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AKHENATEN/TUTANKHAMUN

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Bianca
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« Reply #375 on: October 01, 2007, 09:54:47 am »








Sky of fire



An Austrian astrochemist Christian Koeberl had established that the glass had been formed at a temperature so hot that there could be only one known cause: a meteorite impacting with Earth. And yet there were no signs of an impact crater, even in satellite images.

American geophysicist John Wasson is another scientist interested in the origins of the glass. He suggested a solution that came directly from the forests of Siberia.

"When the thought came to me that it required a hot sky, I thought immediately of the Tunguska event," he tells Horizon.

In 1908, a massive explosion flattened 80 million trees in Tunguska, Siberia.

Although there was no sign of a meteorite impact, scientists now think an extraterrestrial object of some kind must have exploded above Tunguska. Wasson wondered if a similar aerial burst could have produced enough heat to turn the ground to glass in the Egyptian desert.
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« Reply #376 on: October 01, 2007, 09:56:19 am »









Jupiter clue

 

The first atomic bomb detonation, at the Trinity site in New Mexico in 1945, created a thin layer of glass on the sand. But the area of glass in the Egyptian desert is vastly bigger.

Whatever happened in Egypt must have been much more powerful than an atomic bomb.


 
Boslough's specialism is
modelling large impacts


Impact simulation 

A natural airburst of that magnitude was unheard of until, in 1994, scientists watched as comet Shoemaker-Levy collided with Jupiter. It exploded in the Jovian atmosphere, and the Hubble telescope recorded the largest incandescent fireball ever witnessed rising over Jupiter's horizon.

Mark Boslough, who specialises in modelling large impacts on supercomputers, created a simulation of a similar impact on Earth.

The simulation revealed that an impactor could indeed generate a blistering atmospheric fireball, creating surface temperatures of 1,800C, and leaving behind a field of glass.

"What I want to emphasise is that it is hugely bigger in energy than the atomic tests," said Boslough. "Ten thousand times more powerful."
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« Reply #377 on: October 01, 2007, 10:00:33 am »







Defence lessons



The more fragile the incoming object, the more likely these airborne explosions are to happen.

In Southeast Asia, John Wasson has unearthed the remains of an event 800,000 years ago that was even more powerful and damaging than the one in the Egyptian desert; one which produced multiple fireballs and left glass over three hundred thousand square miles, with no sign of a crater.

"Within this region, certainly all of the humans would have been killed. There would be no hope for anything to survive," he said.




Barakat holds up one of the many,
huge chunks of glass in the desert



According to Boslough and Wasson, events similar to Tunguska could happen as frequently as every 100 years, and the effect of even a small airburst would be comparable to many Hiroshima bombs.

Attempting to blow up an incoming asteroid, Hollywood style, could well make things worse by increasing the number of devastating airbursts.

"There are hundreds of times more of these smaller asteroids than there are the big ones the astronomers track," said Mark Boslough. "There will be another impact on the earth. It's just a matter of when."



Horizon: Tutunkhamun's Fireball, made by production company TV6, was broadcast on BBC Two.


http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5196362.stm




THERE IS MORE ON THIS SUBJECT HERE:


http://atlantisonline.smfforfree2.com/index.php/topic,1929.0.html
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« Reply #378 on: October 03, 2007, 08:23:03 pm »








Incredible Find in King Tut's Tomb

The first evidence of white wine has been found in Egypt--in the tomb of King Tutankhamen, which was sealed in 1322 B.C. What makes this discovery particularly remarkable is the color of the wine.

USA Today reports that wine drinking was relatively common among the Egyptian royal family and the upper classes. It was also thought to be an essential necessity for a good afterlife, which explains why it was found in the tomb. But this is the first time archaeologists have found white wine. Until now, all the dried remnants of wine found inside clay amphora in tombs have been red.

Red wine had a special meaning when it was placed in a tomb, symbolizing the rebirth of the dead and the blood of the god Osiris. Naturally, there was red wine in King Tut's tomb. Lead study author Maria Rosa Guasch-Jane of Spain's University of Barcelona said that previously there were two amphorae in his tomb that yielded traces of red wines, which was called "irp" to the ancient Egyptians. One of these contained the high-quality "shedeh" wine.

The wine amphorae--26 in all--found in King Tut's tomb are among the many elaborate grave goods unearthed in 1922 by archaeologist Howard Carter. Of these, 12 were intact even though the seals had been broken. Each one contained information about the wine inside, including the name, year, vineyard and vintner--but not the color.

The Spanish team examined the containers, which are kept at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, and found six more that contain dried remnants of wine. Using an intensive chemical analysis, they looked for two markers of red wine: tartaric acid and syringic acid. Of the remaining six jars, five contained white wine, reports USA Today. "This may indicate that white wine was highly valued in Egypt since only the best products were offered for the afterlife of the Pharaoh," the authors wrote in the study, which was published in the Journal of Archaeological Science.

Interestingly, the first reference to white wine in Egypt comes more than a thousand years later by the Greek Athenaeus, who lived from 170 to 230 AD and praised wine from a region near Alexandria as white, pleasant, fragrant and "not likely to go to the head," among other qualities, notes USA Today.


http://channels.isp.netscape.com/news/package.jsp?name=fte/kingtutwine/kingtutwine&floc=NI-ntk5
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« Reply #379 on: October 05, 2007, 07:28:04 am »









                                Egypt to put Tutankhamun mummy on display in tomb





Tue 2 Oct 2007, 16:26 GMT
 
[-] Text
By Cynthia Johnston

CAIRO, Oct 2 (Reuters Life!) - Egypt will put the mummy of the boy pharaoh Tutankhamun on display next month inside his tomb in Luxor's Valley of the Kings, allowing visitors to see his face for the first time, Egypt's chief archaeologist said on Tuesday.

Zahi Hawass, head of the High Council for Antiquities, said he would place the mummy in a climate-controlled glass showcase in the tomb and cover the body with linen. Tutankhamun's bare face would be visible.

"You will enter the tomb and see for the first time the face of Tutankhamun ... This is the first time in history that anyone will see the mummy (in public). This will continue the magic of Tutankhamun," Hawass told Reuters in an interview.

Tutankhamun, who died on the cusp of adulthood, ruled Egypt between about 1361 and 1352 BC. The 1922 discovery of his intact tomb, whose treasures included a now famous gold funerary mask, stunned the archaeological community.

Although the artefacts from Tutankhamun's burial tomb have toured the world, the mummified body of the king has been examined only a handful of times in detail since the tomb was discovered by British archaeologist Howard Carter.

Hawass said Tutankhamun's mummy was currently resting in a sarcophagus inside the tomb covered by a gilded coffin, but that the humidity caused by the breathing of thousands of visitors threatened to damage it.

"I thought that this will help tourists and at the same time help preserving the mummy. I think a mummy like this, the golden boy, it is time that people should really see it," he said.

Tutankhamun came to the throne shortly after the death of Akhenaten, the maverick pharaoh who abandoned most of Egypt's old gods in favour of the Aten sun disc and brought in a new and more expressive style of art.


NO DATE SET YET

During Tutankhamun's reign, advocates of the old religion were regaining control of the country and turning their backs on Akhenaten's innovations.

Tutankhamun was buried along with many other pharaohs of the period in the Valley of the Kings near the modern town of Luxor.

Hawass had not yet set a date to display the mummy, but said he expected it to be shortly before a mid-November exhibit on Tutankhamun in London that is to include the pharaoh's royal crown but not the gold mask, which is too delicate to travel.

Hawass described Tutankhamun as having "buck teeth", and pictures of the mummy show a face with high cheekbones and blackened, cracked skin and an intact nose.

Hawass was also planning to shortly open 16 jars from Tutankhamun's tomb that were rediscovered in a storage area in Luxor. The jars were originally found by Carter but were forgotten about over the years.

He said he expected the jars would contain food, grain, beer and wine, items the king would have been expected to need in his afterlife. The jars were part of caches of artefacts whose rediscovery was announced last month.

Mystery has surrounded Tutankhamun ever since 1922. Lord Carnarvon, Carter's sponsor and among the first to enter the tomb, died shortly afterward from an infected mosquito bite.

Newspapers at the time said Carter had unleashed a pharaonic curse that killed Carnarvon and others linked to the discovery. Scientists have in the past suggested that a disease lying dormant in the tomb may have killed the British aristocrat.

© Reuters 2007. All Rights Reserved.  |  Learn more about Reuters

http://africa.reuters.com/wire/news/usnL0215656.html
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« Reply #380 on: October 08, 2007, 04:09:38 pm »


CUFF BRACELET






All the royal tombs in the Valley of the Kings were robbed except that of Tutankhamun, which is the

only one to have been discovered intact. Because he died at an early age, nineteen, his tomb might

have been passed over as not containing enough treasures for the tomb robbers to bother with. In

spite of other new discoveries, King Tut will always remain a symbol of Egypt's ancient civilisation in

the eyes of the world.


 TUT'S EARRINGS



AND SCARAB RING


http://www.andrewcollins.com/page/news/news7.htm
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« Reply #381 on: October 26, 2007, 08:53:18 am »






The famous treasures of Tutankhamen's tomb have been exhibited around
the world. But the walls of the boy king's burial chamber remain as they
were painted at the time of his death.

Photograph by Nancy Gupton
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« Reply #382 on: October 26, 2007, 09:08:05 am »










In Tutankhamun's burial chamber, an extraordinary painting shows Ay, wearing the Blue Crown of Kingship, officiating at the young man's funeral. By burying the king, he was acting as Horus for his father, Osiris, and establishing a claim to the throne. How had he been able to position himself as heir?

Ay had been the Commander of all the Horses of his Majesty during Akhenaten's reign. Keith C. Seele has suggested this title could be interpreted as "General of the Royal Chariotry," a commander of combat forces. As such, Ay may have been personally familiar with the state of affairs in the Levant. He had also been True Scribe of the King, something like a personal secretary to the ruler. The title Ay used most often, and which became part of his name as king, was It-Netjer (God's Father). Some scholars have suggested on the basis of this title that he was Akhenaten's father-in-law, father of Nefertiti. However, as his only known wife and later queen, Tiy, was “Nurse of the Great King's Wife, Nefertiti,” not mother, he may have been the queen's foster-father. These and other titles show that Ay was a central figure during the Amarna period, though there is little evidence for him at the seat of government during Akhenaten's last eight years. This would make sense if he had been commanding some of the Egyptian forces in Syria during these years, and /or had wanted to distance himself from the more extreme manifestations of the king's religious revolution. Either during these later years of Akhenaten, or during the reign of Tutankhamun, Ay assumed the title of Vizier, and the epithet, "Doer of Right." But Ay's close connections with the Amarna family had tainted him politically. It was not he, but Horemheb, who held the reigns of power during the boy's minority. Did the two men work together? Were they rivals, even enemies? It has been suggested that Horemheb's wife, Mutnodjmet, was Ay's daughter. As King, however, Ay named another man, Nakht-Min, as heir-apparent. General Nakht-min may have been Ay's own son, but predeceased the old king. Four years after Ay's coup, Horemheb finally succeeded to the kingship.

Later generations included Ay in the general obliteration of the Amarna period from Egypt's official history. But Horemheb and Pa-ramessu would be remembered as the kings who restored Maat, who brought truth and justice back to Egypt. For hundreds of years prayers were addressed to Horemheb and Ramesses I.


http://www.odysseyadventures.ca/articles/ramesses/ramesses-text-02.htm
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« Reply #383 on: October 26, 2007, 09:16:47 am »

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« Reply #384 on: October 26, 2007, 09:18:12 am »

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« Reply #385 on: October 29, 2007, 09:46:04 am »

                                       





                  A 3,000-year-old mystery is finally solved: Tutankhamun died in a hunting accident





By Steve Connor, Science Editor
Published: 22 October 2007

The mystery behind the sudden death of Tutankhamun, the boy king who ruled Egypt more than 3,000 years ago, has been finally solved by scientists who believe that he fell from a fast-moving chariot while out hunting in the desert.

Speculation surrounding Tutankhamun's death has been rife since his tomb was broken into in 1922 by archaeologist Howard Carter. X-rays of the mummy taken in 1968 indicated a swelling at the base of the skull, suggesting "King Tut" was killed by a blow to the head.

More recent studies using a CT medical scanner, however, revealed he suffered a badly broken leg, just above his knee just before he died. That in turn probably led to lethal blood poisoning. Now further evidence has come to light suggesting that he suffered the fracture while hunting game from a chariot.

The new findings are still circumstantial but one of Egypt's leading experts on Tutankhamun will say in a television documentary to be screened this week that he believes the case is now solved on how the boy king met his sudden and unexpected end.

"He was not murdered as many people thought. He had an accident when he was hunting in the desert. Falling from a chariot made this fracture in his left leg and this really is in my opinion how he died," said Zahi Hawass, general secretary of Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities.

Until now, many historians had assumed that he was treated as a rather fragile child who was cosseted and protected from physical danger. However, Nadia Lokma of the Cairo Museum said that a recent analysis of the chariots found in the tombs of the pharaohs indicated that they were not merely ceremonial but show signs of wear and tear. Hundreds of arrows recovered from the tomb also show evidence of having been fired and recovered. "These chariots are hunting chariots, not war chariots. You can see from the wear on them that they were actually used in life," Dr Lokma said.

A cache of clothing found in Tutankhamun's tomb, which was stored in the vaults of the Cairo Museum, suggest that he was accustomed to riding these chariots himself. They include a specially-adapted corset which would have protected the wearer's abdominal organs from any damage from an accident or the heavy jostling of a chariot ride.

A final piece of evidence comes from a garland of flowers placed around the neck of Tutankhamun's mummy. Botanists found it included cornflowers and mayweed that were fresh at the time the decoration was made.

"The cornflower and mayweed on the garland around the mummy were in flower in March and April, which tells us the time of year he was buried," said Nigel Hepper of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kew Gardens.

Because the flowers could have been collected only between the middle of March and the end of April, and as the complex process of mummification lasted 70 days, this meant Tutankhamun probably died in December or January. That timing coincided with the middle of the winter hunting season.

The results of the latest research into Tutankhamun, which are to feature in a Channel Five documentary tomorrow evening, come just a few weeks before Britain hosts the first exhibition of his tomb's artefacts in 35 years at The O2 centre, formerly the Millennium Dome, in south-east London.

When the first Tutankhamun exhibition in London was held at the British Museum in 1972, some 1.5 million people made the pilgrimage to see his fabulous solid-gold facemask. This time, however, the mask will remain in Egypt because of fears it might not withstand the trip.

The present-day Lord Carnarvon, whose ancestor paid for Howard Carter's 1922 expedition, said the latest findings indicated that Tutankhamun was an active young man who took risks with his life.



"I thought he was an over-cosseted child, but I think he was really out there in the field and taking

part in things towards the end of his short life," Lord Carnarvon said. "His chariots could have reached

considerable speeds, up to 25mph. If a chariot turns over at that speed, you could easily break your leg

very seriously."


http://news.independent.co.uk/world/africa/article3084330.ece
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« Reply #386 on: October 29, 2007, 09:59:32 am »







                                               T U T A N K H A M U N   A S   P H A R A O H






Tutankhamun’s Military Role


Tutankhamun was the last of a line founded by warrior pharaohs. The empire built by his forefathers had enjoyed stability and relative peace for many years. But during Akhenaten’s time, the situation in the Near East changed dramatically.




Egypt’s Enemies


The Hittites, one of the six great kingdoms of the ancient Near East, managed to take Egypt’s northernmost territories during Akhenaten’s time. Wall scenes in the tomb of General Horemheb hint at military conflict during the reign of Tutankhamun, with the three principal enemies indicated as the Nubians, the Hittites, and the Libyans.




Tut as Head of the Army


To resolve these problems, the pharaoh traditionally would have led the army in battle, but scholars disagree about whether Tutankhamun himself marched or if Horemheb went in his stead.

Some scholars have suggested that perhaps Tutankhamun was not physically strong enough to perform his duties. He was buried with 130 walking sticks and staffs of various sorts, some ritual and some clearly used in life. He is also shown sitting while engaged in activities such as hunting, where normally he should be standing.

However, fragmentary battle scenes from Thebes suggest that the young king did in fact lead the Egyptian troops into at least one major confrontation.




A Warrior’s Training


Whether or not Tutankhamun actually went into battle, he was trained from youth to be a warrior. Six chariots were found in his tomb, at least one of which was a lightweight training or hunting vehicle. A pharaoh’s weapon of choice was the bow, and Tutankhamun was buried with almost fifty bows of various types and sizes, many of them showing signs of use.

Whatever the reality of Tutankhamun’s experience in battle, clearly the message portrayed repeatedly on all tomb objects was that the king was victorious over all enemies—an essential part of the royal propaganda.


http://www.fieldmuseum.org/tut/story_pharaoh3.asp
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« Reply #387 on: October 29, 2007, 10:03:27 am »













 

Before Tut’s Reign



By the time Tutankhamun was born, Egypt had been a superpower for almost two centuries. The nation itself had been formed about 1,600 years earlier, and the great pyramids at Giza were already ancient edifices more than one thousand years old. King Tutankhamun had indeed inherited a mighty country, rich in resources, power, and history.




Understanding Egyptian History


Modern scholars divide the history of Egypt into periods and dynasties—families of monarchs that ruled and reshaped Egypt. These monarchs would eventually become known by the ancient Egyptian term pharaoh, which literally meant 'Great House,' in reference to the king’s palace.

Some pharaohs were skilled generals; some were religious philosophers; and some were great empire builders. Many left behind the fantastic monuments for which Egypt is famous. But, while the modern world may know of their accomplishments, few people remember the names of these important rulers.

Instead, it is the name of Tutankhamun, a short-lived king, which conjures up the image of an ancient Egyptian pharaoh today. He may have ruled for only about a decade at the end of the 18th Dynasty, but because his tomb survived the millennia and provided thousands of marvels of his culture, we think of Tutankhamun as Egypt's most famous pharaoh.
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« Reply #388 on: October 31, 2007, 11:30:57 am »



Royal Crook and Flail



Gold; copper alloy; glass; wood; carnelian

Length 42.9 cm (16.9 in); diameter 2.1 cm (.8 in)

18th Dynasty, reign of Tutankhamun

Thebes, Valley of the Kings

Tomb of Tutankhamun (KV 62)
Carter 269e

By Tutankhamun’s reign, the crook and flail had been emblems of kingship for thousands of years. He may have carried these symbols during important rituals, perhaps even during his coronation.
 





                                                           Tut as Pharaoh



Tutankhamun began life with the name Tutankhaten (“Living Image of the Aten”). Most likely the son of the heretic King Akhenaten and his lesser wife Kiya, the young prince would have grown up at Akhetaten, the controversial new capital city.

Near the time of his father’s death, Tutankhaten married Ankhsenpaaten—probably his half-sister and the daughter of Akhenaten by Nefertiti, the famous beauty and chief wife.

Tutankhamun’s Early Reign
Sometime soon after Akhenaten’s passing, the ten-year-old Tutankhaten ascended the throne of Egypt. His coronation would have been a grand affair, full of pomp and pageantry.

One of Tutankhaten’s first actions as pharaoh was to move away from the Amarna religion, because his father's belief in one god, the Aten, had proved to be quite unpopular with the people.




Restoring Traditional Beliefs


Tutankhaten quickly re-established the orthodox belief in the pantheon of the gods and reopened their temples. By his second year, King Tutankhaten and his queen had changed their names to Tutankhamun and Ankhsenamun.

Although they did not abandon Amarna completely, members of the royal family re-established the old capitals and now spent most of their time at the traditional administrative center of Memphis.
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« Reply #389 on: November 01, 2007, 07:59:16 am »


THE GODDESS MAAT

This scene from a funerary papyrus shows two figures of the goddess Maat, her
head surmounted by her name in the form of an ostrich plume.

Sometimes the concept of maat is represented simply as an ostrich plume alone.

© Kenneth Garrett, National Geographic Society 2005.
 







                                                    Religion in Tut’s Time



Religion in ancient Egypt was more than a belief system—it was a way of life, permeating every aspect of existence. The fundamental principle governing this system was maat, an abstract concept often translated as truth or justice and represented by the goddess Maat.. More accurately, maat represented the way the world was supposed to be.

To maintain maat—order in the universe—the living constantly had to pacify the many deities and spirits in the afterworld. This system of beliefs persisted for thousands of years until Akhenaten (probably Tutankhamun’s father) introduced the concept of the one god Aten and did away with the pantheon of gods.

After his father’s death, it then fell upon Tutankhamun to reinstate the old gods and restore order to Egypt…and the universe.



Traditional Religion

In traditional Egyptian belief, the pantheon was composed of many gods and goddesses, such as Osiris, Re, Ptah, and Amun. Often they were arranged in family groups of three consisting of father, mother, and child. The gods could be represented in art as human, animal, or a combination of the two. Each was linked to one or more sites where enormous temples were erected to house their images.



The Pharaoh’s Role in Traditional Religion

Considered semi-divine, the pharaoh was an intermediary between mortals and gods during his lifetime. He was responsible for the establishment and maintenance of maat and stood against the powers of chaos that threatened Egypt’s stability.

In theory, the pharaoh was the high priest in every temple, although in actuality his role was often delegated to priests. But in temple art, it is always the king who is shown performing the cult rituals and thus eternally caring for the gods and goddesses who dwell within.


http://www.fieldmuseum.org/tut/story_pharaoh3.asp
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