodite] had no dancing then to do [when Aphrodite entered a contest against Athena in weaving]; but Pasithea made the spindle run round, Peitho dressed the wool, Aglaia gave thread and yarn to her mistress. And weddings went all astray in human life." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 24.261
"Assyrian Aphrodite seated in a solitary spot upon Libanos [Lebanon], alone, for the Kharites, those dancers of Orkhomenos, had been sent away to gather the various flowers of spring in the gardens - one to gather Kilikian crocus, one eager to bring balsam and sprouts of the Indian reed, another for the fragrant petals of the rose." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 31.203
"One of the swiftshoe Kharites [Pasithea] was gathering the shoots of the fragrant reeds in the Erythraian garden, in order to mix the flowing juice of Assyrian oil with Indian flowers in the steaming cauldrons of Paphos, and make ointment [or perfume] for her Lady [Aphrodite]." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 33.4
"[At Paphos were] Adonis and Kythereia [Aphrodite]. There were also a troop of Kharites (Graces)." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 41.6
"The dancing maidens of Orkhomenos [the Kharites], handmaids of the Paphian [Aphrodite], drew from the horsehoof fountain of imagination [Hippokrene], dear to the nine Mousai, delicate water to wash her [Aphrodite's baby daughter Beroe]." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 41.212
"To that place [the house of Harmonia] went Kharis, fellow-voyager [attendant] with the Foamborn [Aphrodite], and running ahead she knocked at the eastern gate of Euros." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 41.263
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KHARIS WIFE OF HEPHAISTOS
Kharis as the wife of Hephaistos represented the creation of objects of beauty and artistic adornments.
"Kharis of the shining veil ... the lovely goddess the renowned strong-armed one [Hephaistos] had married." - Homer, Iliad 18.382
"And Hephaistos, the famous Lame One, made Aglaia (Magnificence), youngest of the Kharites, his buxom wife." - Hesiod, Theogony 945
"Homer (he too referes to the Kharites) makes one the wife of Hephaistos, giving her the name Kharis." - Pausanias, Guide to Greece 9.35.1
See also entry AGLAIA
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KHARIS WIFE OF HYPNOS (SLEEP)
"Hera answered him [Hypnos god of sleep]: '... I will give you one of the younger Kharites for you to marry, and she shall be called you lady; Pasithea, since all your days you have loved her forever.'
So she spoke, and Hypnos was pleased and spoke to her in answer: 'Come then! Swear it to me on Styx' ineluctable water. With one hand take hold of the prospering earth, with the other take hold of the shining salt sea, so that all the undergods who gather about Kronos may be witnesses to us. Swear that you will give me one of the younger Kharites, Pasithea, the one whom all my days I have longed for." - Homer, Iliad 14.231
"Homer ... says that Hypnos was a lover of Pasithea, and in the speech of Hypnos there is this verse:- ‘Verily that he would give me one of the younger Kharites’. Hence some have suspected that Homer knew of older Kharites as well." - Pausanias, Guide to Greece 9.35.1
"Pasithea eldest of the gracious sisters." - Statius, Thebaid 2.285
See also entry PASITHEA
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CULT OF THE KHARITES
"The Boiotians say that Eteokles [king of Orkhomenos, Boiotia] was the first man to sacrifice to the Kharites. Moreover, they are aware that he established three as the number of the Kharites, but they have no tradition of the names he gave them.
The Lakedaimonians, however, say that the Kharites are two, and that they were instituted by Lakedaimon, son of Taygete, who gave them the names Kleta and Phaenna. These are appropriate names for the Kharites, as are those given by the Athenians, who from of old have worshipped two Kharites, Auxo and Hegemone. Karpo is the name, not of a Kharis, but of a Horai ...
It was from Eteokles of Orkhomenos that we learned the custom of praying to three Kharites.
And Angelion and Tekatios, sons of Dionysos, who made the image of Apollon for Athens, set three Kharites in his hand.
Again, at Athens, before the entrance to the Akropolis, the Kharites are three in number; by their side are celebrated mysteries which must not be divulged to the many.
Pamphos [poet of the Homeric Hymn to Demeter] was the first we know of to sing about the Kharites, but his poetry contains no information either as to their number or about their names.
Homer (he too referes to the Kharites) makes one the wife of Hephaistos, giving her the name Kharis. He also says that Hypnos was a lover of Pasithea, and in the speech of Hypnos there is this verse:- ‘Verily that he would give me one of the younger Kharites.’. Hence some have suspected that Homer knew of older Kharites as well.
Hesiod in the Theogony says that the Kharites are daughters of Zeus and Eurynome, giving them the names of Euphrosyne, Aglaia and Thalia. The poem of Onomakritos [poet C6th BC] agrees with this account.
Antimakhos [poet C5th BC], while giving neither the number of the Kharites nor their names, says that they are daughters of Aigle and Helios.
The elegaic poet Hermesianax [poet C4th BC] disagrees with his predecessors in that he makes Peitho one of the Kharites.
Who it was who first represented the Kharites naked, whether in sculpture or in painting, I could not discover. During the earlier period, certainly, sculptors and painters alike represented them draped.
At Smyrna, for instance, in the sanctuary of the Nemeses, above the images have been dedicated Kharites of gold, the work of Boupalos; and in the Music Hall in the same city there is a portrait of a Kharis, painted by Apelles.
At Pergamos likewise, in the chamber of Attalos, are other images of the Kharites made by Boupalos; and near what is called the Pythion there is a portrait of Kharites, painted by Pythagoras the Parian.
Sokrates too, son of Sophroniskos, made images of Kharites for the Athenians, which are before the entrance to the Akropolis.
All these are alike draped; but later artists, I do not know the reason, have changed the way of portraying them. Certainly today sculptors and painters represent Kharites naked." - Pausanias, Guide to Greece 9.35.1
I) ATHENS Chief City of Attika
The Athenians goddesses Karpo, Thallo and Auxo of Athens were described as both Kharites (Graces) and Horai (Seasons). Their names and presence in the Mystery cults suggest that they were Horai of spring growth.
"Woman Herald: Silence! Silence! Pray to the Thesmophorai [Athenian festival of Demeter], Demeter and Koura [Persephone]; pray to Ploutos, Kalligeneia, Kourotrophos [Hekate], Ge (the Earth), Hermes and the Kharites (Graces), that all may happen for the best at this gathering, both for the greatest advantage of Athens and for our own personal happiness!" - Aristophanes, Thesmophoriazusae 280
"Right at the very entrance to the Akropolis [at Athens] are a Hermes ... and figures of Kharites, which tradition says were sculptured by Sokrates, the son of Sophroniskos." - Pausanias, Guide to Greece 1.22.7
"Appropriate names for the Kharites are those given by the Athenians, who from of old have worshipped two Kharites, Auxo and Hegemone. [The third] Karpo is the name, not of a Kharis, but of a Horai ...
At Athens, before the entrance to the Akropolis, the Kharites are three in number; by their side are celebrated mysteries which must not be divulged to the many ...
During the earlier period, certainly, sculptors and painters alike represented them [the Kharites] draped ...
Sokrates too, son of Sophroniskos, made images of Kharites for the Athenians, which are before the entrance to the Akropolis." - Pausanias, Guide to Greece 9.35.1
II) MYKENAI Town in Argos (Southern Greece)
"In the fore-temple [of the temple of Hera near Mykenai, Argos] are on either side ancient statues of the Kharites ... [The statue of Hera] is wearing a crown with Kharites (Graces) and Horai (Seasons) worked upon it." - Pausanias, Guide to Greece 2.17.3
III) HERMIONE Town in Argos (Southern Greece)
"[At Hermione, Argos] there is a temple to Helios (the Sun), another to the Kharites (Graces)." - Pausanias, Guide to Greece 2.34.10
IV) EPIDAUROS Town in Argos (Southern Greece)
"High-skilled Asklepios; and summon the two Dioskouroi and the august Kharites and glorious Mousai and kindly Moirai ... Greetings, all you immortal gods everlasting and immortal goddesses!" - Greek Lyric V Anonymous, Fragments 937 (Inscription from the shrine of Asclepius at Epidaurus)
V) SPARTA Chief City of Lakedaimonia (Southern Greece)
"[At Sparta, Lakedaimon] are sanctuaries of the Dioskouroi, of the Kharites, of Eileithyia." - Pausanias, Guide to Greece 3.14.6
"As you go down to Amyklai from Sparta [in Lakedaimon] you come to a river called Tiasa ... and by it is a sanctuary of the Kharites, Phaenna and Kleta, as Alkman [poet C7th BC] calls them in a poem. They believe that Lakedaimon [mythical first king of the region] founded the sanctuary for the Kharites here, and gave them their names." - Pausanias, Guide to Greece 3.18.6
"The Lakedaimonians, however, say that the Kharites are two, and that they were instituted by Lakedaimon, son of Taygete, who gave them the names Kleta and Phaenna. These are appropriate names for the Kharites." - Pausanias, Guide to Greece 9.35.1
VI) AMYKLAI Town in Lakedaimonia (Southern Greece)
"Bathykles of Magnesia, who made the throne of the Amyklaios [Apollon at Amyklai], dedicated, on the completion of the throne, [statuettes of the] Kharites (Graces) and an image of Artemis Leukophryene ... [The throne] is supported by two Kharites and two Horai (Seasons)." - Pausanias, Guide to Greece 3.18.9
VII) OLYMPIA Sanctuary in Elis (Southern Greece)
"[Images on the throne in the temple of Zeus at Olympia] On the uppermost parts of the throne Pheidias has made, above the head of the image, three Kharites on one side and three Horai (Seasons) on the other. These in epic poetry are included among the daughters of Zeus" - Pausanias, Guide to Greece 5.11.7
"By the sacred enclosure of Pelops [at Olympia] is an altar of Dionysos and the Kharites in common." - Pausanias, Guide to Greece 5.14.10
VIII) ELIS Chief City of Elis (Southern Greece)
"There is also a sanctuary to the Kharites [at Elis, Elis]; the images are of wood, with their clothes gilded, while their faces, hands and feet are of white marble. One of them holds a rose, the middle one a die, and the third a small branch of myrtle. The reason for their holding these things may be guessed to be this. The rose and the myrtle are sacred to Aphrodite and connected with the story of Adonis, while the Kharites (Graces) are of all deities the nearest related to Aphrodite. As for the die, it is the plaything of youths and maidens, who have nothing of the ugliness of old age. On the right of the Kharites is an image of Eros, standing on the same pedestal." - Pausanias, Guide to Greece 6.24.6
IX) DELPHOI Sanctuary in Phokis (Central Greece)
"[The Kharites] whose thrones are set at Pytho beside Apollon of the golden bow." - Pindar, Odes Olympian 14 str1-str2
X) ORKHOMENOS Chief City of northern Boiotia (Central Greece)
"The Kharites’s city, home of lovely dances [Orkhomenos]." - Pindar, Odes Pythian 12 str4
"Whose haunts are by Kephissos’ river, you queens beloved of poets’ song, ruling Orkhomenos, that sunlit city and land of lovely steeds, watch and ward of the ancient Minyan race, hear now my prayer, you Kharites three." - Pindar, Odes Olympian 14 str1-str2
"Eteokles, one of those who reigned as king at Orkhomenos, who founded a temple of the Kharites, was the first to display both wealth and power; for he honored these goddesses either because he was successful in receiving graces, or in giving them, or both. For necessarily, when he had become naturally inclined to kindly deeds, he began doing honor to these goddesses; and therefore he already possessed this power." - Strabo, Geography 9.2.40
"The Boiotians say that Eteokles [king of Orkhomenos, Boiotia] was the first man to sacrifice to the Kharites. Moreover, they are aware that he established three as the number of the Kharites, but they have no tradition of the names he gave them." - Pausanias, Guide to Greece 9.35.1
"The Boiotians say that Eteokles [king of Orkhomenos, Boiotia] was the first man to sacrifice to the Kharites. Moreover, they are aware that he established three as the number of the Kharites, but they have no tradition of the names he gave them ...
It was from Eteokles of Orkhomenos that we learned the custom of praying to three Kharites." - Pausanias, Guide to Greece 9.35.1
"At Orkhomenos [in Boiotia] is a sanctuary of Dionysos, but the oldest is one of the Kharites. They worship the stones most, and say that they fell for Eteokles out of heaven. The artistic images were dedicated in my time, and they too are of stone." - Pausanias, Guide to Greece 9.38.1
"The dancebeaten precinct of the Erotes (Loves), Orkhomenos city of Minyas, which the Kharites never leave." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 13.94
XI) PAROS Island (Greek Aegean)
"Minos was told of his son’s death while sacrificing to the Kharites on Paros: he ripped the garland from his head and stopped the flute - but even so he completed the ritual, and to this day on Paros they sacrifice to the Kharites without benefit of flutes or garlands." - Apollodorus, The Library 3.210
"The Parian is pleased to sacrifice [to the Kharites] without flutes and garlands." - Callimachus, Frag 491 (from Hephaestion 15)
XII) KEOS Island (Greek Aegean)
"Poeessa [town on the island of Keos], seat of the fair-tressed Kharites." - Callimachus, Aitia Frag 3.1 (from Oxyrhynchus Papyri 7)
XIII) PERGAMOS City in Aiolia / Teuthrania (Anatolia)
"During the earlier period, certainly, sculptors and painters alike represented them [the Kharites] draped ...
At Pergamos likewise, in the chamber of Attalos, are other images of the Kharites made by Boupalos; and near what is called the Pythion there is a portrait of Kharites, painted by Pythagoras the Parian." - Pausanias, Guide to Greece 9.35.1
XIV) ERYTHRAI Town in Ionia / Lydia (Anatolia)
"The white marble images of Kharites and Horai (Seasons) that stand in the open before the entrance [of Athena in Erythrai, Asia Minor]." - Pausanias, Guide to Greece 7.5.9
XV) SMYRNA City in Ionia / Lydia (Anatolia)
"During the earlier period, certainly, sculptors and painters alike represented them [the Kharites] draped.
At Smyrna, for instance, in the sanctuary of the Nemeses, above the images have been dedicated Kharites of gold, the work of Boupalos; and in the Music Hall in the same city there is a portrait of a Kharis, painted by Apelles." - Pausanias, Guide to Greece 9.35.1
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Sources:
Homer, The Iliad - Greek Epic C9th-8th BC
Hesiod, Theogony - Greek Epic C8th-7th BC
Hesiod, Works & Days - Greek Epic C8th-7th BC
Hesiod, Catalogues of Women - Greek Epic C8th-7th BC
Hesiod, Astronomy - Greek Epic C8th-7th BC
The Homeric Hymns - Greek Epic C8th-4th BC
Pindar, Odes - Greek Lyric C5th BC
Pindar, Fragments - Greek Lyric C5th BC
Greek Lyric I Sappho, Fragments - Greek Lyric C6th BC
Greek Lyric I Alcaeus, Fragments - Greek Lyric C6th BC
Greek Lyric II Anacreontea, Fragments - Greek Lyric BC
Greek Lyric II Alcman, Fragments - Greek Lyric C7th BC
Greek Lyric III Ibycus, Fragments - Greek Lyric C6th BC
Greek Lyric III Simonides, Fragments - Greek Lyric C6th-5th BC
Greek Lyric IV Bacchylides, Fragments - Greek Lyric C5th BC
Greek Lyric IV Lycophronides, Fragments - Greek Lyric BC
Greek Lyric IV Anonymous, Fragments - Greek Lyric BC
Greek Elegaic Theognis, Fragments – Greek Elegaic C6th BC
Apollodorus, The Library - Greek Mythography C2nd BC
Apollonius Rhodius, The Argonautica - Greek Epic C3rd BC
Aristophanes, The Birds - Greek Comedy C5th-4th BC
The Orphic Hymns - Greek Hymns BC
Callimachus, Fragments - Greek C3rd BC
Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy - Greek Epic C4th AD
Strabo, Geography - Greek Geography C1st BC - C1st AD
Pausanias, Guide to Greece - Greek Geography C2nd AD
Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History - Greek History C1st BC
Hyginus, Fabulae - Latin Mythography C2nd AD
Ovid, Fasti - Latin Epic C1st BC - C1st AD
Statius, Thebaid - Latin Epic C1st AD
Statius, Silvae - Latin Epic C1st AD
Apuleius, The Golden Ass - Latin Epic C2nd AD
Colluthus, The **** of Helen - Greek Epic C5th-6th AD
Nonnos, Dionysiaca - Greek Epic C5th AD
Suidas - Byzantine Lexicographer C10th AD
http://theoi.com/Ouranios/Kharites.html
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HYDROS
Greek Name:
`UdroV Transliteration:
Latin Spelling: Hydros
Hydrus Translation: Water (hydros)
HYDROS was the PROTOGENOS (primeval god) of fresh water. His consort was Thesis the Protogenos of Creation.
He existed in some Theogonies at the beginning of creation. Hydros was essentially identical to Okeanos, the earth-encircling fresh-water river, and his consort Thesis was Tethys.
PARENTS
[1] NONE (emerged at creation) (Orphic Frag 54 & 57)
OFFSPRING
[1] GAIA (Orphic Frag 57, Argonautica 1.503)
[2] PHANES (by Gaia) (Orphic Frag 57)
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"[Homer portrays Okeanos and Tethys as the primordial gods of creation:] The ends of the generous earth on a visit to Okeanos, whence the gods have risen, and Tethys our mother." - Homer, Iliad 14.200
"Originally there was Hydros (Water), he [Orpheus] says, and Mud, from which Ge (the Earth) solidified: he posits these two as first principles, water and earth …
The one before the two [Thesis], however, he leaves unexpressed, his very silence being an intimation of its ineffable nature. The third principle after the two was engendered by these - Ge (Earth) and Hydros (Water), that is - and was a Serpent (Drakon) with extra heads growing upon it of a bull and a lion, and a god’s countenance in the middle; it had wings upon its shoulders, and its name was Khronos (Unaging Time) and also Herakles. United with it was Ananke (Inevitability, Compulsion) , being of the same nature, or Adrastea, incorporeal, her arms extended throughout the universe and touching its extremities. I think this stands for the third principle, occuping the place of essence, only he [Orpheus] made it bisexual [as Phanes] to symbolize the universal generative cause. And I assume that the theology of the [Orphic] Rhapsodies discarded the two first principles (together with the one before the two, that was left unspoken) [that is, the
Orphics discarded the concepts of Thesis, Khronos and Ananke], and began from this third principle [Phanes] after the two, because this was the first that was expressible and acceptable to human ears. For this is the great Khronos (Unaging Time) that we found in it [the Rhapsodies], the father of Aither and Khaos. Indeed, in this theology too [the Hieronyman], this Khronos (Time), the serpent has offspring, three in number: moist Aither (Light) (I quote), unbounded Khaos (Air), and as a third, misty Erebos (Darkness) … Among these, he says, Khronos (Time) generated an egg - this tradition too making it generated by Khronos, and born ‘among’ these because it is from these that the third Intelligible triad is produced [Protogonos-Phanes]. What is this triad, then? The egg; the dyad of the two natures inside it (male and female), and the plurality of the various seeds between; and thirdly an incorporeal god with golden wings on his shoulders, bulls’ heads growing upon his flanks, and on his head a monstrous serpent, presenting the appearance of all kinds of animal forms ... And the third god of the third triad this theology too celebrates as Protogonos (First-Born) [Phanes], and it calls him Zeus the order of all and of the whole world, wherefore he is also called Pan (All). So much this second genealogy supplies concerning the Intelligible principles." - Orphic Fragment 54 (from Damascius)
"The gods, as they [the Greeks] say, did not exist from the beginning, but each of them was born just as we are born. And this is agreed by them all, Homer saying ‘Okeanos the genesis of the gods, and mother Tethys [Thesis]’, and Orpheus - who was the original inventor of the gods’ names and recounted their births and said what they have all done, and who enjoys some credit among them as a true theologian, and is generally followed by Homer, above all about the gods - also making their first genesis from water: ‘Okeanos, who is the genesis of the all’.
For Hydros (Water) was according to him the origin of everything, and from Hydros (the Water) Mud formed [primeval Gaia], and from the pair of them a living creature was generated with an extra head growing upon it of a lion, and another of a bull, and in the middle of them a god’s countenance; its name was Herakles and Khronos (Time). This Herakles generated a huge egg [which formed the earth, sea and sky]." - Orphic Fragment 57 (from Athenogoras)
"He [Orpheus] sang of ... How, in the beginning, Ophion [Phanes?] and Eurynome [Gaia the Earth?], daughter of Okeanos [Hydros?], governed the world from snow-clad Olympos; how they were forcibly supplanted, Ophion by Kronos, Eurynome by Rhea; of their fall into the waters of Okeanos." - Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1.503
"[Nonnus here identifies Okeanos and Tethys as the primordial gods of creation:] Tethys! Agemate and bedmate of Okeanos, ancient as the world, nurse of commingled waters, selfborn, loving mother of children." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 23.280
"Aion (Time), his [Okeanos'] coeval [of the same age]." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 41.155
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Sources:
Homer, The Iliad - Greek Epic C9th-8th BC
Orphica, Fragments - Greek Hymns BC
Apollonius Rhodius, The Argonautica - Greek Epic C3rd BC
Nonnos, Dionysiaca - Greek Epic C5th AD
http://theoi.com/Protogenos/Hydros.html
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TITANES
Greek Singular:
Greek Plural:
Titan QeoV
TitaneV Qeoi Transliteration: Titan Theos
Titanes Theoi Translation: Straining Gods
(teinô, titainô)
White Earth, Chalk,
Gypsum (titanos)
Other Spellings :
TithneV Transliteration: Titênes Translation: (Ionic, Epic Sp.)
THE TITANES were six ancient gods of time, sons of Ouranos (Heaven) and Gaia (Earth).
When Ouranos buried their six storm-giant brothers within the earth, Gaia persuaded five of the Titanes (all except Okeanos) to act against him. As the Sky descended to lie upon the Earth, four of the brothers seized him, and strained to hold him firm, while the fifth, Kronos, castrated him with an adamantine sickle.
After they had seized control of heaven Kronos and the Titanes cast their storm-brother giants into the pit of Tartaros, earning the ire of Gaia. Their parents prophesied their downfall at the hands of a son of Kronos, and the Titan-king took to devouring each of his offspring as soon as they were born. Only Zeus escaped this fate through the intervention of Rhea and Gaia who hid him safely away on the island of Krete. When he reached adulthood, he forced Kronos to disgorge his siblings, and with an army of divine-allies, made war on the Titanes and cast them into the pit of Tartaros.
Some say Kronos and the Titanes were later released from their captivity.
The sons of four of the elder Titanes - Iapetos, Krios, Koios and Hyperion - were also known as Titan-gods.
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T20.1 "Atlas and Prometheus"
Laconian Black Figure Amphoriskos C6th BC
Rome, Musei Vaticani
Detail: Atlas, bearing the heavens upon his shoulders, is
harrassed by the Hesperian Drakon; while Prometheus,
chained to Mt Kaukasos, has his heart pecked out by the Eagle
PARENTS
[1.1] OURANOS & GAIA (Hesiod Theogony 133, Alcman Frag 61, Aeschylus Prometheus Bound 204, Apollodorus 1.1, Orphic Hymn 37, Diodorus Siculus 5.66.1)
[1.2] AITHER (or OURANOS) & GAIA (Hyginus Preface)
[2.1] TITAN (Anacreon Frag 505d)
[2.2] KOURETE & TITAIA (Diodorus Siculus 5.66.1)
NAMES
[1.1] OKEANOS, KOIOS, KRIOS, HYPERION, IAPETOS, KRONOS (Hesiod Theogony 133, Apollodorus 1.1, Diodorus Siculus 5.66.1)
[1.2] OKEANOS, IAPETOS, KRONOS (Homer Iliad 8.479 & 14.200)
[1.3] OKEANOS, POLOS, HYPERION, KRONOS (Hyginus Preface)
[1.4] IAPETOS, KRONOS, ADANOS, OSTASOS, ANDES, OLYMBROS (Stephanus of Byzantium 'Adana')
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The Titanes were composite deities, with several distinctive, though overlapping representations.
In the Cretan tradition, they were agricultural gods who lived in the vicinity of Knossos in Krete and ruled over the Golden Age of Man. During their age the Earth produced her bounty freely, and presented the first sickle allowing the Titanes to harvest the grain.
However, when they attempted to destroy the infant Zeus, Gaia and Rhea hid him away in a cave on Kretan Mount Ida. He later returned and destroyed the Titanes.
Similar myths are told of the Titanes of Drepane (Island of the Sickle), who tamed heaven with the castrating sickle, and reaped the first grain-harvest.
Homer and Hesiod represent them as anti-gods, dwelling in the pit of Tartaros, the inverse of heaven. Just as Heaven was imagined as a solid bronze dome, so Tartaros was a huge pit, or reverse dome, which enclosed the under-earth. The home of the Titanes, at the bottom of this pit, was the farthest point from the apex of heaven, home of the Olympian gods.
In Hesiod's Theogony, the Titanes are again represented as the castrators Heaven. Here, however, the emphasis is placed on themastery of Heaven and ordering of time. He also seems to represent them individually as gods who preside over or first establish the portions of time: - from Kronos who is time the destroyer; Krios the Ram, leader of the heavenly constellations, regulator of the seasons; Koios (or Polos) god of the axis of heaven, around which heaven and time revolve; Hyperion the overlord of the cycles of day and night, sun and moon; Iapetos the piercer, Titan-god of mortality and life-span; and Okeanos the earth-encircling river, who regulated the rising and setting of the heavenly bodies.
Hesiod like Homer confines five of the Titanes to the Tartarean pit. Zeus then becomes the regulator of time and fate in their stead.
In the Thrakian and Thessalian tradition, the Titanes were depicted as a barbarous tribe of giants who made war on the gods. They were almost indistinguishable from the Thrakian Gigantes of Pallene.
These barbarian gods gained stealthy entry into Olympos, their faces smeared with with white chalk (titanos), and there seized the child-god Zagreus (a Thrakian-Orphic divinity identified with Zeus and Dionysos) as he was seated upon the throne of heaven, removed his lightning bolts, and dismembered him with their knives. The god was reborn and the Titanes-Gigantes destroyed in the war which ensued.
Certain local landmarks on the mountainous borders of Thessalia and Thrake appear to have been identified with this Titan-story: including the river Titaressos (cf Tartaros) whose black waters were said to be drawn from the infernal Styx, and Mount Titanos or Titarios opposite Olympos with its deposits of white-chalk or gypsum.
The individual Titanes were also identified with a variety of obscure local gods with minor cults in central and southern Greece. The cult of Kronos was centred on Olympia in the Peloponnese; Koios had a stream in Messenia; Krios one in Akhaia and perhaps Euboia; Hyperion may been the god Titan worshipped at Titane, Sikyonia; and Iapetos was placed in southern Arkadia. Second generation Titanes such as Prometheus, Atlas and Helios, and the female Titanes Themis, Dione, Rhea, Eurynome and Phoibe also had minor cults in the region.
Some of the Titanes may also have been gods of foreign import: Atlas and fire-stealing Prometheus in particular were frequently associated with Lydia in western Anatolia.
The myth of six-brother Titanes castrating the god of Heaven may have its origins in Phoenician mythology. The story is presented as such in the Greek writer Mochus' translation of the Phoenician Sanchuniathon (as summarised by the early Christian writer Eusebius, though its authenticity is disputable). Hesiod or his predecessors may have rewritten this tale in Greek terms, translating the names and functions of these Phoenician Titanes, and identifying them with various obscure local gods.
A few Greek writers later identified the Titanes with Set, enemy of the god-king Osiris in Eygptian myth.
LIST OF ELDER TITANES
ADANOS An alternative name for one of the Titanes.
ANDES An alternative name for one of the Titanes, probably Hyperion.
HYPERION The Titan god of light and the cycles of day and night, sun and moon. He was cast into Tartaros by the gods at the end of the Titan-War.
IAPETOS The Titan god of mortality and life-span. He was cast into Tartaros at the end of the Titan-War along with his brothers.
KOIOS The Titan god of intelligence and the axis of heaven He was also known as Polos. Koios was one of the Titanes cast into Tartaros at the end of the Titan-War. He was sometimes described as a leader of the Gigantes.
KRIOS The Titan god of the heavenly constellations, also known as Megamedes. He was cast into Tartaros at the end of the Titan-War. Krios was sometimes called a leader of the Gigantes.
KRONOS The King of the Titanes, and the god of destructive time. He led his brothers in the castration of Ouranos, and was himself deposed by Zeus. Kronos was cast into the pit of Tartaros after his defeat. Some say he was later released by Zeus and made King of Islands of the Blessed (home of the blessed dead).
MYLINOS A Gigante or Titan of Krete, destroyed by Zeus. He was probably identified with Olympos or Kronos.
OKEANOS The Titan god of the earth-encircling river Okeanos, the place of rising and setting of the heavenly bodies. He was the only one of the Titanes not to participate in the castration of Ouranos, and in the Titan-Wars remained neutral.
OLYMBROS An alternative name for one of the Titanes. He may be the same as Olympos the Kretan mentor of Zeus.
OLYMPOS The Titan or Gigante mentor of Zeus. He later roused his kin in an uprisal against the god and was destroyed. He was probably identified with the Kouretes, Kronos or Olymbros.
OPHION The eldest of the Titanes who was wrestled by Kronos for the throne of heaven and cast into the Ocean-stream. He was identified with both Ouranos and Okeanos.
OSTASOS An alternative name for one of the Titanes.
POLOS The Titan god of the axis of heaven (polos). He was usually called Koios.
LIST OF YOUNGER TITANES
ANYTOS One of the Titanes, Anytos was the foster-parent of Demeter's daughter Despoine. He was probably a Kourete.
ASTRAIOS The Titan god of the stars, winds, astrology and astronomy.
ATLAS The Titan god of daring, endurance, and the art of astronomy. Zeus forced him to bear the heavens upon his shoulders. He was later released from this torment and made the guardian of the pillars of heaven.
EPIMETHEUS They Titan god of afterthought. He was the god who created the animals of the earth, while his brother Prometheus was busy with the crafting of man. Later Zeus tricked him into receiving Pandora with her box of evils.
HELIOS The Titan god of the sun who rode across the skies in a chariot drawn by fiery horses. He was an ally of Zeus in the Titan-War.
HOPLODAMOS A Titan, Kourete or Gigante who led his brothers in the protection of Rhea after Kronos learned of her deception over the birth of Zeus.
KOURETES, THE The shield-clashing attendants of Rhea, and protectors of the infant Zeus. They were sometimes numbered amongst the Titanes.
LELANTOS The Titan god of the breezes of the air and movement unseen.
MELISSEUS The Titan or Kourete god of honey.
MENOITIOS The Titan god of violent anger, rash action and mortality. Zeus blasted him into Erebos with a thunderbolt. He was probably the same as Menoites, the bondman of Haides.
PALLAS The Titan god of warcraft and the campaign season. Some say Athena made her aigis from his goatish skin.
PERSES The Titan god of destruction, sack, burning, and summer drought.
PROMETHEUS The Titan god of forethought. He molded mankind out of clay and later stole fire from heaven on their behalf. Zeus had him chained to Mount Kaukasos where an eagle was set to gnaw out his liver as punishment. He was later released by Herakles.
SYKEUS A Titan or Gigante who fled from Zeus and was hidden in the earth by Gaia in the shape of a fig-seed.
TITAN The Titan god of the agricultural calendar, established through the observation of the heavens.
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PARENTAGE & NAMES OF THE ELDER TITANES
"She [Gaia the Earth] lay with Ouranos (Sky) and bare deep-swirling Okeanos, Koios and Krios and Hyperion and Iapetos, Theia and Rhea, Themis and Mnemosyne and gold-crowned Phoibe and lovely Tethys. After them was born Kronos the wily, youngest and most terrible of her children." - Hesiod, Theogony 133
"The father of Ouranos (Sky), as was said already, is called Akmon because heavenly motion is untiring (akamatos); an the sons of Ouranos (Sky) are Akmonidai [the Titanes]: the ancients make these two points clear. Alkman, they say, tells that the heaven belongs to Akmon." - Greek Lyric II Alcman, Frag 61 (from Eustathius on Iliad)
[NB The word akmon also appears in the Theogony of Hesiod in relation to the Titanes. Here the akmon is an anvil made of bronze, described as falling from the apex of heaven to earth and then from earth to the bottom of the pit of Tartaros, the prison of the Titanes.]
"According to Anakreon …Zeus was beginning warfare against the Titani, the sons of Titan [or Titanes in plural], brother of Kronos (Saturn)." - Greek Lyric II Anacreon, Frag 505d (from Fulgentius, Mythologies)
"[Ouranos the Sky] fathered other sons on Ge (Earth), namely the Titanes: Okeanos, Koios, Hyperion, Kreios, Iapetos, and Kronos the youngest; also daughters called Titanides: Tethys, Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoibe, Dione, Theia." - Apollodorus, The Library 1.1-2
"The Titanes numbered six men and five women, being born, as certain writers of myths relate, of Ouranos (Heaven) and Ge (Earth), but according to others, of one of the Kouretes and Titaia, from whom as their mother they derive the name they have. The males were Kronos, Hyperion, Koios, Iapetos, Krios and Okeanos, and their sisters were Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoibe and Tethys [he omits Theia]." - Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 5.66.1
"O mighty Titanes, who from Ouranos (Heaven) and Gaia (Earth) derive your noble and illustrious birth." - Orphic Hymn 37 to the Titans
"From Aether and Terra (Earth) [were born various abstractions] ... [From Ouranos and Gaia were born?] Oceanus, Themis, Tartarus, Pontus; the Titanes ... Hyperion, and Polus [Koios], Saturnus [Kronos], Ops [Rhea], Moneta [Mnemosyne], Dione." - Hyginus, Preface
NB Hyginus' Preface survives only in summary. The Titanes should be listed as children of Ouranos (Caelum) not Aither, but this notation may have been lost in the transcription.
For MORE information on the female Titans see THE TITANIDES
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TITANES & THE CASTRATION OF OURANOS
"She [Gaia the Earth] lay with Ouranos (Sky) and bare deep-swirling Okeanos, Koios and Krios and Hyperion and Iapetos, Theia and Rhea, Themis and Mnemosyne and gold-crowned Phoibe and lovely Tethys. After them was born Kronos the wily, youngest and most terrible of her children, and he hated his lusty sire ...
And he [Ouranos] used to hide them all [Hekatonkheires and Kyklopes, brothers of the Titanes] away in a secret place of Earth (Gaia) so soon as each was born, and would not suffer them to come up into the light: and Ouranos (Sky) rejoiced in his evil doing. But vast Gaia (Earth) groaned within, being straitened, and she made the element of grey flint and shaped a great sickle, and told her plan to her dear sons [the six Titanes]. And she spoke, cheering them, while she was vexed in her dear heart: 'My children, gotten of a sinful father, if you will obey me, we should punish the vile outrage of your father; for he first thought of doing shameful things.'
So she said; but fear seized them all, and none of them uttered a word. But great Kronos the wily took courage and answered his dear mother: 'Mother, I will undertake to do this deed.'
So he said: and vast Gaia (Earth) rejoiced greatly in spirit, and set and hid him in an ambush, and put in his hands a jagged sickle, and revealed to him the whole plot.
And Ouranos (Sky) came, bringing on night and longing for love, and he lay about Gaia (Earth) spreading himself full upon her. Then the son from his ambush stretched forth his left hand and in his right took the great long sickle with jagged teeth, and swiftly lopped off his own father's members and cast them away to fall behind him ...
These sons whom be begot himself great Ouranos (Sky) used to call Titenes (Strainers) in reproach, for he said that they strained and did presumptuously a fearful deed, and that vengeance for it would come afterwards." - Hesiod, Theogony 133 & 207
[NB Hesiod in the last few lines suggests that all six brothers were involved in the ambush and castration of Ouranos: five straining to hold him fast, whilst the sixth, Kronos, cut off his genitals.]
"Now Ge (Earth), distressed by the loss of her children [the Kyklopes & the Hekatonkheires] into Tartaros, persuaded the Titanes to attack their father, and she gave Kronos a sickle made of adamant. So all of them except Okeanos set upon Ouranos (Heaven), and Kronos cut off his genitals, tossing them into the sea ... Thus having overthrown Ouranos’ rule the Titanes retrieved their brothers from Tartaros and gave the power to Kronos." - Apollodorus, The Library 1.3
"In the Keraunian Sea, fronting the Ionian Straits, there is a rich and spacious island, under the soil of which is said to lie - bear with me, Mousai; it gives me little pleasure to recall the old tale - the sickle used by Kronos to castrate his father Ouranos (Sky)." - Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 4.982
"He [Orpheus] sang of ... How, in the beginning, Ophion and Eurynome, daughter of Okeanos, governed the world from snow-clad Olympos; how they were forcibly supplanted, Ophion [Ouranos?] by Kronos, Eurynome [Gaia?] by Rhea; of their fall into the waters of Okeanos; and how their successors ruled the happy Titan gods." - Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1.498
"[Zeus] in his first youth battered the earthborn Titanes for Olympos, when he was only a boy ... Kronos still dripping held the emasculating sickleblade, after he had cut off the manly crop of his father’s [Ouranos the Sky’s] plow and robbed him of the Mother’s [Gaia the Earth ’s] bed to which he was hastening, and warred against your sire at the head of the Titanes." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 18.223
For MORE information on the castration of Ouranos see OURANOS
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MARRIAGES & CHILDREN OF THE TITANES
"[1 & 2] And [the Titanis] Tethys bare to [the Titan] Okeanos eddying Potamoi (Rivers) [various named] ... Also she brought forth a holy company of daughters [the Nymphai] ... [various named including] Elektra, and Doris ... lovely Dione ... Metis, and Eurynome ... and Styx who is the chiefest of them all. These are the eldest daughters that sprang from Okeanos and Tethys; but there are many besides. For there are three thousand neat-ankled daughters of Okeanos who are dispersed far and wide, and in every place alike serve the earth and the deep waters, children who are glorious among goddesses. And as many other Potamoi (Rivers) are there, babbling as they flow, sons of Okeanos, whom queenly Tethys bare ...
[3 & 4] And [the Titanis] Theia was subject in love to [the Titan] Hyperion and bare great Helios (Sun) and clear Selene (Moon) and Eos (Dawn) who shines upon all that are on earth and upon the deathless Gods who
live in the wide heaven.
[5] And [the Sea-Goddess] Eurybia, bright goddess, was joined in love to [the Titan] Krios and bare great Astraios, and Pallas, and Perses who also was eminent among all men in wisdom.
And Eos bare to Astraios the strong-hearted Anemoi (Winds), brightening Zephyros (West Wind), and Boreas (North), headlong in his course, and Notos (South), - a goddess mating in love with a god. And after these Erigeneia bare the star Eosphoros (Dawn-bringer), and the gleaming Astra (Stars) with which heaven is crowned.
And Styx the daughter of Okeanos was joined to Pallas and bare Zelos (Emulation) and trim-ankled Nike (Victory) in the house. Also she brought forth Kratos (Strength) and Bia (Force), wonderful children ...
[6 & 7] Again, [the Titanis] Phoibe came to the desired embrace of [the Titan] Koios. Then the goddess through the love of the god conceived and brought forth dark-gowned Leto, always mild, kind to men and to the deathless gods, mild from the beginning, gentlest in all Olympus. Also she bare Asteria of happy name, whom Perses once led to his great house to be called his dear wife. And she conceived and bare Hekate whom Zeus the son of Kronos honoured above all ...
[8 & 9] But [the Titanis] Rhea was subject in love to [the Titan] Kronos and bare splendid children, Hestia, Demeter, and gold-shod Hera and strong Hades, pitiless in heart, who dwells under the earth, and [Poseidon]
the loud-crashing Earth-Shaker, and wise Zeus, father of gods and men, by whose thunder the wide earth is shaken. These great Kronos swallowed as each came forth from the womb to his mother's knees with this intent, that no other of the proud sons of Heaven should hold the kingly office amongst the deathless gods ...
[10] Now [the Titan] Iapetos took to wife the neat-ankled maid Klymene, daughter of Okeanos, and went up with her into one bed. And she bare him a stout-hearted son, Atlas: also she bare very glorious Menoitios and clever Prometheus, full of various wiles, and scatter-brained Epimetheus who from the first was a mischief
to men who eat bread; for it was he who first took of Zeus the woman, the maiden whom he had formed." - Hesiod, Theogony 334-515
"[1 & 2] [The Titan] Kronos ... then married his sister [Titanis] Rhea. Because both Ge (Earth) and Ouranos (Sky) had given him prophetic warning that his rule would be overthrown by a son of his own, he took to swallowing his children at birth. He swallowed his first-born daughter Hestia, then Demeter and Hera, and after them Plouton and Poseidon. Angered by this, Rhea, when she was heavy with Zeus, went off to Krete and gave birth to him ...
The [other] Titanes had children.
[3 & 4] Those of [the Titan] Okeanos and [Titanis] Tethys were called Okeanides: Asia, Styx, Electra, Doris, Eurynome, and Metis.
[5 & 6] The children of [Titan] Koios and [Titanis] Phoibe were Asteria and Leto.
[7 & 8] [Titan] Hyperion and [Titanis] Theia had Eos (Dawn, Helios (Sun), and Selene (Moon).
[9] To [Titan] Kreios and Eurybia, the daughter of Pontos (Sea), were born Astraios, Pallas and Perses.
[10] Atlas, who holds the sky on his shoulders, Prometheus, Epimetheus, and Menoitios, whom Zeus struck with a thunderbolt in the Titan battle and confined to Tartaros, were all sons of [Titan] Iapetos and Asia.
Kheiron, a double-formed kentauros, was born to Kronos and Philyra; Eos and Astraios were parents of the Anemoi (Winds) and Astra (Stars); Perses and Asteria of Hekate; and Nike, Kratos, Zelos, and Bia were born to Pallas and Styx." - Apollodorus, The Library 1.4-9
"[1 & 2] From [Titan] Oceanus and [Titanis] Tethys [were born] the Oceanides ... Of the same descent Rivers ...
[3 & 4] From [Titan] Polus [Koios] and [Titanis] Phoebe [were born], Latona, Asteria.
[5] [text missing] Perses, Pallas.
[6] From [Titan] Iapetus and Clymene, Atlas, Epimetheus, Prometheus.
[7 & 8] From [Titan] Hyperion and [Titanis] Aethra, Sol (Sun), Luna (Moon), Aurora (Dawn).
[9 & 10] From [Titan] Saturnus [Kronos] and [Titanis] Ops [Rhea], Vesta [Hestia], Ceres [Demeter], Juno [Hera], Jupiter [Zeus], Pluto [Haides], Neptunus [Poseidon].
From Saturnus [Kronos] and Philyra, Chiron, Dolops.
From Astraeus and Aurora [Eos], Zephyrus, Boreas, Notus, Favonius [Zephyros].
From Atlas and Pleione, Maia, Calypso, Alcyone, Merope, Electra, Celaeno.
From Pallas the Giant, and Styx, Scylla, Force, Envy, Power, Victory, Fountains, Lakes." - Hyginus, Preface
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TITANOMAKHIA (WAR OF THE TITANES)
"The Olympian Lightener [Zeus] called all the deathless gods to great Olympos, and said that whosoever of the gods would fight with him against the Titenes, he would not cast him out from his rights, but each should have the office which he had before amongst the deathless gods; he said, too, that the god who under Kronos had gone without position or privilege should under him be raised to these, according to justice." - Hesiod, Theogony 390
"[Zeus] the son of Kronos and the other deathless gods whom rich-haired Rhea bare from union with Kronos, brought them [the stormy Hekatonkheires] up again to the light at Gaia's (Earth's) advising. For she herself recounted all things to the gods fully, how that with these they would gain victory and a glorious cause to vaunt themselves. For the Titan gods and as many as sprang from Kronos [Zeus, Haides, Poseidon] had long been fighting together in stubborn war with heart-grieving toil, the lordly Titenes from high [Mount] Othrys, but the gods, givers of good, whom rich-haired Rhea bare in union with Kronos, from Olympos. So they, with bitter wrath, were fighting continually with one another at that time for ten full years, and the hard strife had no close or end for either side, and the issue of the war hung evenly balanced.
But when he had provided those three [the Hekatonkheires] with all things fitting, nectar and ambrosia which the gods themselves eat, and when their proud spirit revived within them all after they had fed on nectar and delicious ambrosia, then it was that the father of men and gods spoke amongst them: 'Hear me, bright children of Gaia and Ouranos [the Hekatonkheires], that I may say what my heart within me bids. A long while now have we, who are sprung from Kronos [Zeus, Poseidon, Haides] and the Titan gods, fought with each other every day to get victory and to prevail. But do you show your great might and unconquerable strength, and face the Titenes in bitter strife; for remember our friendly kindness, and from what sufferings you are come back to the light from your cruel bondage under misty gloom through our counsels.'
So he said. And blameless Kottos answered him again: 'Divine one, you speak that which we know well: nay, even of ourselves we know that your wisdom and understanding is exceeding, and that you became a defender of the deathless ones from chill doom. And through your devising we are come back again from the murky gloom and from our merciless bonds, enjoying what we looked not for, O lord, son of Kronos. And so now with fixed purpose and deliberate counsel we will aid your power in dreadful strife and will fight against the Titanes in hard battle.'
So he said: and the gods, givers of good things, applauded when they heard his word, and their spirit longed for war even more than before, and they all, both male and female, stirred up hated battle that day, the Titan gods, and all that were born of Kronos together with those dread, mighty ones of overwhelming strength whom Zeus brought up to the light from Erebos beneath the earth. An hundred arms sprang from the shoulders of all alike, and each had fifty heads growing upon his shoulders upon stout limbs. These, then, stood against the Titanes in grim strife, holding huge rocks in their strong hands. And on the other part the Titanes eagerly strengthened their ranks, and both sides at one time showed the work of their hands and their might. The boundless sea rang terribly around, and the earth crashed loudly: wide Heaven was shaken and groaned, and high Olympos reeled from its foundation under the charge of the undying gods, and a heavy quaking reached dim Tartaros and the deep sound of their feet in the fearful onset and of their hard missiles. So, then, they launched their grievous shafts upon one another, and the cry of both armies as they shouted reached to starry heaven; and they met together with a great battle-cry.
Then Zeus no longer held back his might; but straight his heart was filled with fury and he showed forth all his strength. From Heaven and from Olympos he came forthwith, hurling his lightning: the bold flew thick and fast from his strong hand together with thunder and lightning, whirling an awesome flame.The life-giving earth crashed around in burning, and the vast wood crackled loud with fire all about.All the land seethed, and Okeanos' streams and the unfruitful sea. The hot vapour lapped round the Titenes Khthonios (Earthly): flame unspeakable rose to the bright upper air (aither): the flashing glare of the thunder-stone and lightning blinded their eyes for all that there were strong. Astounding heat seized air (khaos): and to see with eyes and to hear the sound with ears it seemed even as if Earth (Gaia) and wide Heaven (Ouranos) above came together; for such a mighty crash would have arisen if Earth (Gaia) were being hurled to ruin, and Heaven (Ouranos) from on high were hurling her down; so great a crash was there while the gods were meeting together in strife. Also the winds brought rumbling earthquake and duststorm, thunder and lightning and the lurid thunderbolt, which are the shafts of great Zeus, and carried the clangour and the warcry into the midst of the two hosts. An horrible uproar of terrible strife arose: mighty deeds were shown and the battle inclined. But until then, they kept at one another and fought continually in cruel war.
And amongst the foremost Kottos and Briareos and Gyes insatiate for war raised fierce fighting: three hundred rocks, one upon another, they launched from their strong hands and overshadowed the Titanes with their missiles, and buried them beneath the wide-pathed earth, and bound them in bitter chains when they had conquered them by their strength for all their great spirit, as far beneath the earth to Tartaros ... There by the counsel of Zeus who drives the clouds the Titan gods are hidden under misty gloom, in a dank place where are the ends of the huge earth. And they may not go out; for Poseidon fixed gates of bronze upon it, and a wall runs all round it on every side.There [the Hekatonkheires] Gyes and Kottos and great-souled Obriareus live, trusty warders of Zeus who holds the aegis ...
But when Zeus had driven the Titanes from heaven [Gaia bore the monstrous giant Typhoios]" - Hesiod, Theogony 617
"But when the blessed gods had finished their toil, and settled by force their struggle for honours with the Titenes, they pressed far-seeing Zeus Olympios to reign and to rule over them, by Gaia's (Earth's) prompting. So he divided their privileges amongst them." - Hesiod, Theogony 881
"For as many as were born of Ouranos and Gaia [the Titanes] amongst all these she [Hekate] has her due portion. The son of Kronos [Zeus] did her no wrong nor took anything away of all that was her portion among the former Titan gods: but she holds, as the division was at the first from the beginning, privilege both in earth, and in heaven, and in sea." - Hesiod, Theogony 421
After Hesiod, the next oldest poem describing the Titan-War was the Titanomachia, a lost Homeric epic attributed to the poet Eumelus of Corinth. The content of the work is unknown.
"The Epic Cycle begins with the fabled union of Ouranos (Heaven) and Gaia (Earth), by which they make three Hekatonkheiroi (hundred-handed) sons and three Kyklopes to be born to him." - Homerica, The Titanomachia Frag 1 (from Photius, Epitome of the Chrestomathy of Proclus)
"Eumelos says that Aigaion was the son of Gaia (Earth) and Pontos (Sea) and, having his dwelling in the sea, was an ally of the Titanes." - Homerica, The Titanomachia Frag 3 (Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1.1165)
"According to Anakreon … when Zeus was beginning warfare against the Titani, ie the sons of Titan (Titanas), brother of Kronos (Saturn), and had sacrificed to Ouranos (Heaven), he saw an eagle fly nearby as a favourable omen for victory. In return for this happy omen, and particularly because it was indeed followed by victory, he put a golden eagle on his war standards and dedicated it as a protection for his valour." - Greek Lyric II Anacreon, Frag 505d (from Fulgentius, Mythologies)
"Zeus in his wrath was set upon the crest [depicted on the helm of Akhilleus] throned on heaven's dome; the Immortals all around fierce-battling with the Titanes fought for Zeus. Already were their foes enwrapped with flame, for thick and fast as snowflakes poured from heaven the thunderbolts: the might of Zeus was roused, and burning Gigantes seemed to breathe out flames." - Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 5.103
[NB The Titanomakhia and Gigantomakhia are here described as one and the same.]
"On the presumptuous Titanes once in wrath he [Zeus] poured down fire from heaven: then burned all earth beneath, and Okeanos' world-engirdling flood boiled from its depths, yea, to its utmost bounds: far-flowing mighty rivers were dried up: perished all broods of life-sustaining earth, all fosterlings of the boundless sea, and all dwellers in rivers: smoke and ashes veiled the air: earth fainted in the fervent heat." - Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 8.460
"[Prometheus to the Okeanides] ‘When first among the immortal gods anger broker out dividing them into two factions, of which one resolved to unseat the power of Kronos, and make Zeus absolute king - mark that! - while the opposing side resolved no less that Zeus should never rule the gods - At that time I, offering the best of all advice, tried to convince the Titan sons of Ouranos (Heaven) and Gaia (Earth), and failed. They despised cunning; in the pride of strength they foresaw easy victory and the rule of might. I knew the appointed course of things to come. My mother, Themis, or Gaia (one person, through of various names), had many times foretold to me, that not brute strength, not violence, but cunning must give victory to the rulers of the future. This I explained to them, with reasons - which they found not worth one moment’s heed. Then, of the courses open to me, it seemed best tot take my stand - my mother with me - at the side of Zeus, willing and welcome. It was I who gave that counsel through which ancient Kronos and his crew lie buried now in the back abyss of Tartaros ... On succeeding to his father's throne at once he [Zeus] appointed various rights to various gods, giving to each his set place and authority." - Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 199
"When Zeus was grown, he engaged Okeanos’ daughter Metis as a colleague. She gave Kronos a drug, by which he was forced to vomit forth first the stone and then the children he had swallowed. With them Zeus fought a war against Kronos and the Titanes. After ten years of fighting Ge (Earth) prophesied a victory for Zeus if he were to secure the prisoners down in Tartaros as his allies [the Kyklopes and Hekatonkheires]. He thereupon slew their jail-keeper Kampe, and freed them from their bonds. In return the Kyklopes gave Zeus thunder, lightning, and a thunderbolt, as well as a helmet for Plouton [Haides] and a trident for Poseidon. Armed with these the three gods overpowered the Titanes, confined them in Tartaros, and put the Hekatonkheires in charge of guarding them. The gods then drew lots for a share of the rule. Zeus won the lordship of the sky, Poseidon that of the sea, and Plouton the rule of Haides’ realm." - Apollodorus, The Library 1.6-7
"Now because of her anger over the Titanes, Ge (Earth) gave birth to the Gigantes, Ouranos (Sky) was the father." - Apollodorus, The Library 1.34-38
"Zeus ... dealer of justice to the Ouranides (sons of Ouranos)." - Callimachus, Hymn 1 to Zeus
"Mekone (Poppy), seat of the Blessed, where first the gods cast lots and apportioned their honours after the war with the Gigantes [the Titanes]." - Callimachus, Hymns Frag 54
“To behold again Mekone (Poppy), seat of the Blessed (Makaroi), where first the gods cast lots and apportioned their honours after the war with the Gigantes [meaning here the Titanes]." - Callimachus, Frag 195 (from Eustathius)
"Others say that the Korybantes, who came from Baktriana (some say from among the Kolkhians), were given as armed ministers to Rhea by the Titanes." - Strabo, Geography 10.3.19
"Kronos son of Ouranos ... in the days when he ruled the Titanes in Olympos and Zeus was still a child." - Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 2.1232
"He [Orpheus] sang of ... How, in the beginning, Ophion [Ouranos?] and Eurynome [Gaia?], daughter of Okeanos, governed the world from snow-clad Olympos; how they were forcibly supplanted, Ophion by Kronos, Eurynome by Rhea; of their fall into the waters of Okeanos; and how their successors ruled the happy Titan gods when Zeus in his Diktaian cave was still a child, with childish thoughts, before the earthborn Kyklopes had given him the bolt, the thunder and lightning that form his glorious armament today." - Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1.498
"The dark, stream of black Styx, where Termeios [Zeus] made the seat of the oath-swearing for the immortals, drawing the water in golden basins for libations, when he was about to go against the Gigantes and Titanes [NB A combined war with the two seems to be suggested]." - Lycophron, Alexandra 697
"Before the battle against the Gigantes in Krete [the Titanes], we are told, Zeus sacrificed a bull to Helios (the Sun) and to Ouranos (Heaven) and to Ge (Earth); and in connection with each of the rites there was revealed to him what was the will of the gods in the affair, the omens indicating the victory of the gods and a defection to them of the enemy [certain Titanes defected to the side of Zeus]. And the outcome of the war accorded with the omens; for Mousaios (?) deserted to him from the enemy, for which he was accorded peculiar honours, and all who opposed them were cut down by the gods." - Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 5.71.2
"The tomb which passes for that of Zeus in Krete is that of Olympos of Krete, who received Zeus son of Kronos, raised him and taught divine things to him; but Zeus, he says, struck down his foster-parent and master because he had pushed the Gigantes [that is, the Titanes] to attack him in his turn; but when he had struck, before his body he was full of remorse and, since he could appease his sorrow in no other way, he gave his own name to the tomb of his victim." - Ptolemy Hephaestion, New History Bk2 (as summarized in Photius, Myriobiblon 190)
"Arke (Arch) was the daughter of Thaumas and her sister was Iris (Rainbow); both had wings, but, during the struggle of the gods against the Titanes, Arke flew out of the camp of the gods and joined the Titanes [to act as their messenger]. After the victory Zeus removed her wings before throwing her into Tartaros." - Ptolemy Hephaestion, New History Bk6 (as summarized in Photius, Myriobiblon 190)
"Some have called Aex (Goat) the daughter of Sol [Helios the Sun], who surpassed many in beauty of body, but in contrast to this beauty, had a most horrible face [she was the Gorgon]. Terrified by it, the Titanes begged Terra [Gaia the Earth] to hide her body, and Terra is said to have hidden her in a cave in the island of Crete. Later she became nurse of Jove [Zeus], as we have said before [and made his aigis-shield from her skin]." - Hyginus, Astronomica 2.13
"Aglaosthenes, who wrote the Naxica, says that Jove [Zeus] was taken secretly from Crete, brought to Naxos, and there nourished. After he came to man’s estate and wished to attack the Titanes in war, he sighted an eagle as he was sacrificing, and considering this an omen, he placed it among the stars." - Hyginus, Astronomica 2.16
"[The constellation] Altar. On this altar the gods are thought to have first made offerings and formed an alliance when they were about to oppose the Titanes. The Cyclopes made it. From this observance men established the custom that when they plan to do something, they make sacrifices before beginning the undertaking." - Hyginus, Astronomica 2.39
"Encouraged the Titanes [and Gigantes?] to drive Jove [Zeus] from the kingdom and restore it to Saturn [Kronos]. When they tried to mount tot heaven, Jove with the help of Minerva [Athene], Apollo, and Diana [Artemis], cast them headlong into Tartarus. On Atlas, who had been their leader, he put the vault of the sky; even now he is said to hold up the sky on his shoulders." - Hyginus, Fabulae 150
"Saturnus [Kronos] was thrust from his realm by Jove [Zeus]. In anger he stirs the mighty Titanes to arms and seeks the assistance owed by fate. There was a shocking monster born of Mother Terra (Earth), a bull, whose back half was a serpent. Roaring Styx [as an ally of Zeus] imprisoned it, warned by the three Parcae [Moirai the Fates], in a black grove with a triple wall. Whoever fed the bull’s guts to consuming flames was destined to defeat the eternal gods. Briareus [or Aigaion, a Sea-Titan ally of Kronos] slays it with an adamantine axe and prepares to feed the flames its innards [and so ensure the victory of the Titanes]. Jupiter [Zeus] commands the birds to grab them; the kite brought them to him and reached the stars on merit." - Ovid, Fasti 3.793
"According to the myths they [the gods] even engage in wars and battles ... they actually fought wars of their own, for instance with the Titanes and the Gigantes. These stories and these beliefs are utterly foolish." - Cicero, De Natura Deorum 2.28
"[Zeus speaks:] ‘What will my aigis [storm-cloud] do fighting with Typhon’s thunderbolt? I fear old Kronos may laugh aloud, I am shy of the proud neck of my lordly adversary Iapetos." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 1.378
"I [Ares] will take my Titan-destroying deathdealing spear." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 8.67
"Zeus Lord in the Highest, did not rise to heaven without hard work, he the sovereign of the stars: firt he must beind fast those threateners of Olympos, the Titanes and hide them deep in the pit of Tartaros." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 13.33
"[Zeus] in his first youth battered the earthborn Titanes for Olympos, when he was only a boy." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 18.223
"Ares, destroyer of the Titanes, his father’s champion, who lifts a proud neck in heaven, still holding that shield ever soaked with gore; and ... once upon a time valiant Pallas holding the aigis (goatskin) defended the gates of Olympos, and scattered the stormy assault of the Titanes, thus honouring the dexterous travail of her father’s head." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 20.35
"The singer wove his lay beside the mixing-bowl, how the older Titanes armed themselves against Olympos. He sang the true victory of Zeus potent in the Heights, how broadbeard Kronos sank under the thunderbolt, and Zeus sealed him deep in the dark Tartarean pit, armed in vain with the watery weapons of the storm." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 24.230
"He [Pan] once helped to defend my [Zeus'] inviolable sceptre and fought against the Titanes." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 27.290
"[Athene to Dionysos:] Your father and mine [Zeus] feared not battle, when the Titan-gods armed themselves against Olympos." - Nonnus, Dionsyiaca 30.283
"[Hermes to Poseidon and Apollon engaging in battle when the gods took side in the war of Dionysos and his army against the Indians] ‘Brother of Zeus [Poseidon, and you his son [Apollon] - you, famous Archer, throw to the winds your bow nad your brand, and you, your pronged trident: lest the Titanes laugh to see a battle among the gods. Let there not be intestine war in heaven once gain, after that conflict with Kronos which threatened Olympos: let me not see another war after the affray with Iapetos." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 36.110
"What an old man of Titan blood might have done, show the Titan race in his speaking picture ... Kronos, or Phanes more primeval still, or the breed of Titan Helios as old as the universe itself." - Nonnus, Dionysiaca 19.158
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