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Chalcidio's Timaeus (in Latin)

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Nerc
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« Reply #15 on: May 20, 2008, 01:21:31 am »

ahhh the nine bows....

tA Sma          Upper Egypt
tA mHw          Lower Egypt
iwntyw sti    Nuban people Iuntiu
mntyw nw sTt  Asian people Mentiu
THnw          people Chehenu
pDt Sw        пера archers Shu / pen
sxt iAmw      bog land Iamu
SAt           foreign land Shat
HAw nbw       foreign land Hau-Skies [Haunebut/Helu nebut]

The Egyptians spoke of the mysterious Hanebut (or Haunebut), a people who lived in the region of Amenti (or
Punt). The name of the Hanebut means "People of the Haze" or "Behind the Islands" or "People of the Pillar [of Atlas]" (Hau-nabha in Sanskrit and Dravida, thet ending merely marking out the feminine gender in Egyptian). The elusive Hanebut were indeed the same as the people of Punt who, as the Gerzeans, invaded and conquered Upper Egypt in pre-Dynastic times, and who were later expelled when Egypt was unified by King Menes, "the Greek". Not impossibly, this great prehistoric war was the same one mentioned by Plato as the "War of Atlantis", when the Egyptians and the "Greeks" united to expell the Atlantean invader.

Several Egyptian pharaohs claimed ownership over “Haunebut”. The Greek portion of the Rosetta Stone text clearly translates the phrase Haunebu – meaning "the people of Haunebut" – as Greek or Hellene. And Greece does lie "behind the islands" of the Aegean Sea, when viewed from Egypt. Thutmosis III boasted that he had "trussed… the Haunebut" and struck those that lived "in the midst of the Great Green Sea". In a single year, he claimed to have collected 36,692 deben of gold from his conquered subjects – the equivalent of three metric tons – of which 27,000 kilos is specifically said to have come from the Asian provinces and the Isles in the Midst of the Great Green Sea

Of course Ramses also called the Sea People the Haunebut
so lets look at their hierogylph
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Peoples


For me the important hierglyph seems to be there and here




i must say that i'm a little disturbed at that anaximander map at wiki. not many out there like that.





the world was generally portrayed divided top and bottom not 3 equal parts like wikianaximander and were libya and asia even separate? it seems like you say no. that map looks like someone is trying to apply euhemerus poorly.
« Last Edit: May 20, 2008, 01:25:56 am by Nerc » Report Spam   Logged
Nerc
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« Reply #16 on: May 20, 2008, 02:06:56 am »

and an egyptian map?

http://xoomer.alice.it/francescoraf/hesyra/Hierakonpolis-tomb100.htm
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Nerc
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« Reply #17 on: May 20, 2008, 07:29:48 am »

i cannot resist more on panchea. if you are a fanatic you might have read this before and if not you just might.

remember euhemerus and alexanders special books....



Evhemerus about the Gold Column dedicated to Uranos, etc.

Another monument of a capital historical importance had been the great Gold Column, erected in honor of Uranos, Saturn and Jove, about which speaks the historic Evhemerus of Mesena, a man of vast erudition, who according to Pliny (H. N. lib. XXXVI. 17. 2), had lived in the epoch following Herodotus, and according to others around 316bc.

This Evhemerus, a disciple of the Cyrenaic philosophical school, had written a sacred history based on the documents and inscriptions collected in his various travels.

Evhemerus’ book had enjoyed a long life in the antique literature and, as Varro tells us, the poet Ennius had translated it (De agricultura, I. 43). Unfortunately though, we are left with only few extracts from this important sacred history of Evhemerus, and even these have been transformed and interpolated by those who have used them, either because they did not know the regions about which Evhemerus talked, or because they were not familiarized enough with the obscure geographical names used by this philosopher.

In this writing of his, Evhemerus talked about a gold column dedicated to Uranos, Saturn, Jove, Apollo and Diana, in a region called by him “Arabia from the Ocean”, or “Arabia felix”, inhabited by Doi, Scythians, Oceanites and Panchei (Peucini).

Here firstly a part of Evhemerus’ text, as we find it extracted and intercalated in the history of Diodorus Siculus (lib. V. c. 41 - 46).

“In this region” – the author speaks about Arabia from the Ocean – “there are a number of villages and important towns, part of which are situated on big earth dykes (to be protected from flooding), while others are on hillocks or on plains. The largest cities have magnificent palaces, a great number of inhabitants and abundance of riches. This entire region is full of numerous flocks of various kinds. It produces a copious harvest, but it is at the same time abundant in grazing lands for sheep flocks and cattle herds. This region is traversed by a great number of rivers, which moisten in a favorable way the surface of the earth and contribute to the complete development of the fruits. This is the cause for which this part of Arabia, which by its bounty surpasses the other parts, is called Happy (eudaimon), a name which truly suits it.

At the extremities of this region, on the lower part of the Ocean, there are a number of islands, out of which three especially deserve a historical description. The first is called the sacred island (‘Iera) and in it is not permitted the burial of the deceased. Another island (the second) is removed from the first by only 7 stades (1.47km) and in this are transported and interred the deceased …Apart from these (two islands) there exists another big island (the third), at a distance of 30 stades (6.3km) from the latter … It is situated on the eastern part of the Ocean and has a length of a number of stades. From the promontory which stretches eastwards it is said that it is seen the Indic region (‘Indicha), seemingly covered in mist because of the great distance.

In Panchea (this is the name of the big island and of the neighboring region) there are a number of things deserving to be mentioned in a historical description.

The inhabitants of Panchea are partly indigenous (autochtones), and they are called Panchei, and partly have migrated here, and are called Oceanites, Indians, Cretans and Scythians. In Panchea exists a famous city called Panara which surpasses all the other cities in its prosperity. Its inhabitants are called the devotees of Jove Triphylios, and they alone among the entire population of Panchea live according to their laws (autonomoi), and without having any king …. On an open plain, at a distance of about 60 stades (12.6km) from this city, there is the temple of Jove Trifylius, which enjoys a great veneration for its antiquity and its magnificent construction …..This sanctuary is built of white stone, has a length of two pletra (70m) and a width matching its length. It is erected on tall and massive columns decorated with sculptures executed by famous masters. Here are also the memorable statues of the gods, sculpted with the greatest art and amazing for their size …..From the temple stretches a road paved with stone, having a length of 4 stades (840m) and a width of one pletrum (35m). On both sides of this road are placed large copper vases (chalcheia megala) on square bases ….

Beyond this plain there is a high mountain consecrated to the gods, which is called Uranos’ Chair and Olympos Trifylios. It is said that at the time when he had reigned over the empire of the world, old Uranos enjoyed spending time in these parts, and that from the highest peak of this mountain he observed the sky and the stars. Later though, this mountain had received the name of Olympos Trifylios because the inhabitants were composed of three tribes, namely Panchei, Oceanites and Doi, who later had been ousted from here by Ammon. It is said that this Ammon, not only had ousted from here this people, but had also entirely destroyed and razed to the ground their cities Doia and Asterusa. On this mountain the priests organize each year with great religiosity a festivity ….

There are also in this island three big important cities called Hyracia, Dalis and Oceanis.

This entire region produces abundant fruit. But a lot of wine of every kind is especially made here. The men are warlike and use the old custom of chariot battles. Their entire social organization is composed of three parts. The first class is that of the priests (iereis) and in this same class are the artisans. The second class is composed of the agriculturists (georgoi), and in the third class are the soldiers (stratiotai); in this class are also the shepherds (nomeis). The leaders of everybody are the priests. These rule over the controversies and have power over everything which happens. The agriculturists work the land, but they gather the fruit of the earth and share it in common. And when it is distributed, those who had worked the land better receive the biggest part (according to the judgment of the priests) … Also the shepherds put in common willingly the sacrifices and all the other things destined for public use …. But generally it is not permitted to anybody to have anything as private property, apart from the house and garden. The priests receive all that the animals give birth to, all the produces, and they distribute later to each what each rightly deserves ….

As dress, the inhabitants use soft vestments, because their sheep have particularly fine wool. The men, as well as the women, wear gold ornaments. They wear woven chains around the neck and bracelets on the arms ….The soldiers receive wages for the ordinary services they carry out; they are divided in groups, defend the country and strengthen it with defensive works …. The priests carry out the religious service for gods mostly with hymns, praising in verse their deeds and their good turns for the people.

Their nation, as they say, comes from Crete, from where they had been brought by Jove to Panchea at the time when he lived among the people and ruled the earth. They bring as proof their way of talking, pointing out that in their language there are many words left from the Cretans. They say the kindness and hospitality that they show towards these has been inherited from their ancestors, and that this tradition had been transmitted from generation to generation.

They also show even inscriptions (anagramas), redacted according to them by Jove himself at the time when he lived with the mortals, and had put the foundation of the temple. Abundant gold, silver, copper, tin and iron mines are also in this land (chora), but nothing is permitted to be exported outside the island …. There are also in that temple a great number of holy gifts of gold and silver, consecrated in honor of the gods, preserved in large heaps, from a remote age ….The Bed or Chair of the god is 6 ells long, 4 ells wide; it is entirely made of gold and each side is worked with great art. Near the bed is the table of the god, as magnificent and sumptuous as the other objects. At the center of the bed is placed a huge gold column, written with letters, which the Egyptians call sacred. With these letters are described the deeds of Uranos and Jove, and to this inscription Mercury (Hermes) had also added the description of the deeds of Diana and Apollo” [1].

[1. Diodorus Siculus resumes in another place Evhemerus’ description about happy Arabia, about the island Panchea and the Column of Uranos, with the following words:

“The ancients have left their successors two different concepts about gods, namely that some are eternal and will never perish, like the sun, moon and the other stars of the sky, also the winds and others of the same nature, because each of these has an eternal origin and life. And they tell us that the other gods are people from earth, who had earned for themselves a cult and divine honors, for the benefices they brought to mankind, like Hercules, Bachus, Aristeus and others similar to them …

Evhemerus, the friend of king Cassandrus (of Macedonia), who had to carry out some missions, and travel far away in the interest of this king, says that, after boarding ship from happy Arabia, had sailed for a number of days on the Ocean, and that finally he had arrived to some islands surrounded by big waters, out of which one was more important and it was called Panchea. There he saw the inhabitants called Panchei, who excel in their piety and venerate the gods with magnificent preparations and sacrifices, as well as with the finest gifts of gold and silver. This island is sacred to the gods and has many things deserving admiration, for their age as well as for the excellence of their art, things which we have particularly described in our preceding book. Namely, there is in this island a high hill, and on its top there is the temple of Jove Trifylius, built by himself at the time when he lived among people, and reigned over the world empire. In that temple is seen a gold column, which contains a brief description in Panchean letters of the illustrious deeds of Uranos, Saturn and Jove.

Evhemerus also adds that Uranos was the first to reign, being a man with high feelings of justice, with great goodwill and very learned in the course of the stars. He was the first to venerate the divinities of the sky with victims, and because of this he had been called Ouranos, Sky” (Diodorus Siculus, Ed. Didot, lib. VI. c. 2).

By comparing these two extracts made by Diodorus, one in book V and the other in book VI of his history, we have in front of us a small example of the confusion introduced in the original text of Evhemerus even by Diodorus Siculus himself. In the first extract, the Sacred island is not Panchea, in the second they are identical. In the first extract the column of Uranos was written with letters called sacred by the Egyptians, in the second with national Panchean letters. In book V Diodorus says that the temple of Jove Trifylius was on a plain, in book VI on a hill, confusing in this way the magnificent sanctuary with the mountain dedicated to the gods or Olympos Trifylius].

These are the principal geographical and ethnographical data left from Evhemerus, regarding “Arabia felix” from near Oceanos, and the region or island called Panchea.

The sacred history of Evhemerus had in antiquity many enemies, because of the tendency of this Cyrenaic philosopher to explain the mythology through history, and especially to prove that some of the great gods of the ancient religion had been simple mortals, who had earned divine honors for their merits and power.

These antagonists of the system introduced by Evhemerus in the sacred history of antiquity, declared as a lie the entire description made by him of the region called Panchea and of the happy and pious people who dwelt in those extremities of the ancient world (Polybius, lib. XXXIV. 5. 9; Strabo, lib. II. 4. 2; Plutarc, D’Isis et d’Osiris, 1784, Tome XI, p. 309).

Their reasoning had some convincing appearances. These enemies of the Cyrenaic doctrines brought as proof the fact that in the Arabian Ocean, where they looked for this happy land of Evhemerus, had never existed either the peoples, or the cities, institutions and islands about which this atheist philosopher spoke, who in fact wanted no more nor less than to overthrow the ancient Greek religion.

We shall examine here this important narrative of Evhemerus, from a historic and geographic point of view, in order to understand the true existence and situation of this memorable region.





The country of Uranos in the region of Atlas Mountains. Evhemerus’ Arabia felix near the river Oceanos (Istru).

According to Evhemerus, the old king Uranus, while he ruled the world empire, often spent time in the region named Panchea, which formed a part of Arabia felix.

Which was though Uranus’ country? It is the first question which presents itself here, in order to orient ourselves about the geographical situation of “Arabia felix”.

According to Diodorus Siculus, the inhabitants near the Atlas Mountain (Oltului), the masters of the “blessed country”, who excelled by their special piety and their hospitality towards all their neighbors, boasted that the gods of the ancient world were born there.

Thus they said that the first king of theirs was Uranos, the Sky, Ceriul, in the later meaning of the word, in reality “Muntean” (N.T. – of the mountain), as this name derives from ouros, in Ionic form, mountain. They said that this Uranos had first gathered together the people who lived on their own, and made them assemble in communes; that he gave them laws and stopped them live lawlessly, or by the manner of the wild beasts; he taught them to cultivate the good fruit and conserve them; he subjected the most of the world, especially the lands towards west and north; that he, especially devoted to the study of the courses of the stars, could predict many things which could happen in the universe; that he established the rules of the year, by the motion of the sun and made them known to men; he divided the year in months by the motion of the moon…His name was then applied to the sky, not only because he had known in depth about the rising and setting of the stars and other sky phenomena, but at the same time in order to make known his merits to the entire world.

Uranos’ rule in the northern parts of Istru appears not only in the tradition of the Hyperboreans from near Mount Atlas, which Diodorus communicates, but it forms at the same time the foundation of the oldest Pelasgian legends, written about in the poems of Homer and Hesiodus. The origin of all the gods, tells us Homer, was at Okeanos potamos.

The “Arabia felix” of Evhemer, crossed by a great number of rivers, a country which was characterized by its abundant crops, rich in flocks, gold and silver mines, copper and tin, with its pious people and its patriarchal organization, is one and the same with the “blessed country”, or the happy region of the inhabitants from near Mount Atlas, where it was the country and residence of Uranos, the first founder of the great Pelasgian empire.

As a geographical region, Arabia from the Istru, or the Euxine Pontus, is often mentioned by the authors of the antiquity.

Even in the most ancient Greek legends the Istru (‘Istros) appears as a son of Egypt and Arabia (Apollodorus, Bibl. lib. II. 1. 5. 4). So there was an Arabia near Istru even in mythological times. On another hand, the poet Eschyl tells us (Prom. vinct. v. 420) that the numerous warlike people from near Caucas Mountain, where Prometheus had suffered, and where the river Oceanos flew, was called “the martial flower of Arabia”.

Similarly, the Latin poet Plautus, who lived in the 3rd century b.c., mentions an Arabia near the Euxine Pontus, a country, says he, where grows in abundance the absinth (Comoediae, Trinumus, Act III). The Pontic Arabia of Plautus stretched from the Hem Mountain, along the shores of the Black Sea up towards the river Borysthene or Dnieper (TN – Nipru), a region about which the poet Ovid writes that “it makes him shiver, its deserted plains covered only with the sad absinth, bitter harvest, worthy of the earth which produced it” (Ep. Ex Ponto. III. 1. 23-24).

In the 17th century we find described by Paul of Aleppo the same European Arabia of Plautus. “In Moldova” says he, “in the Romanian country, and as far as Moscow, the absinth, among all grasses, covers the plains” (Hasdeu, Arch. ist. I. 2. 79).

Apart from the mythological genealogy of Istru, son of Arabia, and apart from the geographical notes transmitted by Eschyl and Plautus, we also find some obscure memories about Arabia on the north-western parts of the Black Sea with some other authors.

The geographer Ptolemy says (Geogr. lib. III. c. 10. 7), that the shore of the Black Sea, starting from the northern arm of the Danube, to the mouths of the river Borysthene and bordered at west by the river Hierasus or Siret, was inhabited by a population called Arpii, while Ammianus Marcellinus calls the same land Arabia (lib. XXXI. C. 3).

Finally, the erudite archaeologist Bessonov of Russia writes the following: “all that was called from the antiquity onwards, but in an historical epoch, Kara-Vlachu, in the largest meaning of the word, bears the name Arab in the popular poetry of the Bulgars, while the popular poetry of the Serbs is even more explicit”. For example, in a ballad, the famous Marcu, the favorite hero of the Bulgaro-Serb epos, and bitter enemy of great Mircea (TN – early Romanian Domn), is described as stealing from the Arabs all the cities, right to the Pontus (Hasdeu, Ist. crit. Vol. I. p. 98).

To all these ancient geographical sources about Arabia from near the Istru we shall add here another characteristic fact, namely that during the Middle Ages, on the heraldic coats of arms of the Romanian country were shown three African heads, meaning Arab, and two on those of Moldova (Homer calls the pious Hyperboreans from near Oceanos, Ethiopians - Iliad, I. 22; Aeschyl, Prom. vinct. v. 808).

As we see, the name Arabia had been applied from very obscure times to the region between the Carpathians, Istru and the Euxine Pontus. The principal part of this Pontic (or Oceanic or Istrian) Arabia, namely that from near the Atlas mountain, appears with Evhemerus as “Arabia felix (blessed)”. The co-name of “blessed” had been attributed to this region, blessed by the gods, from very remote times (Homer, Odyss. IV. 563 seqq; Ibid. IX. v. 109 seqq; Eschyl, Cheph. V. 373-374). To this name refers Pliny (lib. IV. 26. 11), when writing “gens felix, si credimus, quos Hyperboreos appellavere” and when the emperor Aurelianus had minted coins with the inscription DACIA FELIX (Eckhel, Doctr. Numm. VII. 481), he had also remembered this same title consecrated by ancient traditions.

Only the confusion made by the Greek authors of the epoch of decadence of geography, is responsible for the fact that the name “Arabia felix” has been attributed to a part of Asian Arabia. Pliny the Old himself stated (lib. XII. C. 41) that this co-name was false. Asian Arabia, covered by vast deserts, with a burning climate, with rocky and barren mountains, with a little productive soil, even along the sea, lacking in pastures, where is no river with a continuous flow of water, but only when it rains, lacking in noble metals, a country which is the poorest region of Asia in everything, except for Eastern Iran, a country, which the Romans themselves had no ambition to conquer, and which even today is in some measure a land unknown, could have never acquired the name of Arabia “felix”.`







The island called Panchea in Evhemerus’ sacred history.

Near the region, called by Evhemerus “Arabia felix”, he also mentions a territory with important cities, with mountains and expansive plains, called Panchea (Pagchaia), which was on the eastern part of the water Oceanos.

The text of Evhemerus regarding this part of blessed Arabia is not clear enough.

Panchea figures either as a continental region (chora), or as an island (nasos). This is evidence that his Panchea formed in fact only a geographical continuity of blessed Arabia, and was not situated in the open waters of the big sea.

The ancients, although in possession at that time of the whole text of this historian-philosopher, were themselves not entirely oriented regarding the geographic character of this region.

With Polybius, Evhemerus’ Panchea is called region (Hist. lib. XXXIV. 5. 9), with Strabo (Geogr. lib. II. c. 4. 2; Ibid. lib. VII. 3. 6), it is called tera (TN – country), and with Diodorus Siculus it appears as region and island (chora and nasos). Evhemerus’ Panchea was definitely an island, but not a sea island.

The Danube Delta appears in Greek geographical literature, even beginning with the 3rd century b.c., under the name of Peuce (Peuche), a name which Eratosthenes derives from the species of trees peuche (fir tree), which grew in this island (Stephanus, Thesaurus gr. L. v. Peuche).

But in reality Peuche was only the Greek form of an indigenous name.

In the epic poem about the Argonauts attributed to Orpheus, are mentioned near the mouths of the river Oceanos or Istru, the inhabitants called Pacti (v. 1070-1073), who were no other than Evhemerus’ Panchei.

Various similar topographical names exist to these days in the lower parts of the Danube.

We mention here the following: Pangalia, one of the most important cities of Dobrogea in the Middle Ages, situated south of Constanta, on the ruins of ancient Calatis (Jirecek, Gesch. D. Bulg. 1876, p. 400); Panga, a valley to the north of Daieni village; Pancesci, town in Roman district; three villages called Pancesci in the districts of Putna, Bacau, Roman; Panciu, a city in Roman district; Pancea, a hill in Prahova district.

We can therefore establish with total historical conviction, that the name Peuce, which the Greek geographers from later times of antiquity had attributed to the island formed by the arms of the Danube, is the same geographical name of Evhemerus’ Panchea. But the Cyrenaic philosopher extends this name also to a significant part of little Scythia, or Dobrogea [1].

[1. In a very remote antiquity, the principal mouth of the Danube was located a lot more towards south. So, Herodotus (II. 34), who apparently had before him some much older geographical sources, tells us that the Istru flowed into the sea in front of the city Sinope of Asia Minor – Cf. Aristotle, Meteor. D. I. 13 and De generat. Anim. VIII. 28)]

We have also another geographical circumstance which we can not ignore.

According to Evhemerus, the region, or the island, called Panchea, was situated close to another smaller island, but considered sacred, which can not be other than Leuce island, which had the epithets sacred, divine and bright (Scylax, Periplus, c. 68; see Ch.V.6) attributed to it until late antiquity.

The region, or island, Panchea, situated close to the sea, between the Scythians and the Getes, appears to have been even in Evhemerus’ times a blessed corner of the earth, where the economic and commercial interests compelled different groups of inhabitants of the neighboring lands, and of the islands of the Aegean Sea, to meet and settle there.

Panchea’s population, Evhemerus tells us, apart from the native inhabitants, who called themselves Panchei, was composed from the following tribes, which had migrated there in later times, namely Scythians, Oceanites (or inhabitants from the upper parts of the Ocean, the Istru), Cretans, Indians and finally Doi.

These Doi, about whom Evhemerus tells us that had once dwelt in Panchea in considerable numbers, but had been later expelled, are Strabo’s Daii (lib. VII. 3. 12), a name under which the ancients understood the Daci(ans), or the pastoral tribes from the Carpathians. Theirs were the cities Doia and Dalis, of which the first appears to be identical with Ptolemy’s Dausdava, situated between the arms of the Danube (Geogr. III. 10. 6), while the second was probably the important shepherd village from Dobrogea, today called Daieni.

As regards the immigrant Cretans of Panchea, they were only the pre-historical avant-garde of the Milesian commercial colonies from the Lower Danube. Miletus itself, this flowering and powerful city from the shores of Asia Minor, had been in the beginning only a Cretan colony. Finally, Evhemerus, in describing Panchea, mentions also a group of immigrants, whom he calls Indi. According to Apollonius Rhodius, on the vast and deserted plain which stretched from the mouths of the Istru upwards, dwelt in older times the so-called Sindi (lib. IV. v. 322) [2].

[2. According to the historian Timonax, the plain of the Sindi stretched as far as the point where the Istru separated in two beds, or to the cataracts, as we shall see later (Fragm. Hist. graec. IV. 522. 1). Another group of Sindi dwelt according to Scylax (72) near the Meotic lake.

To these refers Evhemerus when writing that, as it was said, from Panchea could be seen Indica shrouded in fog].

The Indi of Evhemerus, immigrated in the island of Panchea, and the Sindi of Apollonius Rhodius, from upwards of the mouths of the Danube, appear the same people of Pelasgian race.

As Pliny tells us (lib. VI. 23. 1), the big river of Asia, Indus, was called by the indigenous inhabitants Sindus. This explains why the old geographers identified the name Sindi with Indi. About the inhabitants called Indi from the Istru we also have a geographical tradition. In an old Serbian ballad, the actual territory of the Romanian country is called India (Hasdeu, Etymologicum mgnum Romaniae. Tom. IV. p. CXXXV).

Evhemerus mentions also the cities Hyracia, Oceanis and Panara among the more important centers of the population of Panchea, apart from Doia and Dalis.

Hyracia seems to be the old city encircled by walls Heraclea, which had once existed close to the mouths of the Istru, but had disappeared in the times of Pliny (lib. IV. 18. 5) [3].

[3. This Heraclea seems to have been situated near the southern arm of the Istru, today called of St. George, and by Ptolemy (III. 10. 2) Inariacion stoma, where king Filip II of Macedonia had wanted to erect o statue of Hercules (Justinis lib. IX. 2). Connect also the note of Arrianis about the sacrifice made by Alexander the Great near the Danube Delta to Jove Soteros, to Hercules and to the Istru (De exp. Alex. I. 4. 5). We also must note here that one of the mouths of the Nile was also consecrated to Hercules and had the name of stoma Heracleoticon (Tacit, Ann. II. 60; Strabo, II. 1. 35; Diodorus, I. 3. 37)].

In regard to the political and social organization of the inhabitants of Panchea, it presents all the characteristics of the traditional institutions of the Hyperboreans and of the Dacians.

In all the cities of Panchea, according to Evhemerus, the priests were the dominant class. They were not only the ministers of the altars, but the rulers of the people at the same time. Apart from their sacerdotal functions the priests of Panchea had concentrated in their hands all the political and juridical powers.

We find the same form of government with the Hyperboreans. As Hecateus tells us, the descendants of king Boreas had not only the political reign over the sacred island of the Hyperboreans, but were at the same time the administrators of Apollo’s great temple (Diodorus Siculus, lib. II. 47). The Dacians too had the same theocratic national institutions (Strabo, lib. VII. 3. 11; Ibid, XvI. 2. 39; Jornandis, De Get. Orig. c. 5. We find a similar constitution with the Pelasgian tribes of Cappadocia – Strabo, lib. XII. 2. 3).

Finally, the sharing of possessions, which we find with the agricultural and pastoral tribes of Panchea, has in everything the character of the ancient Pelasgo-Getic institutions.

We know the following verses of Horatius (Od. Lib. III. 24): Much better live the rigid people of the Getae, whose fields without boundaries give crops for all. Here nobody cultivates the land more than one year; and after one has finished his work, another comes while he is resting, and takes his place doing the same work. And Criton, who had lived in the time of Trajan and had written a history of the Getae, tells us in a fragment which had been preserved by Suidas, that part of the Getae had to work in agriculture, while the military, who followed the king in wars, looked after the castles.

The origin of having all the goods in common, which was characteristic to the Pelasgian people, went back to the blessed times of Saturn. Trog Pompeius writes about this: that Saturn had been a king with such high standards of justice, that during the time when he reigned, nobody served another and nobody had private wealth, but everything was kept in common and not distributed, as a unique patrimony of everybody (Justinis, Hist. ex Trogo Pompeio, lib. XLIII. 1).





Olympus Triphylius in Panchea island.

In Panchea island, as Evhemerus tells us, there was a mountain consecrated to the gods, which in the beginning had been called the Chair of Uranos, and later Olympus Triphylius.

This holy mountain of Panchea had the co-name Triphylios because, according to Evhemerus, the inhabitants of this memorable island were of three tribes, tris and phyle, tribe.

This is a vicious etymology. Triphylius of Panchea island could have been only a Trimontius or Triphyllon, from tris and phyllon, leaf, in this case peak, as in the times of Pliny a mountain of Campania was called Trifolium (H. N. lib. XIV. 8. 9), and a mountain with the name Trifoiu exists in the district of Prahova (Romania), towards NE of the hamlet Scurtesci. (A town with the name Triphoulon is mentioned by Ptolemy – III. 8 – in Dacia, in the upper region of Prut river).

From the most obscure antiquity, folk beliefs had attributed a mystical power to the combined number three. The trinity is an ancient religious dogma which we find expressed in symbolic form in rites and on various monuments of the Pelasgian epoch. The great god of Panchea had been called Triphylios, or more correctly Triphyllios, not from the number of the tribes of Panchea, but from the three heights of the holy mountain, exactly as Jove had the co-name of ‘Olympios with the Greeks, Idaeus with the Trojans, and Capitolinus with the Romans, after the mountains which had been consecrated as a proper residence on earth to this divinity.

We also find even today in these parts of Lower Istru some important traces of the ancient cult of Zeus Triphyllios. The folk traditions from the territory of Dobrogea, as well as the neighboring districts of Braila and Covurlui, attribute a particular religious importance to a saint called Trif or Triful, whose characteristics are nevertheless entirely ante-Christian. This saint Trif or Triful, is according to Romanian folk beliefs, the divinity who makes the earth germinate. He makes the tilled earth, the gardens, trees and vineyards to yield crops; protects them from destruction from pests and wild animals; he rules over flocks and cattle, favors the fruit yield of the orchards, he is everywhere the protector of the entire rural and pastoral economy.

As we see, the cult of Trif or Triful surpasses that of all the other Christian saints. He is a sort of ruler of nature. Even today he still has part of the attributes of the supreme divinity, Zeus euruopa, who, according to Hesiodus, makes the earth produce what’s needed by mankind, makes the acorn grow on oaks, multiplies the bees, makes the sheep be laden with wool, and enables the fields to produce abundant crops (Opera et Dies, v. 230 seqq).

By his name, as well as by the characteristics of his cult, Trif or Triful is identical with the great divinity called by Evhemerus Zeus Triphylios.

It is without any doubt that this gold pillar mentioned by the Romanian agrarian carols was not a poetical fiction, but a real historical column which had a special significance, erected in prehistoric times near some temple. The agriculturists of Panchea, Evhemerus tells us, tilled the earth and placed the harvest in common, which afterwards the priests distributed among the workers, according to the merits and activity of each. But if this gold pillar of Romanian traditions is identical with the gold column about which Evhemerus speaks, we cannot know. We only state here the fact that in the Romanian countries still exists to this day the reminiscence of a famous gold pillar of the archaic times, sung about in the carols of the plowmen [1].

[1. In some of the Romanian carols, in which is sung the magnificence of the White Monastery, from the island near the mouths of the Danube, is mentioned a “gold written high chair”, in which God sits, and in others are mentioned “gold written high chairs” in which sit Good God and Mos Craciun (TN – Old Christmas).

In Babylon, as Herodotus tells us (I. 183), there also existed a great gold simulacrum, which represented Jove sitting. Near the god were placed a big gold table, a little foot chair and a throne, all of gold].

The inscription from the memorable gold column, from near the river Oceanos or Istru, consecrated to the great Pelasgian divinities Uranos, Saturn, Jove, Apollo and Diana, contained, according to Evhemerus, a brief description of the great political and religious events which had taken place during the times of that divinized dynasty. In other words, this inscription spoke about the history of the founding of the great Pelasgian empire, about which we shall speak later; this was a monument of extreme importance for the ancient European civilization, which has very probably disappeared for ever.
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« Reply #18 on: May 30, 2008, 02:13:17 pm »

NERC,

Euhemeros, situated the City with the golden Pillar, or PANCHEA/Panara near the end of the PONTUS  EUXINES in a region called " ARABIA-- FoELIX ". There is no mistake that he meant: Ras)- ADEN

The Gulf of Aden used to be named PONTOS or Sea of Atlas/ Aden. Greek immigrants later carried the name PONTOS( Euxinus) to the " Black Sea. " Cry  Cry  Cry
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1: ATLANTIS =Fake=Latin name, original Greek: ATHE(=a Region in Aden)
2: Atlantic-OCEAN=Greek: RIVER-of-Atlas+also" Known "World-OCEAN(=Red-Sea)
3: Greek-obsolete-Numeral 'X' caused Plato's Atlantisdate:9000=900
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« Reply #19 on: June 02, 2008, 06:06:00 am »

blue there is sooo much money and soooo much spookyness in that part of the world you would think there would be luxo yachts pulling sonar and roboeyes all over the place. one would seem to know what one was looking for. maybe after peace breaks out.

there is certainly a great rondel tradition and the genetics are correct. it would be a difficult part of the world to divide the world up from "fairly". is there a three leg mountain all equal around?
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« Reply #20 on: June 03, 2008, 08:58:05 am »

Dear.....NERC,

 Cry I finally ( seem to have ) caught your attention,

As far as I remember, your favorite " Atlantis isle" was Malta or Azores maybe Sicilly
( like mr. Thorwald-Franke from Switzerland.)

Around the Gulf of Aden are 10 distinct Mudvulcano" Mountains" with the vulcano-walls
sloping into the Sea by subsidence. thus this gives the topological view of a " THREE legged"
 Mountain as you call it all be it that their caldeira's will have leveled with silt from adjoining
rivers that have after the giant(= Gigantomachia-) 855 bc.Earthquake , now turned into Waddies.

People got it wrong to assume that the Atlantis Dialogue(s)were Plato's way to promote his " Ideal-State "
while all the indicators point to the Failed raid on Syrakuse . (read my Subscript on this matter.)
and the cause of it : Imperialism, and ATHEN's HYBRIS was what motivated Plato,
the rest about Starshifts vulcanism and City-outlay is" Filler-Items"

Plato DID refer to an earlier occasion with the same HYBRIS of the ancestors of ATHENS, that caused God
Re/Zeus to send his EYE/ Moon to destroy mankind, only  around 415-13 the only " God" that was able to
send destruction to 'mankind' was the God-king Darius-2 of Persia !  Who first ordered the Spartan conquest
of Athens and Who's expeditional persian army had Athens caught unguarded and so it was destroyed by a Persian fleet( 379 bc.)

Since Plato had no need to elaborate that he made a Pastiche on Present Athens by way of the Atlantis Dialogue
 of an older Athens(= ras-Aden.now called ATHE or Ad-land in Surat-89.) nobody went to look for it in Arabia Foelix.

Yet if Euhemerus and Herodotus both set the Okeanos OIKUMENE as the Mare -Erytraeum ( or INDIAN- OCEAN !)
 and the Atlas-Sea as a sidekick of it then thus follows that the socalled" WORLD-- SEA was the Gulf-of- Aden
which later emigrants transferred to the MEDIA--TERRA--NEA--Sea,( Which ' side-Kick is the PONTUS- EUXINES.)

From here follows that the Gulf- of- Aden must have been called also " PONTUS" or rather PONTOS/ Punt, in Egyptian
earlier
 thus denoting the fact that Arabia- Foelix was once called " PONTUS/ Punicia too and in-directly ATLANTIS/Theta land

Why THETA- LAND ? because Plato would not be a Psychic in naming Atlantis "Atlantis"(= white-terror.)
 because that is the Latin-version of THETA- Land I keep saying this but the coin keeps  sticking in the slot,
 nobody yet commented to me that the acceptance of Plato's " Original" text in the Latin version is the basis
 of all Atlantologists failing to recognize Aden as Atlantis.

Thorwald-Franke prides himself that he wrote his Abstract in the proper required mode, but with a false statement,
 My " MODE" maybe not " Properly put" but I speak the boaring Thruth !

I have not spoken to any Atlantologist who has recognized Two facts, that Atlantis was destroyed Twice
and none other than me has attached the right Dates to both destructions: if you are unaware of them
 I will re-member you to this: First destruction occured in the TITANO-Machia when God-Knum made Man
 outof White Clay.) 1055 bc Second destruction when God(=Re.) sent his " Eye "
(= Moon/ Dione/ Tiamat/Sechmet/ Isthar/Atargatis all the same body.. Moon.) to Earth in 855 bc.
 
The Moon fell into the Pacific Ocean on Hawaii ( at the strange Bent, in the Vulcano-hotspot sequence !)
and came out as " Afrodite"(= Foam covered Goddess formerly called ' Dione' a name for the  Goddess-Moon
 conserved by the Roman-Mythology,  who had not actually seen the Downfall and change of the Moon
 in the Pacific-ocean and thus retained her " old properties"  as a huntress9 of Deer.)or as Old Anna/ Selene-Luna.)

I'll stop here before you get confused or before, i have exhausted your attention Span

 I do not belittle the research of other " Atlantologists" but tghey have not found Atlantis.

The brilliant German mathematician  Reinhardt-KUHNE ( who wrote under the THREAD" About-My THEORY, )
mentioned that to his opinion, SCHERIA-island is the same as Atlantis ( same Number of " Canals"
and an elevated island-Acropolis !) and wbledde with 13 vassal-island ( instead of Plato's 'obligatory'
Ten-isles.)only he situates it in the Mediaterranean-Sea and fails to notice that E-SCHERIA is another nickname
for Arabia Foelix.

WHY. ARABIA. FoELIX. IS .CALLED .THAT .WAY. IS .ANOTHER .STORY. WHICH. IS. EVIDENCE. FOR Aden
AS .THE .REAL. ATLANTIS/ Ad-Land, I mean.) Maybe all 50 Atlantologists have ONE aspect in their Theory
that corroberates/came out as right but none have ALL the 50 aspect/points right, some important ones
were not added
There are more Reference points to research than the 50 mentioned.

I hope this answer is to your satisfaction, or do you think I am promoting a wrong view? fooling you ?
Has not Plato's Pastiche fooled us all ? Who else has come-up with 'Syrakuse' as Plato's motivation ?

Sincerely, " BlueHue " dd 3 -June- 2008 CryCry  . Cry


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( Blue's)THEORY, locating"original" Atlantis( in Aden-Yemen.)
1: ATLANTIS =Fake=Latin name, original Greek: ATHE(=a Region in Aden)
2: Atlantic-OCEAN=Greek: RIVER-of-Atlas+also" Known "World-OCEAN(=Red-Sea)
3: Greek-obsolete-Numeral 'X' caused Plato's Atlantisdate:9000=900
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« Reply #21 on: June 08, 2008, 07:39:53 pm »

no blue thats not me. i'm pretty firmly in the carpathian basin. now maybe you see that you've had my attention before

so are we talking about hapi arabia? and your mountain with the three legs... that is where? and panchea... you say that is where?

you do know about alexanders books?
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« Reply #22 on: June 25, 2008, 07:25:19 am »

Below are the word elements for HAw nb.w. They are separate word elements, but appear together at least 160 times in hieroglyphics

http://www.hieroglyphs.net/0301/cgi/lookup.pl?ty=tr&ch=H&cs=1
M16-G1-D1
behind (prep)
HA

http://www.hieroglyphs.net/0301/cgi/lookup.pl?ty=tr&ch=n&cs=1
V30
every (adj)
nb



Here is an abstract from a research paper which I quoted long ago on Atlantis Rising bulletin board. The research paper studied 160 known instances in hieroglyphics, and concludes that the combination of these two word-elements meant "everything beyond (what is known )". [Logical extensions of the basic meaning could include "everyone beyond = HAw-nb.w" and "every place beyond = HAw-nbw.t"]

Below, I will again quote the abstract from my old link, although the link is now dead: http://www.groupsrv.com/science/viewtopic.php?t=11098&view=next

The article by Monica Bontty is now for sale as paper number 117 on this website:  http://www.digizeitschriften.de/no_cache/en/home/browsen/erweitertes-browsen/?tx_jkDigiTools_pi1%5Bcol%5D=17&tx_jkDigiTools_pi1%5Bcat%5D=44&tx_jkDigiTools_pi1%5Bord%5D=title&tx_jkDigiTools_pi1%5Blet%5D=T&tx_jkDigiTools_pi1%5Blink%5D=5

"BONTTY, Mónica M., The Haunebu, Göttinger Miszellen 145 (1995), 45-58.

HAw-nb.w is a word that appeared in Egyptian texts from the VIth Dynasty until
the Roman Period over 160 times. It is usually translated as "Aegean Islander"
based on the translation given in the Canopus Decree and the Rosetta Stone.
Different scholars have assigned it to specific geographic regions, but the
documentation is inconsistent with these interpretations. The author argues
that HAw-nb.w means "everything beyond" and that it appears consistently in
texts which show the submission of the different populations to the Egyptian
king and the dominance of pharaoh over the entire universe. It also appears in
texts (such as in titles) to denote a "foreigner", or "outsider". It does not
seem to indicate a specific geographic location. Author "
endquote

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« Reply #23 on: June 25, 2008, 11:36:42 am »

doesn't take much to crumble a fortress of vaguery. thank goodness the full force of science is coming to the rescue of all those poor preeminent scholars who had been trumped by some self empowered barbie.
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« Reply #24 on: July 09, 2008, 06:58:11 am »

Danaus,

Your observation is useful.  Bury is not accurate in using the word straits ("within the straits").  The Greek text of 25b does not mention straits, pillars, or Heracles.

We must realize that in Dr Velikovsky's REVISED Chronology
Atlantis met twice with a TSUNAMI CAUSED by an alignment of MOON + MARS
called a conjunction that between 1055 and 855 bc occured 5 times !

in :1055 bc and 855 bc( R.Chron.)the MOON actually fell to and jolted EARTH
This is no joke it says so in the Bible as the "Fa"llen Angel LUFICER  and ofcourse,
as PHAETON/ Akhnaton's " ATON "

The Greek History or Myth is CLEAR:in 1055 + 855 bc,
TITANO- Machia and GIGANTO- Machia means that the MOON jolted + Pelted EARTH

THE  STRAITS of Atlantis and the PILLARS of Hercules
must now be under water at a depth of " only " 50 meters.
so we must count that during Atlantis florishing as a SEA_  PORT these "STRAITS"
must have been smaller that today and may have been named the "RIVER-  ACHERON"

So instead of the OCEAN of Atlantis, The BODY of WATER,
that Atlantis was bordering was actually the SEA of Atlas,
the "STRAITS"or FRETUM would be even smaller thus could benamed a RIVER~

ACHERON means the " RIVER - of - ACH " ACH is ACHAIA or ESCHERIA which is
another name for "Atlantis" not the Latin nor Greek version but the Punic maybe !

Atlantologists that are confronted with the notion that "Atlantis " is NOT the
origional-Geo-Name but ATHETA- land is, are obviously loath, to acknowledge this

To go further that even ATHETA land was not the original Geoname but ACHE or ACHEA
may put the original Atlantis way out of the view of traditional atlantologists.

The present NAME for Atlantis is ADEN BOTH means "White-Land "./Patala in Hindu.

ADEN appears as Ad-Land(is Still Latin version,  gone 'Arabic.)in SURAT nr.89

Arabic: ADDE means: White, DEN means "LAND-of-"

Greek ATHETA still means White- Land or rather " HOLI- LAND "
the very " KADESH "(= again: " White- Land " ) of the Hebrews


' WHITE '- may also mean " -HOLI- " in this context
GADEIRA(-S)means White or Holi-Garden

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1: ATLANTIS =Fake=Latin name, original Greek: ATHE(=a Region in Aden)
2: Atlantic-OCEAN=Greek: RIVER-of-Atlas+also" Known "World-OCEAN(=Red-Sea)
3: Greek-obsolete-Numeral 'X' caused Plato's Atlantisdate:9000=900
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« Reply #25 on: July 14, 2008, 11:16:29 pm »

Blue Hue,

In Arabic language, "adn" is a single word.  It is not 2 words.  The same Arabic word root is expanded for medina = "city"; and hamadan = "civilization". 
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« Reply #26 on: July 24, 2008, 02:32:46 pm »

Blue Hue,

In Arabic language, "adn" is a single word.  It is not 2 words.  The same Arabic word root is expanded for medina = "city"; and hamadan = "civilization". 

Dear  ATALANTE,

As far as I knew ADDE is white and DAN is city thus ADEN/ ADAN means " White City "

PostScriptum:24-July-2008
PLEASE, Dont' READ " BlueHue's Subscript ( You might get the Wiser !)
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1: ATLANTIS =Fake=Latin name, original Greek: ATHE(=a Region in Aden)
2: Atlantic-OCEAN=Greek: RIVER-of-Atlas+also" Known "World-OCEAN(=Red-Sea)
3: Greek-obsolete-Numeral 'X' caused Plato's Atlantisdate:9000=900
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« Reply #27 on: September 05, 2008, 10:54:31 am »

Blue Hue,

In Arabic language, "adn" is a single word.  It is not 2 words.  The same Arabic word root is expanded for medina = "city"; and hamadan = "civilization".

THANK YOU
 for this clarification and the Quotation of the existance of a PONTOON -Sea inbetween Atlantis(= Ad-Land / Aden.) and the " Ocean".
none of the Atlantologists( except " Georgeos"  so  undermining his own theory !)knew this !
 
Arabic is not a standard language so ADDE means White and DAN means either City or Country
thus a contraction of ADDE and DAN would be ADAN "Yellow or Gold" City Cry Shocked Cry
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1: ATLANTIS =Fake=Latin name, original Greek: ATHE(=a Region in Aden)
2: Atlantic-OCEAN=Greek: RIVER-of-Atlas+also" Known "World-OCEAN(=Red-Sea)
3: Greek-obsolete-Numeral 'X' caused Plato's Atlantisdate:9000=900
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« Reply #28 on: March 05, 2012, 09:52:37 am »

i cannot resist more on panchea. if you are a fanatic you might have read this before and if not you just might.

remember euhemerus and alexanders special books....



Evhemerus about the Gold Column dedicated to Uranos, etc.

Another monument of a capital historical importance had been the great Gold Column, erected in honor of Uranos, Saturn and Jove, about which speaks the historic Evhemerus of Mesena, a man of vast erudition, who according to Pliny (H. N. lib. XXXVI. 17. 2), had lived in the epoch following Herodotus, and according to others around 316bc.

This Evhemerus, a disciple of the Cyrenaic philosophical school, had written a sacred history based on the documents and inscriptions collected in his various travels.

Evhemerus’ book had enjoyed a long life in the antique literature and, as Varro tells us, the poet Ennius had translated it (De agricultura, I. 43). Unfortunately though, we are left with only few extracts from this important sacred history of Evhemerus, and even these have been transformed and interpolated by those who have used them, either because they did not know the regions about which Evhemerus talked, or because they were not familiarized enough with the obscure geographical names used by this philosopher.

In this writing of his, Evhemerus talked about a gold column dedicated to Uranos, Saturn, Jove, Apollo and Diana, in a region called by him “Arabia from the Ocean”, or “Arabia felix”, inhabited by Doi, Scythians, Oceanites and Panchei (Peucini).

Here firstly a part of Evhemerus’ text, as we find it extracted and intercalated in the history of Diodorus Siculus (lib. V. c. 41 - 46).

“In this region” – the author speaks about Arabia from the Ocean – “there are a number of villages and important towns, part of which are situated on big earth dykes (to be protected from flooding), while others are on hillocks or on plains. The largest cities have magnificent palaces, a great number of inhabitants and abundance of riches. This entire region is full of numerous flocks of various kinds. It produces a copious harvest, but it is at the same time abundant in grazing lands for sheep flocks and cattle herds. This region is traversed by a great number of rivers, which moisten in a favorable way the surface of the earth and contribute to the complete development of the fruits. This is the cause for which this part of Arabia, which by its bounty surpasses the other parts, is called Happy (eudaimon), a name which truly suits it.

At the extremities of this region, on the lower part of the Ocean, there are a number of islands, out of which three especially deserve a historical description. The first is called the sacred island (‘Iera) and in it is not permitted the burial of the deceased. Another island (the second) is removed from the first by only 7 stades (1.47km) and in this are transported and interred the deceased …Apart from these (two islands) there exists another big island (the third), at a distance of 30 stades (6.3km) from the latter … It is situated on the eastern part of the Ocean and has a length of a number of stades. From the promontory which stretches eastwards it is said that it is seen the Indic region (‘Indicha), seemingly covered in mist because of the great distance.

In Panchea (this is the name of the big island and of the neighboring region) there are a number of things deserving to be mentioned in a historical description.

The inhabitants of Panchea are partly indigenous (autochtones), and they are called Panchei, and partly have migrated here, and are called Oceanites, Indians, Cretans and Scythians. In Panchea exists a famous city called Panara which surpasses all the other cities in its prosperity. Its inhabitants are called the devotees of Jove Triphylios, and they alone among the entire population of Panchea live according to their laws (autonomoi), and without having any king …. On an open plain, at a distance of about 60 stades (12.6km) from this city, there is the temple of Jove Trifylius, which enjoys a great veneration for its antiquity and its magnificent construction …..This sanctuary is built of white stone, has a length of two pletra (70m) and a width matching its length. It is erected on tall and massive columns decorated with sculptures executed by famous masters. Here are also the memorable statues of the gods, sculpted with the greatest art and amazing for their size …..From the temple stretches a road paved with stone, having a length of 4 stades (840m) and a width of one pletrum (35m). On both sides of this road are placed large copper vases (chalcheia megala) on square bases ….

Beyond this plain there is a high mountain consecrated to the gods, which is called Uranos’ Chair and Olympos Trifylios. It is said that at the time when he had reigned over the empire of the world, old Uranos enjoyed spending time in these parts, and that from the highest peak of this mountain he observed the sky and the stars. Later though, this mountain had received the name of Olympos Trifylios because the inhabitants were composed of three tribes, namely Panchei, Oceanites and Doi, who later had been ousted from here by Ammon. It is said that this Ammon, not only had ousted from here this people, but had also entirely destroyed and razed to the ground their cities Doia and Asterusa. On this mountain the priests organize each year with great religiosity a festivity ….

There are also in this island three big important cities called Hyracia, Dalis and Oceanis.

This entire region produces abundant fruit. But a lot of wine of every kind is especially made here. The men are warlike and use the old custom of chariot battles. Their entire social organization is composed of three parts. The first class is that of the priests (iereis) and in this same class are the artisans. The second class is composed of the agriculturists (georgoi), and in the third class are the soldiers (stratiotai); in this class are also the shepherds (nomeis). The leaders of everybody are the priests. These rule over the controversies and have power over everything which happens. The agriculturists work the land, but they gather the fruit of the earth and share it in common. And when it is distributed, those who had worked the land better receive the biggest part (according to the judgment of the priests) … Also the shepherds put in common willingly the sacrifices and all the other things destined for public use …. But generally it is not permitted to anybody to have anything as private property, apart from the house and garden. The priests receive all that the animals give birth to, all the produces, and they distribute later to each what each rightly deserves ….

As dress, the inhabitants use soft vestments, because their sheep have particularly fine wool. The men, as well as the women, wear gold ornaments. They wear woven chains around the neck and bracelets on the arms ….The soldiers receive wages for the ordinary services they carry out; they are divided in groups, defend the country and strengthen it with defensive works …. The priests carry out the religious service for gods mostly with hymns, praising in verse their deeds and their good turns for the people.

Their nation, as they say, comes from Crete, from where they had been brought by Jove to Panchea at the time when he lived among the people and ruled the earth. They bring as proof their way of talking, pointing out that in their language there are many words left from the Cretans. They say the kindness and hospitality that they show towards these has been inherited from their ancestors, and that this tradition had been transmitted from generation to generation.

They also show even inscriptions (anagramas), redacted according to them by Jove himself at the time when he lived with the mortals, and had put the foundation of the temple. Abundant gold, silver, copper, tin and iron mines are also in this land (chora), but nothing is permitted to be exported outside the island …. There are also in that temple a great number of holy gifts of gold and silver, consecrated in honor of the gods, preserved in large heaps, from a remote age ….The Bed or Chair of the god is 6 ells long, 4 ells wide; it is entirely made of gold and each side is worked with great art. Near the bed is the table of the god, as magnificent and sumptuous as the other objects. At the center of the bed is placed a huge gold column, written with letters, which the Egyptians call sacred. With these letters are described the deeds of Uranos and Jove, and to this inscription Mercury (Hermes) had also added the description of the deeds of Diana and Apollo” [1].

[1. Diodorus Siculus resumes in another place Evhemerus’ description about happy Arabia, about the island Panchea and the Column of Uranos, with the following words:

“The ancients have left their successors two different concepts about gods, namely that some are eternal and will never perish, like the sun, moon and the other stars of the sky, also the winds and others of the same nature, because each of these has an eternal origin and life. And they tell us that the other gods are people from earth, who had earned for themselves a cult and divine honors, for the benefices they brought to mankind, like Hercules, Bachus, Aristeus and others similar to them …

Evhemerus, the friend of king Cassandrus (of Macedonia), who had to carry out some missions, and travel far away in the interest of this king, says that, after boarding ship from happy Arabia, had sailed for a number of days on the Ocean, and that finally he had arrived to some islands surrounded by big waters, out of which one was more important and it was called Panchea. There he saw the inhabitants called Panchei, who excel in their piety and venerate the gods with magnificent preparations and sacrifices, as well as with the finest gifts of gold and silver. This island is sacred to the gods and has many things deserving admiration, for their age as well as for the excellence of their art, things which we have particularly described in our preceding book. Namely, there is in this island a high hill, and on its top there is the temple of Jove Trifylius, built by himself at the time when he lived among people, and reigned over the world empire. In that temple is seen a gold column, which contains a brief description in Panchean letters of the illustrious deeds of Uranos, Saturn and Jove.

Evhemerus also adds that Uranos was the first to reign, being a man with high feelings of justice, with great goodwill and very learned in the course of the stars. He was the first to venerate the divinities of the sky with victims, and because of this he had been called Ouranos, Sky” (Diodorus Siculus, Ed. Didot, lib. VI. c. 2).

By comparing these two extracts made by Diodorus, one in book V and the other in book VI of his history, we have in front of us a small example of the confusion introduced in the original text of Evhemerus even by Diodorus Siculus himself. In the first extract, the Sacred island is not Panchea, in the second they are identical. In the first extract the column of Uranos was written with letters called sacred by the Egyptians, in the second with national Panchean letters. In book V Diodorus says that the temple of Jove Trifylius was on a plain, in book VI on a hill, confusing in this way the magnificent sanctuary with the mountain dedicated to the gods or Olympos Trifylius].

These are the principal geographical and ethnographical data left from Evhemerus, regarding “Arabia felix” from near Oceanos, and the region or island called Panchea.

The sacred history of Evhemerus had in antiquity many enemies, because of the tendency of this Cyrenaic philosopher to explain the mythology through history, and especially to prove that some of the great gods of the ancient religion had been simple mortals, who had earned divine honors for their merits and power.

These antagonists of the system introduced by Evhemerus in the sacred history of antiquity, declared as a lie the entire description made by him of the region called Panchea and of the happy and pious people who dwelt in those extremities of the ancient world (Polybius, lib. XXXIV. 5. 9; Strabo, lib. II. 4. 2; Plutarc, D’Isis et d’Osiris, 1784, Tome XI, p. 309).

Their reasoning had some convincing appearances. These enemies of the Cyrenaic doctrines brought as proof the fact that in the Arabian Ocean, where they looked for this happy land of Evhemerus, had never existed either the peoples, or the cities, institutions and islands about which this atheist philosopher spoke, who in fact wanted no more nor less than to overthrow the ancient Greek religion.

We shall examine here this important narrative of Evhemerus, from a historic and geographic point of view, in order to understand the true existence and situation of this memorable region.





The country of Uranos in the region of Atlas Mountains. Evhemerus’ Arabia felix near the river Oceanos (Istru).

According to Evhemerus, the old king Uranus, while he ruled the world empire, often spent time in the region named Panchea, which formed a part of Arabia felix.

Which was though Uranus’ country? It is the first question which presents itself here, in order to orient ourselves about the geographical situation of “Arabia felix”.

According to Diodorus Siculus, the inhabitants near the Atlas Mountain (Oltului), the masters of the “blessed country”, who excelled by their special piety and their hospitality towards all their neighbors, boasted that the gods of the ancient world were born there.

Thus they said that the first king of theirs was Uranos, the Sky, Ceriul, in the later meaning of the word, in reality “Muntean” (N.T. – of the mountain), as this name derives from ouros, in Ionic form, mountain. They said that this Uranos had first gathered together the people who lived on their own, and made them assemble in communes; that he gave them laws and stopped them live lawlessly, or by the manner of the wild beasts; he taught them to cultivate the good fruit and conserve them; he subjected the most of the world, especially the lands towards west and north; that he, especially devoted to the study of the courses of the stars, could predict many things which could happen in the universe; that he established the rules of the year, by the motion of the sun and made them known to men; he divided the year in months by the motion of the moon…His name was then applied to the sky, not only because he had known in depth about the rising and setting of the stars and other sky phenomena, but at the same time in order to make known his merits to the entire world.

Uranos’ rule in the northern parts of Istru appears not only in the tradition of the Hyperboreans from near Mount Atlas, which Diodorus communicates, but it forms at the same time the foundation of the oldest Pelasgian legends, written about in the poems of Homer and Hesiodus. The origin of all the gods, tells us Homer, was at Okeanos potamos.

The “Arabia felix” of Evhemer, crossed by a great number of rivers, a country which was characterized by its abundant crops, rich in flocks, gold and silver mines, copper and tin, with its pious people and its patriarchal organization, is one and the same with the “blessed country”, or the happy region of the inhabitants from near Mount Atlas, where it was the country and residence of Uranos, the first founder of the great Pelasgian empire.

As a geographical region, Arabia from the Istru, or the Euxine Pontus, is often mentioned by the authors of the antiquity.

Even in the most ancient Greek legends the Istru (‘Istros) appears as a son of Egypt and Arabia (Apollodorus, Bibl. lib. II. 1. 5. 4). So there was an Arabia near Istru even in mythological times. On another hand, the poet Eschyl tells us (Prom. vinct. v. 420) that the numerous warlike people from near Caucas Mountain, where Prometheus had suffered, and where the river Oceanos flew, was called “the martial flower of Arabia”.

Similarly, the Latin poet Plautus, who lived in the 3rd century b.c., mentions an Arabia near the Euxine Pontus, a country, says he, where grows in abundance the absinth (Comoediae, Trinumus, Act III). The Pontic Arabia of Plautus stretched from the Hem Mountain, along the shores of the Black Sea up towards the river Borysthene or Dnieper (TN – Nipru), a region about which the poet Ovid writes that “it makes him shiver, its deserted plains covered only with the sad absinth, bitter harvest, worthy of the earth which produced it” (Ep. Ex Ponto. III. 1. 23-24).

In the 17th century we find described by Paul of Aleppo the same European Arabia of Plautus. “In Moldova” says he, “in the Romanian country, and as far as Moscow, the absinth, among all grasses, covers the plains” (Hasdeu, Arch. ist. I. 2. 79).

Apart from the mythological genealogy of Istru, son of Arabia, and apart from the geographical notes transmitted by Eschyl and Plautus, we also find some obscure memories about Arabia on the north-western parts of the Black Sea with some other authors.

The geographer Ptolemy says (Geogr. lib. III. c. 10. 7), that the shore of the Black Sea, starting from the northern arm of the Danube, to the mouths of the river Borysthene and bordered at west by the river Hierasus or Siret, was inhabited by a population called Arpii, while Ammianus Marcellinus calls the same land Arabia (lib. XXXI. C. 3).

Finally, the erudite archaeologist Bessonov of Russia writes the following: “all that was called from the antiquity onwards, but in an historical epoch, Kara-Vlachu, in the largest meaning of the word, bears the name Arab in the popular poetry of the Bulgars, while the popular poetry of the Serbs is even more explicit”. For example, in a ballad, the famous Marcu, the favorite hero of the Bulgaro-Serb epos, and bitter enemy of great Mircea (TN – early Romanian Domn), is described as stealing from the Arabs all the cities, right to the Pontus (Hasdeu, Ist. crit. Vol. I. p. 98).

To all these ancient geographical sources about Arabia from near the Istru we shall add here another characteristic fact, namely that during the Middle Ages, on the heraldic coats of arms of the Romanian country were shown three African heads, meaning Arab, and two on those of Moldova (Homer calls the pious Hyperboreans from near Oceanos, Ethiopians - Iliad, I. 22; Aeschyl, Prom. vinct. v. 808).

As we see, the name Arabia had been applied from very obscure times to the region between the Carpathians, Istru and the Euxine Pontus. The principal part of this Pontic (or Oceanic or Istrian) Arabia, namely that from near the Atlas mountain, appears with Evhemerus as “Arabia felix (blessed)”. The co-name of “blessed” had been attributed to this region, blessed by the gods, from very remote times (Homer, Odyss. IV. 563 seqq; Ibid. IX. v. 109 seqq; Eschyl, Cheph. V. 373-374). To this name refers Pliny (lib. IV. 26. 11), when writing “gens felix, si credimus, quos Hyperboreos appellavere” and when the emperor Aurelianus had minted coins with the inscription DACIA FELIX (Eckhel, Doctr. Numm. VII. 481), he had also remembered this same title consecrated by ancient traditions.

Only the confusion made by the Greek authors of the epoch of decadence of geography, is responsible for the fact that the name “Arabia felix” has been attributed to a part of Asian Arabia. Pliny the Old himself stated (lib. XII. C. 41) that this co-name was false. Asian Arabia, covered by vast deserts, with a burning climate, with rocky and barren mountains, with a little productive soil, even along the sea, lacking in pastures, where is no river with a continuous flow of water, but only when it rains, lacking in noble metals, a country which is the poorest region of Asia in everything, except for Eastern Iran, a country, which the Romans themselves had no ambition to conquer, and which even today is in some measure a land unknown, could have never acquired the name of Arabia “felix”.`







The island called Panchea in Evhemerus’ sacred history.

Near the region, called by Evhemerus “Arabia felix”, he also mentions a territory with important cities, with mountains and expansive plains, called Panchea (Pagchaia), which was on the eastern part of the water Oceanos.

The text of Evhemerus regarding this part of blessed Arabia is not clear enough.

Panchea figures either as a continental region (chora), or as an island (nasos). This is evidence that his Panchea formed in fact only a geographical continuity of blessed Arabia, and was not situated in the open waters of the big sea.

The ancients, although in possession at that time of the whole text of this historian-philosopher, were themselves not entirely oriented regarding the geographic character of this region.

With Polybius, Evhemerus’ Panchea is called region (Hist. lib. XXXIV. 5. 9), with Strabo (Geogr. lib. II. c. 4. 2; Ibid. lib. VII. 3. 6), it is called tera (TN – country), and with Diodorus Siculus it appears as region and island (chora and nasos). Evhemerus’ Panchea was definitely an island, but not a sea island.

The Danube Delta appears in Greek geographical literature, even beginning with the 3rd century b.c., under the name of Peuce (Peuche), a name which Eratosthenes derives from the species of trees peuche (fir tree), which grew in this island (Stephanus, Thesaurus gr. L. v. Peuche).

But in reality Peuche was only the Greek form of an indigenous name.

In the epic poem about the Argonauts attributed to Orpheus, are mentioned near the mouths of the river Oceanos or Istru, the inhabitants called Pacti (v. 1070-1073), who were no other than Evhemerus’ Panchei.

Various similar topographical names exist to these days in the lower parts of the Danube.

We mention here the following: Pangalia, one of the most important cities of Dobrogea in the Middle Ages, situated south of Constanta, on the ruins of ancient Calatis (Jirecek, Gesch. D. Bulg. 1876, p. 400); Panga, a valley to the north of Daieni village; Pancesci, town in Roman district; three villages called Pancesci in the districts of Putna, Bacau, Roman; Panciu, a city in Roman district; Pancea, a hill in Prahova district.

We can therefore establish with total historical conviction, that the name Peuce, which the Greek geographers from later times of antiquity had attributed to the island formed by the arms of the Danube, is the same geographical name of Evhemerus’ Panchea. But the Cyrenaic philosopher extends this name also to a significant part of little Scythia, or Dobrogea [1].

[1. In a very remote antiquity, the principal mouth of the Danube was located a lot more towards south. So, Herodotus (II. 34), who apparently had before him some much older geographical sources, tells us that the Istru flowed into the sea in front of the city Sinope of Asia Minor – Cf. Aristotle, Meteor. D. I. 13 and De generat. Anim. VIII. 28)]

We have also another geographical circumstance which we can not ignore.

According to Evhemerus, the region, or the island, called Panchea, was situated close to another smaller island, but considered sacred, which can not be other than Leuce island, which had the epithets sacred, divine and bright (Scylax, Periplus, c. 68; see Ch.V.6) attributed to it until late antiquity.

The region, or island, Panchea, situated close to the sea, between the Scythians and the Getes, appears to have been even in Evhemerus’ times a blessed corner of the earth, where the economic and commercial interests compelled different groups of inhabitants of the neighboring lands, and of the islands of the Aegean Sea, to meet and settle there.

Panchea’s population, Evhemerus tells us, apart from the native inhabitants, who called themselves Panchei, was composed from the following tribes, which had migrated there in later times, namely Scythians, Oceanites (or inhabitants from the upper parts of the Ocean, the Istru), Cretans, Indians and finally Doi.

These Doi, about whom Evhemerus tells us that had once dwelt in Panchea in considerable numbers, but had been later expelled, are Strabo’s Daii (lib. VII. 3. 12), a name under which the ancients understood the Daci(ans), or the pastoral tribes from the Carpathians. Theirs were the cities Doia and Dalis, of which the first appears to be identical with Ptolemy’s Dausdava, situated between the arms of the Danube (Geogr. III. 10. 6), while the second was probably the important shepherd village from Dobrogea, today called Daieni.

As regards the immigrant Cretans of Panchea, they were only the pre-historical avant-garde of the Milesian commercial colonies from the Lower Danube. Miletus itself, this flowering and powerful city from the shores of Asia Minor, had been in the beginning only a Cretan colony. Finally, Evhemerus, in describing Panchea, mentions also a group of immigrants, whom he calls Indi. According to Apollonius Rhodius, on the vast and deserted plain which stretched from the mouths of the Istru upwards, dwelt in older times the so-called Sindi (lib. IV. v. 322) [2].

[2. According to the historian Timonax, the plain of the Sindi stretched as far as the point where the Istru separated in two beds, or to the cataracts, as we shall see later (Fragm. Hist. graec. IV. 522. 1). Another group of Sindi dwelt according to Scylax (72) near the Meotic lake.

To these refers Evhemerus when writing that, as it was said, from Panchea could be seen Indica shrouded in fog].

The Indi of Evhemerus, immigrated in the island of Panchea, and the Sindi of Apollonius Rhodius, from upwards of the mouths of the Danube, appear the same people of Pelasgian race.

As Pliny tells us (lib. VI. 23. 1), the big river of Asia, Indus, was called by the indigenous inhabitants Sindus. This explains why the old geographers identified the name Sindi with Indi. About the inhabitants called Indi from the Istru we also have a geographical tradition. In an old Serbian ballad, the actual territory of the Romanian country is called India (Hasdeu, Etymologicum mgnum Romaniae. Tom. IV. p. CXXXV).

Evhemerus mentions also the cities Hyracia, Oceanis and Panara among the more important centers of the population of Panchea, apart from Doia and Dalis.

Hyracia seems to be the old city encircled by walls Heraclea, which had once existed close to the mouths of the Istru, but had disappeared in the times of Pliny (lib. IV. 18. 5) [3].

[3. This Heraclea seems to have been situated near the southern arm of the Istru, today called of St. George, and by Ptolemy (III. 10. 2) Inariacion stoma, where king Filip II of Macedonia had wanted to erect o statue of Hercules (Justinis lib. IX. 2). Connect also the note of Arrianis about the sacrifice made by Alexander the Great near the Danube Delta to Jove Soteros, to Hercules and to the Istru (De exp. Alex. I. 4. 5). We also must note here that one of the mouths of the Nile was also consecrated to Hercules and had the name of stoma Heracleoticon (Tacit, Ann. II. 60; Strabo, II. 1. 35; Diodorus, I. 3. 37)].

In regard to the political and social organization of the inhabitants of Panchea, it presents all the characteristics of the traditional institutions of the Hyperboreans and of the Dacians.

In all the cities of Panchea, according to Evhemerus, the priests were the dominant class. They were not only the ministers of the altars, but the rulers of the people at the same time. Apart from their sacerdotal functions the priests of Panchea had concentrated in their hands all the political and juridical powers.

We find the same form of government with the Hyperboreans. As Hecateus tells us, the descendants of king Boreas had not only the political reign over the sacred island of the Hyperboreans, but were at the same time the administrators of Apollo’s great temple (Diodorus Siculus, lib. II. 47). The Dacians too had the same theocratic national institutions (Strabo, lib. VII. 3. 11; Ibid, XvI. 2. 39; Jornandis, De Get. Orig. c. 5. We find a similar constitution with the Pelasgian tribes of Cappadocia – Strabo, lib. XII. 2. 3).

Finally, the sharing of possessions, which we find with the agricultural and pastoral tribes of Panchea, has in everything the character of the ancient Pelasgo-Getic institutions.

We know the following verses of Horatius (Od. Lib. III. 24): Much better live the rigid people of the Getae, whose fields without boundaries give crops for all. Here nobody cultivates the land more than one year; and after one has finished his work, another comes while he is resting, and takes his place doing the same work. And Criton, who had lived in the time of Trajan and had written a history of the Getae, tells us in a fragment which had been preserved by Suidas, that part of the Getae had to work in agriculture, while the military, who followed the king in wars, looked after the castles.

The origin of having all the goods in common, which was characteristic to the Pelasgian people, went back to the blessed times of Saturn. Trog Pompeius writes about this: that Saturn had been a king with such high standards of justice, that during the time when he reigned, nobody served another and nobody had private wealth, but everything was kept in common and not distributed, as a unique patrimony of everybody (Justinis, Hist. ex Trogo Pompeio, lib. XLIII. 1).





Olympus Triphylius in Panchea island.

In Panchea island, as Evhemerus tells us, there was a mountain consecrated to the gods, which in the beginning had been called the Chair of Uranos, and later Olympus Triphylius.

This holy mountain of Panchea had the co-name Triphylios because, according to Evhemerus, the inhabitants of this memorable island were of three tribes, tris and phyle, tribe.

This is a vicious etymology. Triphylius of Panchea island could have been only a Trimontius or Triphyllon, from tris and phyllon, leaf, in this case peak, as in the times of Pliny a mountain of Campania was called Trifolium (H. N. lib. XIV. 8. 9), and a mountain with the name Trifoiu exists in the district of Prahova (Romania), towards NE of the hamlet Scurtesci. (A town with the name Triphoulon is mentioned by Ptolemy – III. 8 – in Dacia, in the upper region of Prut river).

From the most obscure antiquity, folk beliefs had attributed a mystical power to the combined number three. The trinity is an ancient religious dogma which we find expressed in symbolic form in rites and on various monuments of the Pelasgian epoch. The great god of Panchea had been called Triphylios, or more correctly Triphyllios, not from the number of the tribes of Panchea, but from the three heights of the holy mountain, exactly as Jove had the co-name of ‘Olympios with the Greeks, Idaeus with the Trojans, and Capitolinus with the Romans, after the mountains which had been consecrated as a proper residence on earth to this divinity.

We also find even today in these parts of Lower Istru some important traces of the ancient cult of Zeus Triphyllios. The folk traditions from the territory of Dobrogea, as well as the neighboring districts of Braila and Covurlui, attribute a particular religious importance to a saint called Trif or Triful, whose characteristics are nevertheless entirely ante-Christian. This saint Trif or Triful, is according to Romanian folk beliefs, the divinity who makes the earth germinate. He makes the tilled earth, the gardens, trees and vineyards to yield crops; protects them from destruction from pests and wild animals; he rules over flocks and cattle, favors the fruit yield of the orchards, he is everywhere the protector of the entire rural and pastoral economy.

As we see, the cult of Trif or Triful surpasses that of all the other Christian saints. He is a sort of ruler of nature. Even today he still has part of the attributes of the supreme divinity, Zeus euruopa, who, according to Hesiodus, makes the earth produce what’s needed by mankind, makes the acorn grow on oaks, multiplies the bees, makes the sheep be laden with wool, and enables the fields to produce abundant crops (Opera et Dies, v. 230 seqq).

By his name, as well as by the characteristics of his cult, Trif or Triful is identical with the great divinity called by Evhemerus Zeus Triphylios.

It is without any doubt that this gold pillar mentioned by the Romanian agrarian carols was not a poetical fiction, but a real historical column which had a special significance, erected in prehistoric times near some temple. The agriculturists of Panchea, Evhemerus tells us, tilled the earth and placed the harvest in common, which afterwards the priests distributed among the workers, according to the merits and activity of each. But if this gold pillar of Romanian traditions is identical with the gold column about which Evhemerus speaks, we cannot know. We only state here the fact that in the Romanian countries still exists to this day the reminiscence of a famous gold pillar of the archaic times, sung about in the carols of the plowmen [1].

[1. In some of the Romanian carols, in which is sung the magnificence of the White Monastery, from the island near the mouths of the Danube, is mentioned a “gold written high chair”, in which God sits, and in others are mentioned “gold written high chairs” in which sit Good God and Mos Craciun (TN – Old Christmas).

In Babylon, as Herodotus tells us (I. 183), there also existed a great gold simulacrum, which represented Jove sitting. Near the god were placed a big gold table, a little foot chair and a throne, all of gold].

The inscription from the memorable gold column, from near the river Oceanos or Istru, consecrated to the great Pelasgian divinities Uranos, Saturn, Jove, Apollo and Diana, contained, according to Evhemerus, a brief description of the great political and religious events which had taken place during the times of that divinized dynasty. In other words, this inscription spoke about the history of the founding of the great Pelasgian empire, about which we shall speak later; this was a monument of extreme importance for the ancient European civilization, which has very probably disappeared for ever.
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Atlantis in,"historical-Perspective"
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This Egyptian,INDIAN-Ocean trade-Empire was
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