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the Sea People (Original)

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Apollo
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« Reply #60 on: January 19, 2009, 02:48:31 pm »

Absonite

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  posted 07-16-2004 07:10 AM                       
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possible sea people and the people of the bow explained.
"Charles Pellegrino ("Return to Sodom and Gomorrah: Bible Stories from Archaeologists"), cites different texts, specifically the Ipuwer papyrus, dating to the time of Hatshepsut and Tutmosis III (the time most copies, according to Pellegrino, seem to date) .

"The poem consists of the wise man Ipuwer's description of a mysteriously devastated Egypt and his rage against the Sun-god, who has abandoned the Nile and to whom he appears to be speaking:


[The poem:] The land -- to its whole extent confusion and terrible noise...for nine days there was no exit from the palace and no one could see the face of his fellow. ...Upper Egypt suffered devastation...blood is everywhere...pestilence throught the country...The Sun is covered and does not shine to the sight of men. Life is no longer posssible when the Sun is concealed behind the clouds. Ra has turned his face from mankind. If only it would shine even for one hour! No one knows when it is midday. One's shadow is not discernible. The Sun in the heavens resembles the moon...Lo, the desert pervades the land, townsips are laid waste, a foreign bow people are come to Egypt! People flee...and it is tents that they make like bedu [nomads]."

One could say that this was refering to a sand storm and the invasion of the Hyksos, or one could view it as Pellegrino does, as refering to the eruption of Thera, the plaques of the Exodus, and the fleeing of the Israelites (the papyrus mentions clouds, but it also mentions sand). However, that leaves the question as to whom the people of the bow are that "come to Egypt", perhaps the Amalekites (boo) we met on the way were headed for Egypt en mass...our only meeting some of them? Perhaps not. Pelligrino himself connects it to the Isrealites comming into Egypt in Exodus 1:1, but that refers to our entry many years before, so I have a problem with his analysis of that. I think a better argument could be made that the people of the bow that came were the Sea People.


Exodus 13:17 aays: "And it came to pass, when Pharaoh had let the people go, that G-d led them not through the way of the land of the Philistines, although that was near; for G-d said, Lest perhaps the people repent when they see war, and they return to Egypt"

What was the war that was refered to on the way of the land of the Philistines? Who exactly were the Philistines? What is the connection with the bow? A few more passages from the Tanach will help clearify this matter.


I Samuel 31:1-3 "And the Philistines fought against Israel; and the men of Israel fled from before the Philistines, and fell down killed in Mount Gilboa. And the Philistines followed closely upon Saul and upon his sons; and the Philistines slew Jonathan, and Abinadab, and Melchishua, Saul’s sons. And the battle went hard against Saul, and the archers hit him; and he was badly wounded by the archers.

It would seem that the Philistines did indeed use the bow. Amos 9:7 teaches us where the Philistines came from: "Are you not like the Kushites to me, O people of Israel? says the Lord. Did I not bring Israel out of the land of Egypt? And the Philistines from Caphtor, and the Arameans from Kir?" Caphtor is an island, the Philistines are the Sea People. Furthermore, there was a war between them and Egypt in the 2nd half of the 2nd millennim B.C.E. It would seem, that they were fleeing from their islands and at war with Egypt during the time of the Exodus, likely because of the devistation the eruption of Thera caused during that time. G-d, causing the eruption so as to bring the plagues upon Egypt, did indeed bring the Philistines from Caphtor. An Egyptian account of the war comes from a temple at Medinat Habu at Thebes, said to belong to Ramses III (1184-1153). That does not mean that it necessarily occured during Ramses III's time, but that it was commemorated in one of his temples. The Tanachic record makes it clear that there was war in the way of the Philistines, and this inscription speaks of that war with those who may just be the very same people of the bow spoken of in the Ipwar papyrus.


"Year 8 under the majesty of...
...The foreign countries make a conspiracy in their islands. All at once the lands were removed and scatterd in the fray. No land could stand before their arms, from Hatti, Kode, Carchemish, Arzawa, and Alashiya on, being cut of at... A camp... in one place in Amor. They desolated its people, and its land was like that which has never come into being. They were coming forward toward Egypt, while the flame was prepared before them. There confederation was the Philistines, Tjeker, Shekelesh, Denye(n), and Weshesh, lands united. They laid their hands upon the lands as far as the circuit of the earth, their hearts confident and trusting: 'Our plans will succeed!'..." (inscription from a temple at Medinat Habu at Thebes in The Ancient Near East, Ed. James B. Pritchard, p 185.)

The attack took place on both land and sea, and Egypt succeeded in repulsing them from their soil, though not from having them entrench on the cost of the Land of Israel
http://www.geocities.com/~alyza/Jewish/exodus.htm


But Moses was not discouraged; he bided his time, and in less than a year, when the Egyptian military forces were fully occupied in resisting the simultaneous onslaughts of a strong Libyan thrust from the south and a Greek naval invasion from the north, this intrepid organizer led his compatriots out of Egypt in a spectacular night flight. This dash for liberty was carefully planned and skillfully executed. And they were successful, notwithstanding that they were hotly pursued by Pharaoh and a small body of Egyptians, who all fell before the fugitives' defense, yielding much booty, all of which was augmented by the loot of the advancing host of escaping slaves as they marched on toward their ancestral desert home.
http://www.urantia.com/cgi-bin/webglimpse/mfs/usr/local/www/data/papers?link=http://mercy.urantia.org/papers/paper96.html&file=/usr/local/www/data/papers/paper96.html&line=79#mfs


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« Reply #61 on: January 19, 2009, 02:49:30 pm »

atalante
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   posted 07-16-2004 08:17 AM                       
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Helios,
I like the article in your most recent post.
It mentions the Gebel Arak knife, which Riven frequently mentions.
Has anyone noticed this: the article gives us an official Egyptian word for sea-going boats, kbnt, which scholars tend to translate at "Byblos boats".


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« Reply #62 on: January 19, 2009, 04:17:36 pm »

dhill757

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   posted 07-20-2004 10:47 PM                       
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Does anyone have any material, not seen so far here, of the Sea People (and, in this, we can include, for argument's sake, the Minoans, the Etruscans, the Phoenicians or any of the other people we've talked about, even the Egyptians if you like), of any of these races building an empire, let alone a city made of alternating concentric rings of water and land, described by Plato on his Atlantis works? Because, other than the same superficial comparisons we've always been hearing about, I haven't seen any.
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« Reply #63 on: January 19, 2009, 04:18:26 pm »

Absonite

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  posted 07-21-2004 12:26 AM                       
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dhill,
let's start with a few concentric circles and see where it goes.......
http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Early%20History%20-%20Archaeology/Rogem%20Hiri%20-%20Ancient-%20Mysterious%20Construction
http://www.geocities.com/tlscbose/NazcaArticlepart-1.htm
http://www.ancient-scotland.co.uk/picframe.php?a=777
http://lakdiva.org/sakwala/sakwala.html
http://www.hialoha.com/konagold/church/Photos.html
http://www.urantia.com/cgi-bin/webglimpse/mfs/usr/local/www/data/papers?link=http://mercy.urantia.org/papers/paper93.html&file=/usr/local/www/data/papers/paper93.html&line=46#mfs


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« Reply #64 on: January 19, 2009, 04:21:24 pm »

rockessence

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   posted 07-21-2004 01:15 AM                       
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Absonite,
The beautiful circle/labyrinth at Rogem Hiri is very much like those of Finland. The ritual uses apparently were for various reasons, some strictly for men, some for women, for choosing those allowed to become parents. One was called Nun's Yard, probably for women who were not allowed to have children. I understand these various labyrinths are the oldest on the planet.
From Leo Nygren:

" THE LABYRINTH IS PLENTIFULLY BEING SEEN IN FINLAND, WHERE IT'S USE WAS PERHAPS MOST AND LATEST PRACTICED, ALL THE WAY FROM THE BOTTOM OF GULF OF FINLAND TO THE END OF GULF OF BOTHNIA, ALONG THE SHORELINE, AND AT ISLANDS TOO.
IT WAS MADE OF ROUND STONES ABOUT THE SIZE OF A FOOTBALL, THE DIAMETER OF THE LABYRINTH BEING FROM TEN METERS TO 25 METERS, ON SOME FLAT SPOT OF GROUND.

IN FINLAND IT WAS KNOWN WITH MANY NAMES; JATULIN TARHA (JATULIS YARD), NUNNATARHA (NUNS YARD), PIETARIN LEIKKI (PETER'S PLAY), NEITOTANSSI ( GIRL'S DANCE), JERUSALEM, TROIJA (TROY), JERIKOTOWN, AND IN ”ROOT” JUNGFRU'S DANCE AND TROIJA LEK (PLAY) . (JATULIS, ”GIANTS”, CANNOT BE EXPLAINED IN ENGLISH, ”LEK” MEANS ”SPAWN”, TO MULTIPLY.)

IN AMERICAS IT WAS KNOWN BY INDIANS WITH THE NAME ”MOTHER EARTH”.

THOSE NAMES LET US TO SUPPOSE THAT IT WAS USED SOLELY FOR CHECKING THE CANDIDATES FOR MOTHER- AND FATHERHOOD, IN A FERTILITY RITE.

THE CANDIDATES HAD TO DANCE THROUGH IT, STAYING BETWEEN LINES, PASSING THE JUDGES SEVEN TIMES, WOMEN DANCING A BELLYDANCE NAKED SO THAT THE JUDGES SAW THAT THEIR PELVIS WAS SWINGING FREELY, THEIR BELLY MUCLES HAD TO BE WELL FORMED TO GUARANTEE EASY DELIVERY AND BREASTS HAD TO SHOW THE NIPPLE TO BE EASILY SUCKED BY THE BABY. THERE WERE THREE WOMEN TO JUDGE THEM, NO MEN WERE ALLOWED TO SEE IT.

MEN WHO HAD REACHED THE ADULT AGE OF 21 DANCED THE SO-CALLED "COSSACK" DANCE, RIPASKA IN FINNISH, WHICH REQUIRES A LOT OF STAMINA AS YOU ARE ALMOST IN A SITTING POSITION THROWING YOUR LEGS HIGH UP, HANDS KEPT IN FRONT BY THE CHEST. THEY WERE ALSO NAKED SO THAT THEIR MANLY ORGANS WERE SHOWING TO MEN JUDGES, AND WOMEN WERE NOT ALLOWED TO SEE IT.

MANY OF THOSE NAMES SUGGESTS THAT THE LABYRINTH WAS JUST FOR THIS PURPOSE, AS THOSE WHO DID NOT MANAGE THIS TEST NEVER HAD THE CHANCE TO BE FATHERS OR MOTHERS, AS THE NAME ”NUNS YARD” SUGGESTS."

Some text omitted because of sexual content...see www.bocksaga.de

"THIS LABYRINTH IS BEING FOUND IN MANY PLACES, ALL SCANDINAVIA AND IN MANY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, GREECE, NEAR EAST COUNTRIES, AT CRETE AND AT THE COINS OF ETRUSK'S AND CRETAN'S. AT CENTRAL AMERICA IT IS KNOWN BY MAYAS AND MOST PROBABLY BY MANY OTHER PEOPLE TOO.
EVEN AT THE SHORES OF NORTHERN ICE SEA, AT KUOLA PENINSULA, IT IS BEING FOUND.
AND IF YOU STUDY IT CLOSELY, IT'S SHAPE RESEMBLES THAT OF A CROSS-SECTION OF WOMAN'S HIP, WOMB AND ALL.

THIS DANCE WAS BUT ONLY ONE OF THE SERIES OF TESTS THE FATHER AND MOTHER CANDIDATES HAD TO GO THROUGH TO BE ELIGIBLE FOR THE MOST IMPORTANT TASK THERE WAS FOR MANKIND, TO KEEP HUMAN POPULATION AS HEALTHY, BEAUTIFULL AND WISE AS POSSIBLE, BUT HOW ABOUT NOW WHEN THIS IS NOT CONTROLLED AT ALL?

IT'S A PITY THAT MANY OF THESE WORDS OF BOCK SAGA THAT TELL ABOUT THE PHILOSOPHY OF VÄINÄMÖINEN HAVE ”HIDDEN” MEANINGS THAT CAN BE EXPLAINED ONLY BY USING THE ”ROT” (PRESENT SWEDISH) AND ”VAN” (PRESENT FINNISH) LANGUAGES, THE FIRST ONES.

THIS ”JATULINTARHA SEREMONY” WAS TAKEN TO DELOS AT 1600 BZ BY THE TWO DAMSELS, ARGE AND OPIS, AS THE FIRST ”OLYMPIC GAME”."


[This message has been edited by rockessence (edited 07-21-2004).]


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« Reply #65 on: January 19, 2009, 04:22:10 pm »

Ulf Richter

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   posted 07-21-2004 12:59 PM                       
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Here is a website which suggests that the Sea Peoples originally came from northern Europe:
http://home.t-online.de/home/dhobraasch/1-sea-people.htm
Sea-People coming from the North?

Neolithic Northernes could have reached the Mediterranean going by boat downward the European rivers

Because of the abrupt break in ancient Near Eastern records - as a result of the invasions -, the precise extent and origin of the European - Near East upheavals remain uncertain. Principal but one-sided evidence for the Sea Peoples is based on Egyptian texts and illustrations; other important information comes from Hittite sources and from archaeological data.
There are very few clues to their place of origin or homeland. May be that biology may give a new reference. If it is true that people with blond or red hair originated in the isolated North then the following might be of interest:
"On certain sculptural reliefs (Medinet Habu), some of the original painted color still remains. From the color, it is evident that the Libu were fair-skinned, blue eyed, and blond or red headed. Because of this supposed "European" look, it has been suggested that these people were invaders of European origin. Whatever their origin, such people may have been in the region since the distant past" (Robbin) (*distant past*: since the appearance of the Tamahu ?)
Beside biology, technical references also point to the North

Greetings from Ulf





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« Reply #66 on: January 19, 2009, 04:22:41 pm »

rockessence

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   posted 07-21-2004 09:18 PM                       
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Ulf,
Thanks for the good link. Vikings were mentioned which is a problem, as the appellation "Vikings" is a much later term than should be used for the "Hyperborean" sea-farers.

Also there is some information in HOMER IN THE BALTIC (FELICE VINCI) about the river migrations, over quite a long period, from the Baltic Sea/Gulf of Finland area down the Dvina, the Dniepr, and the Volga. These migrations began in earnest when the temperature of the northern areas dropped at the close of the "climatic optimum".

There is great indication that there were migrations both by sea-vessels around Iberia and by river systems.


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« Reply #67 on: January 19, 2009, 04:23:01 pm »

rockessence

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   posted 07-21-2004 09:57 PM                       
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In the seventeenth century, Fray Pedro Simon relates that some miners, running an adit into a hill near Callao,
[1. Bancroft's "Native Races," vol. iii, p. 71.]

{p. 346}

"met with a ship, which had on top of it the great mass of the hill, and did not agree in its make and appearance with our ships."

Sir John Clerk describes a canoe found near Edinburgh, in 1726. "The washings of the river Carron discovered a boat thirteen or fourteen feet under ground; it is thirty-six feet long and four and a half broad, all of one piece of oak. There were several strata above it, such as loam, clay, shells, moss, sand, and gravel."



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« Reply #68 on: January 19, 2009, 04:23:39 pm »

Helios

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   posted 07-22-2004 12:29 AM                       
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http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/gerald_larue/otll/chap7.html
The Hittite nation, centered in Anatolia, arose during the second millennium (the period of the Old Empire),13 when Indo-Europeans took control of the existing native population and established a feudal nobility under a monarch with limited powers. Some attempts at expansion were made around 1800 B.C., but it was not until the sixteenth century that the Hittites pushed into Syria and then eastward to Babylon. In the New Empire (c. 1460-1200 B.C.), Hittite power again affected Syria and Upper Mesopotamia, incorporating the kingdoms of the Mitanni14 and engaging in clashes with Egyptians. Hittite documents indicate that wars generally ended with settlement treaties which clearly reveal the use of diplomatic strategy. One contribution of these people to Near Eastern culture is the use of iron. Between the fourteenth and twelfth centuries, Hittites, used iron for weapons, holding a virtual monopoly on this product. Weakened by internal problems and by the invasion of Syria by Sea Peoples, the Hittite empire finally fell under attacks from less civilized peoples from the North. Hittite power was never again a threatening force in the Near East. After the collapse of the Hittite empire in the twelfth century, iron came into common use in Palestine, first among the Philistines, then among the Hebrews.15

The Philistines, the Peleste branch of the Sea People, settled in Palestine in the twelfth century BC. While it cannot be proven beyond all shadow of doubt, it is believed on the basis of pottery similarities that they are related to the Mycenaeans whose beginnings go back to the nineteenth century when waves of Indo-Europeans invaded Greece. During the fourteenth and thirteenth centuries, the Mycenaeans developed a tremendous export industry and their pottery was shipped to important Mediterranean centers. In the twelfth century some upset seems to have occurred in Mycenaean life, perhaps an Earthquake, disrupting normal settled life. Bands of people usually associated with Mycenaeans began to roam the seas, apparently seeking a new place to settle. These "Sea People," as they are called in Egyptian literature, first threatened the delta during the reign of Rameses II and were defeated by his successor Mernephtah. The participants are called Danaans and Achaeans, names used by Homer to designate Greeks.16 It appears that Cyprus, Ras es-Shamra, and the Hittite country, were also attacked at this time.17

A second wave of Sea People, which broke into two parts, followed the first. One group, the Tjikal or Tjeker, struck north Syria. The other, the Peleste or Pulusatu, attacked Egypt. After a bitter land and sea battle they were prevented from entering Egypt proper and were held to the area known as the Philistine Plain in southern Palestine. Here they settled in five major cities: Ashkelon. Ashdod, Ekron, Gath and Gaza, but their activities and holdings were much more extensive as revealed by excavations at Tell Qasile, Gezer, Beth Shan and elsewhere. The northern group settled the seacoast around Tyre and Sidon, an area ultimately called "Phoenicia" by the Greeks.18

We know something of Philistine dress. Rameses III depicted the sea battle in his mortuary temple at Medinet Habu and the Philistines are shown wearing kilts and armored vestments. On their heads were high feathered headresses with chin straps and they carried huge round shields, bronze swords and spears. Those who attacked by land were similarly attired and came in horse drawn chariots and carts drawn by oxen. The same feathered headdress is depicted on a sarcophagus from Tell Far'a.

It would appear that the Philistines were organized along the state pattern with local rulers for each unit. Little is known of their industry, apart from the characteristic pottery and the reference to the control of the iron industry (I Sam. 13:19 ff). Whatever their language may have been, it would appear that they soon adopted the Canaanite tongue, for they appear to have had little difficulty in communicating with the Hebrews.19 Like other peoples in Palestine, they suffered the pressures of the great powers around them, utterly disappearing from history after the neo-Babylonian period (sixth century) and leaving only their name to designate the territory they partially occupied (Palestine).20



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« Reply #69 on: January 19, 2009, 04:24:23 pm »

 
Helios

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http://www.fact-index.com/s/se/sea_peoples.html
Sea Peoples

Sea Peoples is the term used in ancient Egyptian records of a ship-faring raiders who drifted into the eastern shores of the Mediterranean and attempted to enter Egyptian territory during the late 19th dynasty, and especially year 5 of Rameses III of the 20th Dynasty.


Historic Records

The earliest mention of the Sea People proper is in an inscription of the Egyptian king Merneptah, whose rule is usually dated from 1213 BC to 1204 BC. Merneptah states that in the fifth year of his reign (1208 BC) he defeated an invasion of an allied force of Libyans and the Sea People, killing 6,000 soldiers and taking 9,000 prisoners.

About 20 years later the Egyptian king Ramses III was forced to deal with another invasion of the Sea Peoples, this time allied with the Philistines. In the mortuary temple he built in Thebes Ramses describes how, despite the fact "no land could stand before" the forces of the Sea People and that they swept through "Hatti, Kode, Carchemish, Arzawa, and Alashiya" destroying their cities, he defeated them in a sea battle. He gives the names of the tribes of the Sea People as including: the Peleset, the Tjeker, the Shekelesh, the Denyen, and the Weshesh. However, because this list is identical to the one Merneptah included in his victory inscription and because Ramses also describes several fictitious victories on his temple walls, some Egyptologists believe that he never actually fought the Sea Peoples, but only claimed the victories of Merneptah as his own - a common ancient Egyptian practice.

A Sea People appear in another set of records problematically dated around the early 12th century BC. Ammurapi, the last king of Ugarit (c.1191 BC - 1182 BC) received a letter from the Hittite king Suppliluliuma II warning him about the "Shikalayu who live on boats" who are perhaps the same people as the Shekelesh mentioned in Merneptah's list. It may be relevant that shortly after he received this communication, Ammurapi was overthrown and the city of Ugarit sacked, never to be inhabited again.


Theories about the Sea Peoples

The abrupt end of several civilizations in the decades traditionally dated around 1200 BC have caused many ancient historians to hypothesize that the Sea People caused the collapse of the Hittite, Mycenaean and Mittani kingdoms. However, Marc Van De Mieroop and others have argued against this theory on several points. Grimal argues that the kingdoms of the Mittani, Assyria, and Babylon were more likely destroyed by a group who dwelled on the edges of the settled lands called by the Akkadian word habiru. Another argument Grimal makes is that the attempted Sea People invasion of Egypt that Ramses III foiled is now seen as nothing more than a minor skirmish, the records of his victories on his temple walls being greatly exaggerated. Though it is clear from the archeological excavations that Ugarit, Ashkelon and Hazor were destroyed about this time, Carchemish was not and other cities in the area such as Byblos and Sidon survived unscathed.

Another theory concerning the Sea People, based on their recorded names, is that they may have been formed of people involved in the Greek migrations of this period, either the Greek-speaking invaders (identifying the "Ekwesh" with the Achaeans and the "Denyen" with the Dananoi, an ancient name for the Greek people). This theory implies that the Philistines were part of this Greek-speaking confederacy.

Lack of definite information about these ancient forerunners of the Vikings is the chief cause of their mystery, rather than anything concerning their intrinsic nature. As abruptly as they enter history, the Sea People leave it.



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« Reply #70 on: January 19, 2009, 04:24:48 pm »

Helios

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THE SEA PEOPLES Students of European history will be familiar in a general way with thephenomena of the devolution of Classic cultures, the swarming forth of innumerable barbarian tribes, and the subsequent emergence of the so-called "Dark Ages", together with the slow re-emergence of a vibrant civilization in the Mediaeval and Renaissance eras. Such a model is an oversimplification of what occured, but it is valid at least in broad descriptive outline. What is perhaps less well recognized is that such a pattern has happened, albeit on a smaller scale, before. Before the 1200's BCE, the Eastern Mediterranean played host to a variety of sophisticated civilizations. For a variety of reasons, the 17th to 13th centuries BCE saw a general retreat, one which did not begin to reverse itself until the 9th century BCE (leading to the eventual flowering of Classic-Age civilization by the 5th century). One important factor in this process was the sudden emergence of a group of barbarian tribes known collectively as the Sea-Peoples. These raiders critically damaged the ancient civilizations of Greece, Anatolia and Syria, and seriously threatened the southern Levant and Egypt. The origins of these peoples are unknown, though it is believed that they emerged  from the Aegean and may have been Minoan or Greek in origin. They referred to their own homeland as Ahhiyawa, which seems to be related to the word Achaean. The Hittites described their home as an island near Milawanda (Miletos, on the Ionian coast); which may refer to Rhodes, while the Bible describes their origin-point as Caphtor, which is believed to be Crete. They were technologically and artistically sophisticated, being one of the first groups in the Levant to use iron weapons. The following is a list of the documented Sea Peoples, and what linguists and archeologists believe about their origins and eventual fates...
DANYA / DANNUNA They have been identified with the Danaoi, mentioned in Homer's Iliad; another, far-fetched explanation is that they are related to the Gaelic Celts (Danaan). Some historians and acheologists have suggested that the Danya invaded Canaan in alliance with the Philistines but then joined the Israelite tribal confederation as the tribe of Dan. The original territory of that tribe bordered Philistia, and the Philistines seemed to bear a particular grudge against the Danites, who eventually relocated to the Galilee.

EKWESH This name is very similar to the Hittite name for Greeks (Acheans). Very little is known about them.

LUKKA These are believed to have hailed from Lycia, and probably returned there after several unsuccessful invasions of Egypt.

PELESHET These are the Philistines who settled in the southern coast of Canaan and established the pentapolis of Gaza, Gath, Ekron, Ashkelon and Ashdod. They may have invaded Canaan originally in alliance with the Israelites, who settled in the inland areas, but any collegiality quickly disappeared if Biblical records are anything to go by. The name Palestine, given to Judea by the Romans after the Jewish Wars, is believed to be derived from Philistine, although some scholars have suggested that it actually (ironically) comes from a derogatory Greek epithet for Jew.

SHARDANA Formerly, it was thought that this people migrated out of the Hellenic region, crossed the central Mediterranean, and conquered Sardinia, which still bears a variant of their name. Recently though, it has been suggested that the migration was in the opposite direction - that they were aboriginal inhabitants of Sardinia who traveled eastward into the Hellenic littoral.

TJEKER / SHEKELESH The Tjeker are of uncertain origin, but they raided Egypt repeatedly before settling in northern Canaan. They may originally have been the Teucri, a tribe inhabiting northwest Anatolia around Troy. They conquered the city-state of Dor and turned it into a Tjeker kingdom. They are one of the few of the Sea Peoples for whom a ruler's name is recorded - in the papyrus account of Wenamun, an Egyptian priest...


* Beder (Prince of Dor)........................mid 1000's BCE ?
* Dor fell to King David of Israel in the 990's, and the Tjeker are not mentioned after that date.


Besides the Dorite Tjeker, some scholars believe that the Tjeker may have been connected in some way with the Israelite tribe of Menasseh.

TYRSENNOI May be related to the Etruscans, since their name is similar to Tyrrhennoi, the Etruscans' name for themselves (hence the Tyrrhian sea).

WESHESH Their origins are unknown, though there is some evidence that they may have come from the area of Caria. Some have theorized that they, like the Danya, became part of the Israelite confederacy (as the tribe of Asher).
http://web.raex.com/~obsidian/gktrib.html#Sea%20People



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« Reply #71 on: January 19, 2009, 04:25:51 pm »

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The Inscriptions of Medinet Habu
By Michele MacLaren, Liam McManus, and Megaera Lorenz

Ramesses III's temple at Medinet Habu. Image from the Theban Mapping Project website.

    When studying the Sea Peoples, scholars turn to one of the most detailed and well known texts concerning the Sea Peoples, the inscriptions from Medinet Habu.
    Medinet Habu is a mortuary temple that was constructed for Ramesess III at Thebes, in Upper Egypt. The temple decoration consists of a series of reliefs and texts telling of the many exploits of the king, from his campaign against the Libyans to, most importantly, his war against the Sea Peoples.
    The texts and reliefs that deal with the Sea Peoples date to year eight of Ramesess III’s reign, approximately 1190 BCE. The significance of these texts is that they provide an account of Egypt’s campaign against the “coalition of the sea” from an Egyptian point of view. In the inscriptions, Ramesses alludes to the threat the Sea Peoples posed, as can be seen in this portion of text:

…the foreign countries made a conspiracy in their islands. All at once the lands were removed and scattered in the fray.  No land could stand before their arms from Hatti, Kode, Carchemish, Artawa, and Alashiya on being cut off [at one time].  A camp was [set up] in one place in Amor.  They desolated its people and its land was like that which has never come into being.  (Medinet Habu, Year 8 inscription.)

    The inscriptions go on to specify the groups which were involved in the "confederation": Peleset, Tjeker, Shekelesh, Denyen, and Weshesh.
    Although Ramesses III boasts of his defeat of the Sea Peoples' coalition on land and sea, the portion of text quoted above gives the impression that the Egyptians were facing a great and strong military presence.  However, some scholars believe that the battles described at Medinet Habu were not one coherent event, but were actually small skirmishes between the Sea Peoples and the Egyptians at different intervals that were conflated in Ramesses' account into two grandiose battles.  Barbara Cifola (1988: 275-306) concluded that, due to the vague manner in which the northern enemies were described, they could not possibly represent one force, and were probably never joined into a clearly defined confederation (see also O’conner 2000: 94).
    The Medinet Habu inscriptions are also significant for their artistic depictions of the Sea Peoples. These provide valuable information about the appearance and accoutrements of the various groups, and can lend clues towards deciphering their ethnic backgrounds (Redford 1992: 251).
    From the textual evidence on the temple walls, it appears that the Peleset and the Tjeker made up the majority of the Sea Peoples involved in the year 8 invasion.  In the artistic depictions, both types are depicted wearing a fillet, from which protrudes a floppy plume and a protective piece down the nape of the neck.  Their armament included long swords, spears and circular shields, and they are occasionally shown wearing body armor.  Other groups, such as the Shekelesh and Teresh, are shown wearing cloth headdresses and a medallion upon their breasts.  The weaponry that they carried consisted of two spears and a simple round shield.  The Shardana soldiers are most obviously armored in the artistic depictions, due to the thick horned helmets that adorn their heads (Redford 1992: 252).
    The land battle and sea battle scenes provide a wealth of information on the military styles of the Sea Peoples.  The reliefs depicting the land battle show Egyptian troops, chariots and auxiliaries fighting the enemy, who also used chariots, very similar in design to Egyptian chariots.  Although the chariots used by the Sea Peoples are very similar to those used by the Egyptians, both being pulled by two horses and using wheels with six spokes, the Sea Peoples had three soldiers per chariot, whereas the Egyptians only had one, or occasionally two.
    The land battle scenes also give the observer some sense of the Sea Peoples’ military organization. According to the artistic representations, the Philistine warriors were each armed with a pair of long spears, and their infantry was divided into small groups consisting of four men each.  Three of those men carried long, straight swords and spears, while the fourth man only carried a sword. The relief depicting the land battle is a massive jumble of figures and very chaotic in appearance, but this was probably a stylistic convention employed by the Egyptians to convey a sense of chaos. Other evidence suggests that the Sea Peoples had a high level of organization and military strategy (O’Conner 2000: 95).
    A striking feature of the land battle scene is the imagery of ox-pulled carts carrying women and children in the midst of a battle. These carts seem to represent a people on the move (Sandars 1985: 120).
    The other famous relief at Medinet Habu regarding the Sea Peoples is of the sea battle.  This scene is also shown in a disorganized mass, but as was mentioned earlier, was meant to represent chaos, again contradicting the Egyptians’ descriptions of the military success and organization of the Sea Peoples.  The sea battle scene is valuable for its depictions of the Sea Peoples' ships and their armaments.  The Egyptians and the Sea Peoples both used sails as their main means of naval locomotion. However, interestingly, the Sea Peoples' ships appear to have no oars, which could indicate new navigation techniques (Dothan 1982: 7).  Another interesting feature of the Sea Peoples' ships is that all the prows are carved in the shape of bird heads, which has caused many scholars to speculate an Aegean origin for these groups. Wachsmann (2000) speculates that the sea battle relief shows the battle in progression, from beginning to end.
    Medinet Habu still remains the most important source for understanding the Sea Peoples, their possible origins, and their impact on the Mediterranean world.  To this day, no other source has been discovered that provides as detailed an account of these groups, and this mortuary temple still provides the only absolute date for the Sea Peoples.

Proceed to excerpts from the Medinet Habu Texts.

Primary Source Bibliography:

Medinet Habu Inscriptions, reign of Ramesses III. Pp. 262-263 in:

Pritchard, J.
    1969     Ancient Near Eastern Texts. New Jersey: Princeton Univeristy Press.

Secondary Sources:

Cifola, B.
    1988     Rameses III and the Sea Peoples: A Structural Analysis of the Medinet Habu Inscriptions.
              Orientalia 57 (3): 275-306.

Dothan, T.
    1982     Philistines and Their Material Culture.  London

O’Conner, D.
    2000     The Sea Peoples and the Egyptian Sources, pp. 85-102, in E. Oren (ed.) The
                 Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum Press.

Redford, D.B.
    1992     Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Sandars, N.K.

    1985     The Sea Peoples Warriors of the Ancient Mediterranean. London.

Wachsmann, S.
    2000     To the Sea of the Philistines. pp. 103-143, in E. Oren (ed.) The Sea Peoples
                 and Their World: A Reassessment. Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Museum Press.
 
 
 


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« Reply #72 on: January 19, 2009, 04:27:48 pm »

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Texts from the Medinet Habu Temple with Reference to the Sea Peoples


    The following texts are adapted from the translation by James Henry Breasted (2001). Breasted's original translation of the Medinet Habu texts, with commentary, can be found on pp. 3-85 in Breasted, J. H. 2001/1906. Ancient Records of Egypt vol. 4. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 
 

Excerpt from Ramesses III's speech about the war against the Sea Peoples, year 8 (Breasted 2001: 37-39: sections 64-66):


    The countries -- --, the [Northerners] in their isles were disturbed, taken away in the [fray] -- at one time. Not one stood before their hands, from Kheta, Kode, Carchemish, Arvad, Alashia, they were wasted. {The}y {[set up]} a camp in one place in Amor. They desolated his people and his land like that which is not. They came with fire prepared before them, forward to Egypt. Their main support was Peleset, Tjekker, Shekelesh, Denyen, and Weshesh. (These) lands were united, and they laid their hands upon the land as far as the Circle of the Earth. Their hearts were confident, full of their plans.
    Now, it happened through this god, the lord of gods, that I was prepared and armed to [trap] them like wild fowl. He furnished my strength and caused my plans to prosper. I went forth, directing these marvelous things. I equipped my frontier in Zahi, prepared before them. The chiefs, the captains of infantry, the nobles, I caused to equip the river-mouths [1], like a strong wall, with warships, galleys, and barges, [--]. They were manned [completely] from bow to stern with valiant warriors bearing their arms, soldiers of all the choicest of Egypt, being like lions roaring upon the mountain-tops. The charioteers were warriors [-- --], and all good officers, ready of hand. Their horses were quivering in their every limb, ready to crush the countries under their feet. I was the valiant Montu, stationed before them, that they might behold the hand-to-hand fighting of my arms. I, king Ramses III, was made a far-striding hero, conscious of his might, valiant to lead his army in the day of battle.
    Those who reached my boundary, their seed is not; their heart and their soul are finished forever and ever. As for those who had assembled before them on the sea, the full flame was in their front, before the river-mouths, and a wall of metal upon the shore surrounded them. They were dragged, overturned, and laid low upon the beach; slain and made heaps from stern to bow of their galleys, while all their things were cast upon the water. (Thus) I turned back the waters to remember Egypt; when they mention my name in their land, may it consume them, while I sit upon the throne of Harakhte, and the serpent-diadem is fixed upon my head, like Re. I permit not the countries to see the boundaries of Egypt to [--] [among] them. As for the Nine Bows, I have taken away their land and their boundaries; they are added to mine. Their chiefs and their people (come) to me with praise. I carried out the plans of the All-Lord, the august, divine father, lord of the gods.

Texts found with the year 8 relief scenes of the Sea Peoples war (Breasted 2001: 41-49: sections 70-82):


    1. A scene depicting Ramesses overseeing the distribution of weapons to the soldiers:

    Text behind the king: All the gods are the protection of his limbs, to give to him might against every country.

    Text before the king: -------- king; he saith -- -- to the princes, every leader of the infantry and chariotry who are before his majesty: "Bring out the weapons --------. Let the archers march to destroy the enemies, who know not Egypt, with might."

    Text over the officials: Utterance of the princes, companions, and leaders of the infantry and chariotry: "Thou art the king who shinest upon Egypt. When {thou} ristest, the Two Lands live. Great is thy might in the midst of the Nine Bows. Thy roaring is as far as the circuit of the sun. The shadow of thy sword is over thy army. They march, filled with thy might. Thy heart is stout, (for) thy excellent plans are established. Amon-Re appears, leading the way. He lays low for thee every land beneath thy feet; {thy} heart is glad -- forever. [Thou art] the protection which comes forth without delay. The heart of the Temeh is {dis}turbed, the Peleset are hung up, [--] in their towns, by the might of thy father, Amon, who has decreed to thee --------."

    Text over officers by the weapons: -------- {Give} the weapons to the infantry, the chariotry and the archers --------.

    Text over officers distributing weapons: Take ye the {weapon}s of {King} Ramses III.

    Text over soldiers receiving weapons: The infantry and chariotry who are receiving {weapons}.

    2. A scene depicting Ramesses setting out in a chariot for Zahi, accompanied by both Egyptian and Shardana infantry:

    Text over the horses: Great first span of his majesty (named): "Amon-He-Giveth-the-Sword."
 
    Text behind the king and over the Shardana: His majesty marches out in victorious might, to destroy the rebellious countries. His majesty {marches out} for Zahi, like the form of Montu, to crush every country that has transgressed his boundary. His infantry are like bulls, ready for battle upon the field. {His} horses are like hawks in the midst of his fowl before him. The Nine Bows are under (his) power. Amon, his august father, is for him a shield, King -- --, Lord of the Two Lands, Ramses III.
 
    3. A scene depicting Ramesses charging the Sea Peoples with a drawn bow in his chariot with Egyptian and Shardana troops (the land battle relief):

    Text over the battle: -------- {at} the sight of him, as when Set is enraged, overthrowing the enemy before the celestial barque, trampling the lands and countries prostrate, crushed [--] before his horses. His heat consumes {them} like fire, desolating their gardens -- --.

    Text over the kings horses: Great first span of his majesty (named): "Beloved-of-Amon."
 
    4. A scene depicting the naval battle between the Egyptians and the Sea Peoples, with the king in his chariot on the shore:
 
    Text by the king: The Good God, Montu over Egypt, great in might, like Baal in the countries, mighty in strength, far-reaching in courage (lit., heart), strong-horned, terrible in his might, a -- wall, covering Egypt, so that every one coming shall not see it, King Ramses III.

    Text over the chariot: Lo, the northern countries, which are in their isles, are restless in their limbs; they infest the ways of the river-mouths. Their nostrils and their hearts cease breathing breath, when his majesty goes forth like a storm-wind against them, fighting upon the strand like a warrior. His puissance and the terror of him penetrate into their limbs. Capsized and perishing in their places, their hearts are taken, their souls fly away, and their weapons are cast out upon the sea. His arrows pierce whomsoever he will among them, and he who is hit falls into the water. His majesty is like an enraged lion, tearing him that confronts him with his hands (sic), fighting at close quarters on his right, valiant on his left, like Set; destroying the foe, like Amon-Re. He has laid low the lands, he has crushed every land beneath his feet, the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, the Lord of the Two Lands, Usermare-Meriamon.

    5. A scene depicting Ramesses, along with soldiers and court officials, overseeing the counting of Sea People captives and hands from slain enemies before a palace:

    Text by the king: Utterance of his majesty to the king's-children, the princes, the king's butlers, and the charioteers: "Behold ye, the great might of my father, Amon-Re. The countries which came from their isles in the midst of the sea, they advanced to Egypt, their hearts relying upon their arms. The net was made ready for them, to ensnare them. Entering stealthily into the river-mouth, they fell into it. Caught in their place, they were dispatched, and their bodies stripped. I showed you my might which was in that which my majesty wrought while I was alone. My arrow struck (lit., seized), and none escaped my arms nor my hand. I flourished like a hawk among the fowl; my talons descended upon their heads. Amon-Re was upon my right and upon my left, his might and his power were in my limbs, a tumult for you; commanding for me that my counsels and my designs should come to pass. Amon-Re established the -- of my enemies, giving to me every land in my grasp."

    Text over the officials: Utterance of the king's-children, the princes, and the companions; they reply to the Good God: "Thou art Re, shining like him. Thy might crushes the Nine Bows, every land trembles at thy name, thy fear is before them every day. Egypt rejoices in the strong-armed, the son of Amon, who is upon the throne, King Ramses III, given life, like Re."

    Text over the palace: Migdol of Ramses, Ruler of Heliopolis.

    Text over the king's horses: Great first span of his majesty (named): "Strong-is-Amon."

    Text over the grooms: Live the Good God, achieving with his arms, making every country into something that exists not, strong-armed, mighty, skilful of hand, King Ramses III.

    Text over the prisoners: Said the vanquished chieftains of Tjekker: "-------- like Baal -------- give to us {the breath that thou givest] --------."

    6. A scene in which the king leads captive Tjekker and Libyans before Amon, Mut, and Khonsu:

    Text over Amon: Utterance of Amon-Re, lord of heaven, ruler of gods: "Come thou with joy, slay thou the Nine Bows, lay low every opponent. Thou hast cast down the hearts of the Asiatics, thou takest breath from their nostrils, -- -- -- by my designs."

    Text before the king: Utterance of Ramses III before his father, Amon-Re, king of gods: "I went forth, that I might take captive the Nine Bows and slay all lands. Not a land stood fast before me, . . . . . . . . and my hands took captives in the van of every country, by the decrees which came forth from thy mouth, . . . . . . that I might overthrow my every opponent. The lands behold me with trembling, (for) I am like Montu, -- -- -- him who relies upon thy designs, O protector, lord of might --------."

    Text over the Tjekker: Said the fallen, the great ones of Tjekker, who were in the grasp of his majesty, while praising this Good God, Lord of the Two Lands, Usermare-Meriamon: "Great is thy strength, victorious king, great Sun of Egypt. Greater is thy might than a mountain of gritstone, and thy terror is like Set. Give to us breath, that we may breathe it, the life that is in thy grasp, forever."

    Text over the Libyans: Said the fallen of Libya, who were in the grasp of his majesty: "Breath, breath! O victorious king, Horus, great in kingship."

    7. A scene of Amon, with Mut, presenting a sword to Ramesses, who leads three lines of captives:

    Text before Amon: Utterance of Amon-Re, lord of heaven: "Come thou in peace! Thou hast taken captive thine adversary, and slain the invader of thy border. My strength was with thee, overthrowing for thee the lands. Thou cuttest off the heads of the Asiatics. I have given to thee thy great might, I overthrow for thee every land, when they see thy majesty in strength like my son, Baal in his wrath."

    Text before the king: Utterance of king Ramses III to his father, Amon-Re, ruler of the gods: "Great is thy might, O lord of gods. The things which issue from thy mouth, they come to pass without fail. . . . . . Thy strength is behind as a shield, that I may slay the lands and countries that invade my border. Thou puttest great terror of me in the hearts of their chiefs; the fear and dread of me before them; that I may carry off their warriors, bound in my grasp, to lead them to thy ka, O my august father, -- -- -- -- --. Come, to [take] them, being: Peleset, Denyen, Shekelesh. Thy strength it was which was before me, overthrowing their seed, -- thy might, O lord of gods. He who relies upon him whom thou hast entrusted with the kingship, and everyone who walks in thy way are in peace. Thou art the lord, strong-armed for him who leans his back upon thee, a Bull with two horns, ready, conscious of his strength. Thou art my august father, who createdst my beauty, that though mightest look upon me, and choose me to be lord of the Nine Bows. Let thy hand be with me, to slay him that invades me, and ward off every enemy that is in my limbs."

    Text over the captives: Utterance of the leaders of every country, who are in the grasp of his majesty: "Great is thy might, victorious king, great sun of Egypt. Greater is thy strength than a mountain of gritstone; thy might is like Baal. Give to us the breath that we breathe; the life which is in thy hands."
 
    Text over the middle line of captives: Utterance of the vanquished of Denyen: "Breath! Breath! O good ruler, great in might {like} Montu, residing in Thebes."

    Text over the lower line of captives: Utterance of the vanquished Peleset: "Give to us the breath for our nostrils, O king, son of Amon."
 

1. Here Breasted (2001: 38) gives the translation "harbor-mouths," since he takes the view that the wars with the Sea Peoples took place in Syria rather than in the Egyptian Delta. He notes, however, that the Egyptian phrase r'-kh'wt is used in the year 5 text to refer to the "river-mouths" (38, note h). Throughout this adaptation, "river-mouths" will be used whereBreasted uses "harbor-mouths."

Bibliography:

Breasted, J. H.
    2001/1906.     Ancient Records of Egypt vol. 4. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 

Return to the Medinet Habu Essay.


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« Reply #73 on: January 19, 2009, 04:31:36 pm »

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rockessence, Helios,
In a former thread I have already written something about the sea peoples:

>Georgeos has shown in three contributions in his homepage, that the weapons used by the “Sea Peoples” looked very much like the weapons of the Tartessians in Southern Spain. Tartessos must have existed before and about 1200 BC, so there could be a coincidence in time.

I have read similar observations in the books of the German archaeologist, linguist and pastor Juergen Spanuth. During a visit in Medinet Habu and reading the translations of the written texts on the temple walls he found amazing coincidences between these texts and Plato´s Atlantis-story. The Libyans, according to Plato living under the rule of the Atlantean kings, were also allies of the invading Sea Peoples. The Sea Peoples came from a country, which was swallowed by the sea, so that they were forced to seek a new home.
Spanuth found, that the pictures on the Medinet Habu temple showed a type of swords in the hands of the Sea People warriors, which were found very frequently in the graves in Northern Europe of this time. The helmets with horns on both sides resemble the helmets of Danish warriors of the Bronze Age. So he deduced that the original home of the “Sea Peoples” were the coasts of the North Sea in the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark, where at the end of the Bronze Age large floods destroyed wide coastal areas forever. In 1953 he published his first book: “Atlantis deciphered”, and up to 1985 followed many other books on this topic, showing with a lot of good arguments that the Philistines as well as the Phoenicians in Palestine and the Dorian immigrants in Greece are descendants of these Sea Peoples from North Europe. The Sea People storm into the Mediterranean Region should be a similar phenomenon as the historically well known migration of Germanic peoples in Europe 1600 years later, when about 400 AD the Visigotes conquered Spain and the Vandals came up to North Africa.

Many years I was fascinated by this theory and was seeking evidence for proving it. But with more detailed study of the texts of Plato, I began to doubt more and more that the “Sea Peoples War” could be the “Atlantean War”. The first argument against it was the time period of this war: only about 630 years before Solon visited Sais. It is absolutely uncredible that Solon, one of the wisest men in Greece, could have had never heard about this war when Athens was so fundamentally involved in it. He knew very well the story of the war against Troy, which must have taken place in the same time period, shortly before or after the Sea Peoples War.



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« Reply #74 on: January 19, 2009, 04:31:51 pm »

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dhill,
Watching public TV tonight with the program about how the Chinese fleet of the Ming Dynasty may have come all the way up the west coast of Africa to the Cape Verdes and then across to the Caribbean...

Then they announced a program on SPARTA coming Ithink on Aug. 12...


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