Library of Alexandria (Original)

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ven

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  posted 02-24-2006 01:34 AM                       
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Fellow Atlanteans;

True to the Word of Your King, as promised.

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/chalcidium_library_of_alexandria.htm


Let us pen the pages of time with blood of Truth.


We also have a startling new revelation to perhaps a hidden meaning for "Serapaeum".


I would bet that somewhere in Alexandria also, was a large Lion like Talha, Egypt, The Atlantis of Critias.
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Posts: 4048 | From: Azores Atlantis Isles. | Registered: May 2003 

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Boreasi

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   posted 02-24-2006 10:26 AM                       
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Archeologists discover 6000-year-old burial ground in Israel

Archeologists uncovered dozens of ancient tombs at a Highway 6 construction site near Kiryat Gat (Israel). The find yielded a treasure trove of ancient artifacts, including pottery, statues and jewelry all in mint-condition. It also contained the remains of sacrifices offered to the religious deities the inhabitants believed in. Peter Fabian, who is conducting the dig at the behest of the company building the highway, said they discovered cave drawings depicting deer that used to roam free in the Negev desert region. He added that the find was the biggest of its kind and was invaluable for historians to deepen their understanding of the period.

Source: Haaretz.com (7 February 2006)
http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=680014

Destruction of The Library;

Kitos War;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitos_War

[ 12-16-2006, 06:37 AM: Message edited by: Boreasi ]
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Posts: 1330 | From: Norway | Registered: Apr 2005   

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Ishtar

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  posted 02-24-2006 10:33 AM                       
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Uh oh ,Archeologists discover 6000-year-old burial ground in Israel 6,000 years ago huh?

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“Ad initio, alea iacta est.”
And the light shineth in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not.
it's Later Than You Think
http://forums.atlantisrising.com/cgi-bin/ubb/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=28;t=000023;p=1

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Posts: 9824 | Registered: Feb 2002 
 

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Riven

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  posted 02-24-2006 12:59 PM                       
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For sake of better understanding for us All in this great quest of Truth,I hope to fill the Hearts of Darkness with The Truth of Light and The Truth of our Father Creator JA and his Kingdom Atlantis, that still is to this day.


Most people who are realists,scientists or scholars as such, say that religion or God is a blind faith and as such breeds the roots of atheism or evolutionary theories like Darwinian monkeys.

Let me take you on a tour of VISUAL REALITY to strengthen you curiosities of human kind, for these are pictures taken from Google Earth and Hubble Space telescope, so you can blame them and not myself if you doubt.


Here is how my understanding and messages of God, who is our Father Creator JA and our newest Atlantis still upon our Earth after the Great Disaster of 6482.bC, which the Chapters of the Old Testament also point to as I have shown you also.

Incidently, ca 600.bC, JAinism, was followed by approximately 1 million people in India, through a Saint who walked around naked and neither killed nor slaughtered any living thing of our Father's creations, even insects or mosquitos for the matter. Perhaps, as our signs also reveal to us today, this saint also found the secret of JA, back then.

You can read about this in "JAINISM" at http://www.newadvent.org one of the Greatest Websites for Wisdom lost.


The detour from my Atlantis research, to a path paved with gold and light, took a turn when I decided to look on top of the Great Pyramid, using Google Earth and I found TWO LETTERS on top of The Great Pyramid of our Father Creator JA.


http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Great%20Pyramid%20of%20Giza2%20Riven05.JPG

Zoomed in;

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Great%20Pyramid%20of%20Giza4%20Color%20enhanced%20Riven05.jpg

Then in our Atlantis Rising Forums,in the Egyptian Threads, some were seeking the answers to the stoneplugs in the airshafts and why they sent robots up there. To my amazement, I also found this image of JA, on the stoneplug. I simply alterred the color with Google's Picassa to better make out the hidden shapes upon the stone. Then I merely OUTLINED the forms I saw.

Naturaly, this leads one to believe the true purpose of the Robots commissioned by Zawii Hawass, to spray ACID on the stoneplug in his attempt to conceal JA and the continued coverup of his Kingdom, Atlantis, upon Egypt also.

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Great%20Pyramid%20Stone%20Plug1%20Original%20Riven05.jpg

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Great%20Pyramid%20Stone%20Plug2%20Riven05.JPG

Having realized this and heading 10 hours south of Cairo, I found the IDENTICAL TWIN PYRAMID to The Great Pyramid which is the Red Pyramid, and also the missing Lion Sphinx there, and the Temple of Man that they moved where they stained the grounds of Egypt with the Murder of The Son of Man, concealed later by the Wicked Khufu.

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Vanished%20Lion%20Sphinx%20Temple%20of%20Fire%20Riven%20Jan%202006aD.jpg

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Missing%20Red%20Lion%20Sphinx%20of%20Avila%20Atlantis%20by%20Riven05.JPG

Pondering all this, I thought to take a closer look at the Pyramids in Cairo and decode their true intent of The Lion Sphinx and why they faced to the eastward heavens as you see from my map here.

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Pythagoras%20Pyramid%20Map%20by%20Riven05.GIF

The decoding of those Pyramids and their astral co-ordinates pointed me to the Carina Nebulae where I found this Hubble Telescope picture, which is originally black and white and color filled by them, with the message of our Son of Man, God, and the abominations in the heavens that were trying to get the Soul and Chalice of The Son of Man, while God, held him back for 5014 years with his light Dragon of Defence. This also revealed to me the Great Truth and atroscity of what they really did to The Son of Man which is nothing in comparison to Mel Gibson's "Passion of Christ", but much, much worse.


http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/The%20Ascension%20%20and%20The%20Dragon%20of%20Defence%20%20Hubble%20Telescope%20R.JPG


Having realized all this, I sought to find the missing Temple of Man with the echoes of old Egyptian Scrolls running through my mind. Then I thought about the "Tale of The ShipWrecked Sailor" and behold, thanks to Google Earth I was able to find the missing Temple pictured here;

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/The%20Relocated%20%20Temple%20of%20Fire%20Tomb%20of%20His%20Holiness%20Riven06.JPG

To further attest the wisdom of our Father The Creator, Ja, and my belief of the real Eden in Africa as always I believed it to be near Lake Victoria or the Cano Agades regions of Mali, I finally found the Garden, which the hills and landscape there cleverly hid our great Truth of Creation, God, Xsam and Aja. Realisticaly perceived in antiquity, one would only be able to know this from the tops of Mountains like Kilimanjaro for example or the nearby hills in Nevi.

These are actual Google Earth pictures without any modification on my part whatsoever, which you can also view for yourselves if you go to the coordinates at the bottom of the pictures.

Pay attention to The left hand of God.

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Eden%202%20Man%20Holy%20Dove%20Riven05.jpg

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Eden%208%20hand%20of%20God%20removing%20Adams%20Rib%20Riven05.jpg

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Eden%207%20left%20hand%20of%20God%20Riven05.jpg

Here, in his left hand and hidden in his thumb, was our Father JA, creating our firstborn man after the great disaster of 6482.bC. To complex and perplex my mind even further, MY FACE is on The Babe upon the ground.

Don't ask me how this came to be, for I know not, other than the great reward of Ja for my having decoded the Lion Temple and returned his Son to him is my best guess for you all, or I am the embodiement of The Son of Man in this age of 44 years for me now, and in tune with the Secret of the 10 Kings of Atlantis such as Mr.24, Mr 34 (Jesa The Pure), and me, Mr.44.

Strange enough.

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Eden%2016%20God%20in%20Thumb%20creating%20Eve%20Riven05.JPG

It is also my belief that only a True Atlantean and Royal Son of Atlantis would be the prophet to reveal Atlantis and it's great Truth to us all, and as such is my birthright to The Azores Islands mid-Atlantic, and my Royal Bloodlines, I have revealed Atlantis to you all from ages past. Our latest Atlantean city to stand, that was also comparable to the words of Critias through Plato, is now Talha, Egypt and Al MANSA hur Egypt where these photos prove beyond any doubt your minds may have.

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Atlantis%20Tahla%20Delta%20Egypt%20Riven05.jpg

As such, we also witness the Great Atlantean Lion upon her, no one can deny except Atlantis SUPPRESSORS who will be revealed by this denial.

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Tahla%20Lion%202%20Riven06.jpg

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/The%20Lion%20of%20Tahla%20Delta%20Egypt%20Riven%2006.jpg

As Critias spoke in his statement "past the broken pillars" we also find my Atlantis II location being past Ethiopian,Eritrea. This must have been the first Altantis "AFTER" the Great Disaster and The rebirth of man in The Garden of Nevi,Avila Africa Atlantis, later to progress north along the Nile into Egypt, Cairo and Delta Egypt at Talha and Al Mansa hur.

These lands were also populated BEFORE the Great Disaster from our Original Azores Atlantis location and Lake Tritonis Garrison as you have seen from my maps and especially The Empire of Atlantis I map.

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Broken%20Pillars%20of%20Eritrea%20Riven05.jpg

Atlantis II.

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Atlantis%20II%20Cade%20Avila%20by%20Riven05.jpg

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Avila%20Atlantis%20II%20Ocean%20View%20Riven05.jpg


Atlantean communication machine ca 3500.bC dismissed as "Phoenician Incense burners" by Scholars.


http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Atlantean%20%20Machine%203500bC%20%20Riven.jpg


As you now know, witness and have a better understanding and realization of Atlantis, God our Father JA, and The Great Hidden Truth, I hope this will save many lives for our futures of uncertainty by "Broken Oracles of Egyptia and Phoenicia", that effect us very strongly to this very day and powers the war upon Iraq at present and the true intent of world domination by certain "monetary machines".


Your True Atlantean King come;

Paulo Jorge TX MN....Sa JA Ra Riven. 8488 aJA. (2006 After Deception)

Tribes of Atlantis www.mts.net/~goldlion


NEW!! The Chalcidium Library and Serapaeum of Alexandria; http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/chalcidium_library_of_alexandria.htm

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.111.[R].Riven The Seer and Royal Bloodline to Atlantis.[R].111.

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Posts: 4048 | From: Azores Atlantis Isles. | Registered: May 2003

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Isis*

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   posted 02-25-2006 03:05 AM                       
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Nice tour, Riven!

Chapter III: Ancient Maps and Writings on Atlantis
Writings
I. The Lost Island

This chapter can be found more or less on the Internet, but sometimes it's disorganized (even my old Atlantis page was disorganized), so I will try to put it together for you. Also, I am trying to read and locate the exact passages dealing with Atlantis in these writings, so once I find them, I will quote them for you.

I want to draw your attention to a few facts though: if the old civilizations haven't witnessed or haven't gathered the information from someone that had witnessed an earthquake or volcanic eruption, then I must say they had a very exact imagination of the phenomenon.

In Meso- and South-America, Aztecs and Mayans are said to have mentioned Atlantis in "Chilam Balam", "Dresden Codex", "Popul Vuh", "Codex Cortesianus", and "Troano Manuscript". Pretty impressive list I'd say... They also talk about Lemuria, another continent thought to have sunk even before Atlantis.

In "Chilam Balam" I have found this: "Then they were buried in the sands, in the sea. There would be a sudden rush of water when the theft of the insignia <of Oxlahun-ti-ku> occurred. Then the sky would fall, it would fall down upon the earth, when the four gods, the four Bacabs, were set up, who brought about the destruction of the world." Like the Mexicans, the Maya believed that the present order was preceded by other worlds which had been destroyed. According to the former, the fourth of these worlds, or "Suns," was destroyed by a great flood of water (Seler 1923, p. 40).

The Mayan "Popol Vuh" ("The Collection of Written Leaves") says: "Over a universe wrapped in the gloom of a dense and primeval night passed the god Hurakan, the mighty wind. He called out "earth," and the solid land appeared. The chief gods took counsel; they were Hurakan, Gucumatz, the serpent covered with green feathers, and Xpiyacoc and Xmucane, the mother and father gods. As the result of their deliberations animals were created. But as yet man was not. To supply the deficiency the divine beings resolved to create mannikins carved out of wood. But these soon incurred the displeasure of the gods, who, irritated by their lack of reverence, resolved to destroy them. Then by the will of Hurakan, the Heart of Heaven, the waters were swollen, and a great flood came upon the mannikins of wood. They were drowned and resinous thickness descended from heaven. [...]

There was beard a great noise above their heads, as if produced by fire. Then were men seen running, pushing each other, filled with despair; they wished to climb upon their houses, and the houses, tumbling down, fell to the ground; they wished to climb upon the trees, and the trees shook them off; they wished to enter into the grottoes (eaves), and the grottoes closed themselves before them. . . Water and fire contributed to the universal ruin at the time of the last great cataclysm which preceded the fourth creation."

Also the "Popol Vuh", speaking of the first home of the Guatemalan race, says that "black and white men together" lived in this happy land "in great peace," speaking "one language."[1] The Popol Vuh goes on to relate how the people migrated from their ancestral home, how their language became altered, and how some went to the east, while others traveled west (to Central America).

In "The Myths of Mexico and Peru" (1913), Lewis Spence says: "Ere the earth was quite recovered from the wrathful flood which had descended upon it there lived a being orgulous and full of pride, called Vukub-Cakix (Seventimes-the-colour-of-fire-the Kiche name for the great macaw bird). His teeth were of emerald, and other parts of him shone with the brilliance of gold and silver. In short, it is evident that he was a sun-and-moon god of prehistoric times. He boasted dreadfully, and his conduct so irritated the other gods that they resolved upon his destruction. His two sons, Zipacna and Cabrakan (Cockspur or Earth-heaper, and Earthquake), were earthquake-gods of the type of the Jotuns of Scandinavian myth or the Titans of Greek legend. These also were prideful and arrogant, and to cause their downfall the gods despatched the heavenly twins Hun-Apu and Xbalanque to earth, with instructions to chastise the trio.

The Aztec book, "Codex Chimalpopoca", translated by Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg, says:

"This is the sun called Nahui-atl, '4 water.' Now the water was tranquil for forty years, plus twelve, and men lived for the third and fourth times. When the sun Nahui-atl came there had passed away four hundred years, plus two ages, plus seventy-six years. Then all mankind was lost and drowned, and found themselves changed into fish. The sky came nearer the water. In a single day all was lost, and the day Nahui-xochitl, '4 flower,' destroyed all our flesh. And that year was that of cé-calli, '1 house,' and the day Nahui-atl all was lost. Even the mountains sunk into the water, and the water remained tranquil for fifty-two springs."

In Europe, Holland, the Frysian book - also one of the oldest books ever found - "Oera Linda Book". Qoute: "During the whole summer, the sun hid itself behind the clouds, as if unwilling to shine upon earth. In the middle of quietude, the earth began to quake as if it was dying. The mountains opened up to vomit forth fire and flames. Some of them sunk under the earth while in other places moutains rose out of plains. Atland disappeared, and the wild waves rose so high over the hills and dales that everything was buried under the seas. Many people were swallowed up by the earth, and others who had escaped the fire perished in the waters."

"Younger Edda" (also known as "Prose Edda" or "Snorri's Edda") is an Icelandic manual of poetics which also contains mythological stories. According to "Gyl***inning", from "The Prose Edda" of Snorri Sturlson, translated by Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur in 1916, "King Gylfi ruled the land that men now call Sweden".

"King Gylfi was a wise man and skilled in magic; he was much troubled that the Æsir-people were so cunning that all things went according to their will. He pondered whether this might proceed from their own nature, or whether the divine powers which they worshipped might ordain such things. He set out on his way to Ásgard, going secretly, and- clad himself in the likeness of an old man, with which he dissembled. But the Æsir were wiser in this matter, having second sight; and they saw his journeying before ever he came, and prepared against him deceptions of the eye. When he came into the town, he saw there a hall so high that he could not easily make out the top of it: its thatching was laid with golden shields after the fashion of a shingled roof."

He assumes the name Gangleri. He is told the story of creation, of the gods, and the city of Troy is also mentioned: "When the sons of Borr were walking along the sea-strand, they found two trees, and took up the trees and shaped men of them: the first gave them spirit and life; the second, wit and feeling; the third, form, speech, hearing, and sight. They gave them clothing and names: the male was called Askr, and the female Embla, and of them was mankind begotten, which received a dwelling-place under Midgard. Next they made for themselves in the middle of the world a city which is called Ásgard; men call it Troy. There dwelt the gods and their kindred; and many tidings and tales of it have come to pass both on earth and aloft."

The people then tell Gangler the tale of Ragnarok. In the Introduction of the book, one can read: "The beginning of the book is a summary of the Biblical story of the Creation and Deluge, followed by a rationalized account of the rise of the ancient pagan faith, according to which the old gods appear, not as deities, but as men."

In Greece, I will mention Plato, Plutarch, and Herodotus for now, even though Diodorus, Aristotle, Marcellus, Proclus, Crantor, Homer, Hesiod, Herodotus have mentioned Atlantis in a way or another. The reason for this is that I want to research the matter a bit more, read the rest of the passages and then give the readers the reasonable explanation and quotes.

We should also mention Solon, the great law-giver of Athens 600 years before the Christian era. Solon made lots of trips. He was a very honest man, a philosopher, a poet. In his book, "The Life of Solon", Plutarch (45 - 120 AD) says:

"His [Solon's] first voyage was for Egypt, and he lived, as he himself says,

Near Nilus' mouth, by fair Canopus' shore,

and spent some time in study with Psenophis of Heliopolis, and Sonchis the Saite, the most learned of all the priests; from whom, as Plato says, getting knowledge of the Atlantic story, he put it into a poem, and proposed to bring it to knowledge of the Greeks. From thence he sailed to Cyprus. [...] Now Solon, having begun the great work in verse, the history or fable of the Atlantic Island, which he had learned from the wise men in Sais, and thought convenient for the Athenians to know, abandoned it; not, as Plato says, by reason of want or time, but because of his age, and being discouraged at the greatness of the task; for that he had leisure enough, such verses testify, as

Each day grow older, and learn something new

and again,-

But now the Powers of Beauty, Song, and Wine, Which are most men's delights, are also mine.

Plato, willing to improve the story of the Atlantic Island, as if it were a fair estate that wanted an heir and came with some title to him, formed, indeed, stately entrances, noble enclosures, large courts, such as never yet introduced any story, fable, or poetic fiction; but beginning it late, ended his life before his work."

Plato (427 - 347 BC) begins his book:

"Critias. Then listen, Socrates, to a strange tale, which is, however, certainly true, as Solon, who was the wisest of the seven sages, declared. He was a relative and great friend of my great-grandfather, Dropidas, as be himself says in several of his poems; and Dropidas told Critias, my grandfather, who remembered, and told us, that there were of old great and marvellous actions of the Athenians, which have passed into oblivion through time and the destruction of the human race and one in particular, which was the greatest of them all, the recital of which will be a suitable testimony of our gratitude to you...."

Plato continues:

"Let me begin by observing, first of all, that nine thousand was the sum of years which had elapsed since the war which was said to have taken place between all those who dwelt outside the Pillars of Heracles and those who dwelt within them: this war I am now to describe. Of the combatants on the one side the city of Athens was reported to have been the ruler, and to have directed the contest; the combatants on the other side were led by the kings of the islands of Atlantis, which, as I was saying, once had an extent greater than that of Libya and Asia; and, when afterward sunk by an earthquake, became an impassable barrier of mud to voyagers sailing from hence to the ocean.

[...] Many great deluges have taken place during the nine thousand years, for that is the number of years which have elapsed since the time of which I am speaking; and in all the ages and changes of things there has never been any settlement of the earth flowing down from the mountains, as in other places, which is worth speaking of; it has always been carried round in a circle, and disappeared in the depths below. The consequence is that, in comparison of what then was, there are remaining in small islets only the bones of the wasted body, as they may be called, all the richer and softer parts of the soil having fallen away, and the mere skeleton of the country being left.

[...] In one day and one fatal night, there came mighty earthquakes and inundations that engulfed that warlike people.

[...] Zeus, the god of gods, who rules according to law, and is able to see into such things, perceiving that an honorable race was in a woeful plight, and wanting to inflict punishment on them, that they might be chastened and improve, collected all the gods into their most holy habitation, which, being placed in the centre of the world, beholds all created things. And when he had called them together, he spoke as follows-*" (worked was left unfinished here, because Plato died)

You can read the full work of Plato's "Dialogues" here.

As one deducts, Atlantis was sunk by the will of Gods, through flood(s) and earthquake(s). The Bible, in Genesis, follows the same path:

"And God saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually. And it repented the Lord that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him at his heart. And the Lord said, I will destroy man whom I have created from the face of the earth; both man, and beast, and the creeping thing, and the fowls of the air; for it repenteth me that I have made them. [...] For yet seven days, and I will cause it to rain upon the earth forty days and forty nights; and every living substance that I have made will I destroy from off the face of the earth."

Ignatius Donnelly, in his book, "Atlantis, the Antediluvian World" (1884), mentions an old sacred book of Babylon. The Chaldean stories (there are two) agree on this:

"Cronos (Ea) appeared to him in his sleep, and announced that on the fifteenth of the month of Daisios (the Assyrian month Sivan--a little before the summer solstice) all men should perish by a flood. He therefore commanded him to take the beginning, the middle, and the end of whatever was consigned to writing, and to bury it in the City of the Sun, at Sippara; then to build a vessel, and to enter it with his family and dearest friends; to place in this vessel provisions to eat and drink, and to cause animals, birds, and quadrupeds to enter it; lastly, to prepare everything, for navigation. And when Xisuthros inquired in what direction he should steer his bark, be was answered, 'toward the gods,' and enjoined to pray that good might come of it for men."

Most of the tribes of Indians in North America have legends that talk about the flood.

The same story appears in Mesopotamia.

"There was a time when Enlil, the most powerful of the Gods, was displeased with mankind and decided to send a flood that no living being could survive. But the verdict seemed to harsh to Ea, a fellow-god, who forewarned his favorite mortal, Utnapishtin, in a dream. Taking heed, Utnapishtin built a boat for himself and loaded it with his family and 'the seed of all living creatures... the game of the field, and all the craftsmen'. The boat weathered the storm, which raged for six days and six nights." (according to "Cradle of Civilization", Time Life Books) Sumerians started their civilization in 3000 BC and when on till 2000 BC. Hebrews started their civilization in 1200 BC. The story of the flood exists in all Near Eastern Cultures, as for Hebrews, they are mentioned as "Hibru" existing among other populations before they have formed their own state.

Our scientists agree that a flood occurred 10-15,000 years ago.

My conclusion: Since all these old civilizations mentioned Atlantis in a form or another, or the destruction of an Atlantis-like island and a big flood, it's hard to imagine that they've all been lying or re-telling a story told to them. People in those times were pretty interested in their stories and tradition was everything. I would rather guess that the story had a common root, based on evidence. The survivors of the destruction scattered and landed on the closest areas from the sunk island. Then the story of the sunk land was passed on, and became the basis of religion (more on this in my future project)

.

II. Is Atlantis Lost Indeed?

Herodotus, in his "History", Vol.1, has a few passages about "Atlantis".

"184. From the Garmantians at a distance again of ten days' journey there is another hill of salt and spring of water, and men dwell round it called Atarantians, who alone of all men about whom we know are nameless; for while all taken together have the name Atarantians, each separate man of them has no name given to him. These utter curses against the Sun when he is at his height, and moreover revile him with all manner of foul terms, because he oppresses them by his burning heat, both themselves and their land. After this at a distance of ten days' journey there is another hill of salt and spring of water, and men dwell round it. Near this salt hill is a mountain named Atlas, which is small in circuit and rounded on every side; and so exceedingly lofty is it said to be, that it is not possible to see its summits, for clouds never leave them either in the summer or in the winter. This the natives say is the pillar of the heaven. After this mountain these men got their name, for they are called Atlantians; and it is said that they neither eat anything that has life nor have any dreams.

185. As far as these Atlantians I am able to mention in order the names of those who are settled in the belt of sand; but for the parts beyond these I can do so no more. However, the belt extends as far as the Pillars of Heracles and also in the parts outside them: and there is a mine of salt in it at a distance of ten days' journey from the Atlantians, and men dwelling there; and these all have their houses built of the lumps of salt, since these parts of Libya which we have now reached are without rain; for if it rained, the walls being made of salt would not be able to last: and the salt is dug up there both white and purple in color.Above the sand-belt, in the parts which are in the direction of the South Wind and towards the interior of Libya, the country is uninhabited, without water and without wild beasts, rainless and treeless, and there is no trace of moisture in it.

194. Next to these are the Gyzantes, among whom honey is made in great quantity by bees, but in much greater quantity still it is said to be made by men, who work at it as a trade. However that may be, these all smear themselves over with red ochre and eat monkeys, which are produced in very great numbers upon their mountains.

195. Opposite these, as the Carthaginians say, there lies an island called Kyrauis, two hundred furlongs in length but narrow, to which one may walk over from the mainland; and it is full of olives and vines. In it they say there is a pool, from which the native girls with birds' feathers smeared over with pitch bring up gold-dust out of the mud. Whether this is really so I do not know, but I write that which is reported; and nothing is impossible, for even in Zakynthos I saw myself pitch brought up out of a pool of water. There are there several pools, and the largest of them measures seventy feet each way and is two fathoms in depth. Into this they plunge a pole with a myrtle-branch bound to it, and then with the branch of the myrtle they bring up pitch, which has the smell of asphalt, but in other respects it is superior to the pitch of Pieria. This they pour into a pit dug near the pool; and when they have collected a large quantity, then they pour it into the jars from the pit: and whatever thing falls into the pool goes under ground and reappears in the sea, which is distant about four furlongs from the pool. Thus then the report about the island lying near the coast of Libya is also probably enough true.

196. The Carthaginians say also this, namely that there is a place in Libya and men dwelling there, outside the Pillars of Heracles, to whom when they have come and have taken the merchandise forth from their ships, they set it in order along the beach and embark again in their ships, and after that they raise a smoke; and the natives of the country seeing the smoke come to the sea, and then they lay down gold as an equivalent for the merchandise and retire to a distance away from the merchandise."

Usually Herodotus, when referring to the countries or cities, 'outside the Pillars of Heracles' usually talks about the western coasts of Africa and Europe that open to the Atlantic Ocean. He doesn't mean "islands' in the Atlantic like you would guess.

A Roman scholar mentioning the existence of a 'world' outside the Pillars is Aelianus Claudius, also known as Aelian (c. 175 - c. 235). Even though he was Roman, he spoke Greek so perfectly that he was called 'honey-tongued'. He preferred to write in archaic Greek.

In his work, Varia Historia (Various History), he talks also about natural wonders and strange local customs. Unfortunately, the book was translated only three times in English, once by Fleming (1576), then by Stanley (1665), and the last translation was made nowadays by Diane Ostrom Johnson, in 1997. I used a French translation of the text.

Here is a little quote I have translated from the French version (in book iii, chapter xviii):

"If one believes Theopompus, Midas, king de the Phrygians, discussed one day with Silene (Silene was sun of a nymph, and for this reason, though it was by his birth of an order lower than the gods, as them, nevertheless, he was immortal, and extremely above the condition of the men). After having discussed various things, Silene called to Midas:

'Europe, Asia and Libya are islands which the floods of the Ocean bathe on all sides: out of the enclosure of this world there is one continent, whose extent is immense. It produces very large animals and men of a size twice higher, which are not those of our climates: as their life it is not limited to the same space of time as ours; they live twice longer. They have several large cities, controlled according to uses which are conforming for them; their laws form a perfect contrast with ours.

Between these cities, there two of extraordinary extent, and which don't resemble each other at all. One is called Machimos (the Warlike one), and the other Eusebia (the Pious one). The inhabitants of Eusebia spend their days in peace and abundance: the ground lavishes its fruits to them, without them needing ox nor plough; it would be superfluous to plow and sow. After a life which was constantly prone to diseases, they die merrily and laughing. With the remainder, their life is so pure, that often the gods do not scorn to visit them. To the inhabitants of Machimos, they are very quarrelsome: always armed, always in war, they unceasingly work to extend their limits. This is how their city managed to order several nations; one does not count there less than two million citizens. The examples of people who died of disease are very rare there. All die in the war, not by iron (iron cannot do anything to them), but struck by stone blows or blows of stick. They have such a great quantity of gold and money, that they make of them less case than we do make of iron. Formerly, continued Silene, they wanted to penetrate in our islands; and after having crossed the Ocean with ten million men, they arrived to the Hyperborean ones: but these people appeared in their eyes so cheap and so despicable, that having learned that they were nevertheless the happiest nation of our climates, they scorned to pass by.'

What Silene added is much more astonishing still: 'In this country, he says, the men that one distinguishes by the name of Meropes, are Masters of several large cities: on the borders of the territory which they live in is a place called Anoste (without return), which resembles a pit, and is neither enlightened, nor dark; the air which forms its atmosphere, is mixed with an obscure red. Two rivers run in the surroundings; the river Pleasure, and the river Sorrow, thus they are named: their edges are covered with trees, the height of a large plane tree. Those which grow on the edges of the river Sorrow, produce fruits of such a quality, that whoever tastes them, pours as well tears as it becomes exhausted, and dies finally, after having spent its days in pain. The trees which shade the other river bear fruits of a very different quality: that which eats some, suddenly feels his heart freed of the passions which agitated it; if he loved, he loses the memory of it. He rejuvenates per degrees, while passing by again by all the ages of his life, which he had left behind him: from the old age he returns to the 'age wall', from this one to adolescence, then to puberty; he ends up becoming a child; then he dies." Those who look at Theopompus of Chio like a writer worthy of faith, can believe this account: for me, in this history and several others, I see only one maker of tales."

Maps
The first map is Benincasa map (1482), one of the maps studied by Columbus when he set sail for the Indies. On the left you can see the Piri Reis map, which was made in 1511. In the South you can see Antarctica, way before it was actually discovered. At the map's origin seemed to have been a couple of old maps. ( I will tell you more about Piri Reis and his map and the investigation that has been going on since the discovery of the map a little later, when I have time to translate and research documents.)

Right below, Ptolemy's map, published in Strasbourg in 1513. It was recovered from Constantinople in 1400.






Below you have Athanasius Kircher's map (1669). Kircher was a Jesuit German priest, who lived between 1602-1680. He published "Mundus Subterraneus", a book containing a map of Atlantis according to ancient Egyptian maps. The original map was taken from Egypt by the Romans, probably around 30 B.C.

Some claim that Kircher's island looks like the Antarctica on Piri Reis' map, and like nowadays Antarctica without the ice. The inscriptions on the continents say: "America, Atlantic Ocean, Atlantis, Africa, Spain". In the upper corner: "Site of Atlantis, now beneath the sea, according to the beliefs of the Egyptians and the description of Plato".



Being based on Egyptian maps, in Kircher's map north becomes south. The compass should point up, not down, so then the map would become the way we are used to it now: Africa and Spain, the Strait of Gibraltar on the right, and America, on the left.

According to Hapgood, 15,000 years ago, Antarctica was 2500 miles North of where it is now. Also, Reality TV said that once Antarctica was found where Sahara is now.

Once the map is reversed, you can see the resemblance. However, Kircher's Atlantis looks like an Antarctica without the ice cap.

However, this map is also the reason why Atlantis is being searched in Azores.

The question being asked by the Atlantis believers is if it is more likely to look for Atlantis on an island that moved thousands of kilometers south to reach Antarctica's position now and mostly ignore Plato's story, or to search for it in the Azores, where the tops of the volcanoes are still on land.

http://atlantis.haktanir.org/ch3.html
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Greek Chronicles

These chronicles were written at different times, and in different levels of detail, varying from bare lists of rulers to descriptions of the events of each year. The last three are translated here from the text of Jacoby, and reproduce his numbering.
The Chronicle of Eusebius has been translated separately.


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Contents:
Chronicon Paschale, a chronicle of world events up to about 630 A.D.
Chronographeion Syntomon, a short chronicle, consisting of lists of rulers
Johannes Malalas, a universal chronicle up to 565 A.D., with an emphasis on Syrian history
Astronomical Canon, an accurate list of kings and their dates, from 747 B.C. to 160 A.D.
Marmor Parium, a long inscription listing events down to 264/3 B.C.


(244) Apollodorus of Athens, a chronicle of events down to 119 B.C.
(252) "Roman Chronicle", from 594 to 385, and from 88 to 80 B.C.
(255) "Oxyrhyncus Chronicle", from 355 to 316 B.C.

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Astronomical Canon

Ancient astronomers needed to keep an accurate list of reign lengths, so that they could calculate the date of observations which had been made a long time previously. The lists were regularly updated, and the example shown here is derived from the writings of the astronomer Ptolemaeus, in the second century A.D., as reconstructed by C.Wachsmuth ("Einleitung in das Studium der Alten Geschichte", p.305). The dates are reckoned according to the Egyptian year of 365 days; so that, for instance, the list shows that the accession of Xerxes took place in the year beginning 23 December 486 B.C.

The names of the Babylonian kings are shown in their Greek form. According to Bickerman (p.109), their original Babylonian names were:
Nabonassar; Nabunadinzri; Ukinzir & Pulu; Ululas (Shalmaneser IV); Mardukbaliddin; Arkeanos (Sargon II); ~; Belibni; Ashurnadinshum; Nergalushezib; Mushezib Marduk; ~; Esarhaddon; Shamashshumkin; Kandalanu; Nabopolossar; Nebuchadrezzar; Amel-Marduk; Neriglissar; Nabonidus.

[1] Kings [of the Babylonians] Years Total Year of accession (first day of Egyptian year)
Nabonassarus 14 14 747 B.C. (27 Feb.)
Nadius 2 16 733 B.C. (23 Feb.)
Chinzerus & Porus 5 21 731 B.C. (22 Feb.)
Ilulaeus 5 26 726 B.C. (21 Feb.)
Mardocempadus 12 38 721 B.C. (20 Feb.)
Arceanus 5 43 709 B.C. (17 Feb.)
no king 2 45 704 B.C. (15 Feb.)
Bilibus 3 48 702 B.C. (15 Feb.)
Aparanadius 6 54 699 B.C. (14 Feb.)
Rhegebelus 1 55 693 B.C. (13 Feb.)
Mesesimordacus 4 59 692 B.C. (12 Feb.)
no king 8 67 688 B.C. (11 Feb.)
Asaradinus 13 80 680 B.C. (9 Feb.)
Saosduchinus 20 100 667 B.C. (6 Feb.)
Cineladanus 22 122 647 B.C. (1 Feb.)
Nabopolassarus 21 143 625 B.C. (27 Jan.)
Nabocolassarus 43 186 604 B.C. (21 Jan.)
Illoarudamus 2 188 561 B.C. (11 Jan.)
Nerigasolassarus 4 192 559 B.C. (10 Jan.)
Nabonadius 17 209 555 B.C. (9 Jan.)

[2] Kings of the Persians
Cyrus 9 218 538 B.C. (5 Jan.)
Cambyses 8 226 529 B.C. (3 Jan.)
Dareius I 36 262 521 B.C. (1 Jan.)
Xerxes 21 283 486 B.C. (23 Dec.)
Artaxerxes I 41 324 465 B.C. (17 Dec.)
Dareius II 19 343 424 B.C. (7 Dec.)
Artaxerxes II 46 389 405 B.C. (2 Dec.)
Ochus 21 410 359 B.C. (21 Nov.)
Aroges 2 412 338 B.C. (16 Nov.)
Dareius III 4 416 336 B.C. (15 Nov.)
Alexander the Macedonian 8 424 332 B.C. (14 Nov.)

[3] Kings of the Macedonians
Philippus, the successor
of Alexander the founder 7 431 7 324 B.C. (12 Nov.)
another Alexander 12 443 19 317 B.C. (10 Nov.)
Ptolemaeus son of Lagus 20 463 39 305 B.C. (7 Nov.)
[Ptolemaeus] Philadelphus 38 501 77 285 B.C. (2 Nov.)
[Ptolemaeus] Euergetes 25 526 102 247 B.C. (24 Oct.)
[Ptolemaeus] Philopator 17 543 119 222 B.C. (18 Oct.)
[Ptolemaeus] Epiphanes 24 567 143 205 B.C. (13 Oct.)
[Ptolemaeus] Philometor 35 602 178 181 B.C. (7 Oct.)
[Ptolemaeus] Euergetes II 29 631 207 146 B.C. (29 Sep.)
[Ptolemaeus] Soter 36 667 243 117 B.C. (21 Sep.)
[Ptolemaeus] new Dionysus 29 696 272 81 B.C. (12 Sep.)
Cleopatra 22 718 294 52 B.C. (5 Sep.)

[4] Kings of the Romans
Augustus 43 761 337 43 30 B.C. (31 Aug.)
Tiberius 22 783 359 65 14 A.D. (20 Aug.)
Gaius 4 787 363 69 36 A.D. (14 Aug.)
Claudius 14 801 377 83 40 A.D. (13 Aug.)
Nero 14 815 391 97 54 A.D. (10 Aug.)
Vespasianus 10 825 401 107 68 A.D. (6 Aug.)
Titus 3 828 404 110 78 A.D. (4 Aug.)
Domitianus 15 843 419 125 81 A.D. (3 Aug.)
Nerva 1 844 420 126 96 A.D. (30 Jul.)
Trajanus 19 863 439 145 97 A.D. (30 Jul.)
Hadrianus 21 884 460 166 116 A.D. (25 Jul.)
Aelius Antoninus 23 907 483 189 137 A.D. (20 Jul.)


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239: Marmor Parium

This famous inscription, dating from 264/3 B.C., is preserved in two parts. "A" has been in England since 1627, and is now in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford; "B" was found on the island of Paros in 1897. The original Greek text, along with an English translation, can be found on the Ashmolean web site. For viewing on the web, it has been split up into sections, as follows:

A'1-10 ( from 1581 to 1505 B.C. )
A'11-20 ( from 1431 to 1259 B.C. )
A'21-30 ( from 1256 to 895 B.C. )
A'31-40 ( from 790? to 561 B.C. )
A'41-50 ( from 556 to 485 B.C. )
A'51-60 ( from 480 to 442 B.C. )
A'61-70 ( from 420 to 377 B.C. )
A'71-80 ( from 373 to 355 B.C. )
B'1-10 ( from 336 to 322 B.C. )
B'11-20 ( from 321 to 308 B.C. )
B'21-27 ( from 307 to 299 B.C. )

Unfortunately the end of the inscription, which would have covered from 298 to 264 B.C., has been lost.


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244: Apollodorus of Athens

Apollodorus wrote a chronicle in verse, covering from the earliest times down to at leaset 119 B.C. It was widely used by later writers, but only fragments now remain.

Apollodorus regularly dates years by naming the Athenian archon. The equivalent year B.C., as suggested by Jacoby, is shown in orange.

[19] [STEPHANUS Byz.] Dorus, a city of Phoenicia ..... Artemidorus knows the city as Dora ..... but Apollodorus calls it Dorus in book 4 of his Chronica:
"To Dorus, a city by the sea"

[25] [STEPHANUS Byz.] Fabia, a city of the Celtic Gauls, founded by Fabius, the general of the Romans. Apollodorus in book 4 of his Chronica.

[44] [PHILODEMUS] Apollodorus places the capture of the city in the year when Antipater was archon [262/1]; this was the year before Arrheneides. Antigonus then put a garrison on the Museium; he took control of the magistracies, and entrusted the whole (?) government to one man.

[45] [PHILODEMUS] But the Stoa clearly owed most of its growth to Zenon, and virtually all of the Stoics grant him the first place in their school. ... and Apollodorus the chronicler agree with this.

[47] [PHILODEMUS] After controlling the school for 18 years, [Lacydes] handed over the leadership when [Antiphilus was archon - 224/3]; he lived for another 18 years, and died when Callistratus [was archon - 206/5]. Others says that it was when Pantiades [was archon - 216/5], which leaves an interval of 10 years for his illness. Paseas and Thrasys were his associates, thirdly Aristippus and, the most outstanding of them all, Telecles and Euander.

. . . Agamestor was still famous . . . and in addition the two Eubuli, of whom Moschion . . . for . . . years, died of disease when Eupolemus [was archon - ?185/4]. After this, Eubulus of Erythrae, the son of Antenor, [died] when Alexander was archon; a month later in the same year, Eubulus of Ephesus, the son of Callicrates, [died]. After the capture of Perseus, Agamestor of Arcadia, the son of Polyxenus, ended his life when Xenocles [was archon - 168/7], and Telecles [died] when Nicosthenes [was archon - 164/3]. Last of all Apollonius, the pupil of Telecles, [died] when Epaenetus was archon. After Theaetetus . . . of the younger Eubulus . . . by disease . . .

[53] [PHILODEMUS] Boethus of Marathon, the son of Hermagoras, lived at the same time as Carneades. In general, Boethus was capable and had an enterprising philosophic [mind], but he was rather weak when speaking. He was a pupil of Ariston, and of Eubulus of Ephesus for a short time. He was already superior to the associates of Autolycus and Amyntas, and was leader of the school . . . to Dionysius . . . the quick wit and eloquence of the man. Ten years after the death of Carneades, when Eumachus was archon [120/19], he died in the month of Thargelion . . .

[54] [PHILODEMUS] When Carneades was already . . . through old age, [Carneades the son of Polemarchus] took over the hall and the school, which he led while he lived for another six years . . .

[55] [PHILODEMUS] After the death of Carneades the son of Polemarchus, when Epicles was archon [131/0], Crates of Tarsus succeeded him as leader of the school. When he had occupied the post for only two years, Cleitomachus, who had his own school in the Palladium, moved to the Academy [with many] of his associates.

[56] [PHILODEMUS - a summary in prose of Apollodorus' verse account] [Carneades the son of Epicomus] died aged . . . After him, Crates of Tarsus died after being in control for only two years, and Cleitomachus, who had previously had his own school in the Palladium, entered the Academy with many of his associates. Cleitomachus was originally called Hasdrubal, and came to Athens when he was 24 years old. Four years later he joined Carneades' school, and after staying with him for 19 years he set up his own school in the Palladium, when Agnotheus was archon [140/39]. He maintained his school for (?) ten years, and then took over Carneades' school from Crates of Tarsus, when Lyciscus [was archon - 129/8]. After leading the school for 19 years, he died when Polycleitus [was archon]. Some say that he [died when he was] seventy [and ...] years old.

[57] [PHILODEMUS - in verse] Once he sailed on an embassy to Rome, and met with . . .

[58] [PHILODEMUS] You know that Melanthius once won the prize for tragedy, and spent some time at the school with Aristarchus. He much rather at Athens . . . [while] otherwise remaining in the great crowd of the school, but of Carneades . . .

[59] [PHILODEMUS] . . . most distinguished men. He first sailed to Attica when Aristophantus [was archon - ?141/0], at the age of 22 years. After listening to Carneades for about seven years, he went off to Asia, where he flourished and was considered the most prolific speaker of his generation. Then he returned to Athens . . . He knew tricks, with which he swayed the emotions of his audience in many ways, and he was sufficiently experienced in affairs. He possessed a good memory, and had read much. So he easily obtained the citizenship, and opened a school in the Ptolemaeum . . . (?) the hall of the anointed men . . .

[60] [PHILODEMUS] Antipater and Metrodorus, who did not open schools in the city . . .

[78] [STEPHANUS Byz.] Oreus, a city of Euboea ..... Apollodorus calls [the inhabitants] Oreites, with four syllables, pronouncing the e and i separately, not as a diphthong, as follows:
"They captured the city of the Oreites by night"


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252: "Roman Chronicle"
Preserved in an inscription (IG_14.1297). The dates show that it was written in about 16 A.D.

[A] 1 [From when Sulla] set out for the war [against Mithridates], and Soter, nicknamed Physcon, returned to Egypt and ruled for the second time: 103 years [88/7 B.C.].
2 From when Marius captured Ostia and forced Octavius to come to terms, but did not keep his pledge and killed Octavius; and in Attica Sulla captured Athens: 102 years [87/6 B.C.].
3 From when Fimbria defeated Mithridates' army near Cyzicus and captured Ilium, but was restrained by Sulla and committed suicide; and Mithridates came to terms with Sulla; and Philopator returned to Bithynia and ruled there for the second time; and Ariobarzanes was restored to [the throne of] Cappadocia: 100 years [85/4 B.C.].
4 From when Sulla defeated Norbanus near Capua, and after shutting up the consul Marius in Praeneste, killed him as he tried to escape: 98 years [83/2 B.C.].
5 From when Sulla became dictator: 97 years [82/1 B.C.].
6 From when Soter, nicknamed Physcon, died: 96 years [81/0 B.C.].

1 From when ...
2 From when [Solon was archon of the Athenians] and [established] laws for them; and Anacharsis the Scythian came to [Athens]: ... years.
3 From when Croesus became king of the Lydians: ... years.
4 From when the [? seven] wise men were identified: ... years.
5 From when Peisistratus became tyrant at Athens; and Aesopus was thrown to his death by the Delphians: 579 years [564/3 B.C.].
6 From when Croesus [submitted to] Cyrus: ... years.
7 From when Cambyses [conquered] Egypt; and Pythagoras was seized: (?) 540 years [525/4 B.C.].
8 From when Harmodius and Aristogeiton killed the tyrant Hipparchus; and Dareius crossed over against the Scythians, after bridging the Cimmerian Bosporus: 528 years [513/2 B.C.].
9 From when Xerxes crossed the Hellespont, after bridging it near Abydus; and Themistocles defeated the barbarians in a naval battle: 49. years.
10 From when Socrates the philosopher, Heracleitus of Ephesus, Anaxagoras, Parmenides and Zenon [were in their prime]: ... years.
11 From when the Peloponnesian war began; and Thucydides [was in his prime]: ... years.
12 From when the Gauls defeated the Romans and captured Rome: 401 years [386/5 B.C.].


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255: "Oxyrhyncus Chronicle"
Preserved in an Egyptian papyrus (POxy_12). The papyrus was written after 250 A.D.

[1] [In the 106th Olympiad ... in the second year] Dion was murdered by the tyrant Dionysius at Syracuse. In the third year the inhabitants of Tibur were defeated by the Romans, and surrendered.

[2] In the 107th Olympiad [352 B.C.] Smicrinas [of Tarentum] won the stadion race, and the archons at Athens were [Aristodemus], Thessalus, [Apollodorus] and Callimachus. In the third year plebeian censors were elected at Rome for the first time.

[3] In the 108th Olympiad [348 B.C.] Polycles of Cyrene won the stadion race, and the archons at Athens were Theophilus, Themistocles, Archias and Eubulus. In the first year the philosopher Platon died and Speusippus succeeded him as head of the school. In the second year Philippus ...

[4] [In the 109th Olympiad] [344 B.C.] Aristolycus [of Athens won the stadion race], and the archons at Athens were [Lyciscus], Pythodotus, Sosigenes and Nicomachus. In the second year Dionysius II, tyrant of Sicily, fell from power and sailed off to Corinth, where he survived as a schoolteacher. In the fourth year the eunuch Bagoas murdered Ochus, the king of the Persians, and set up Arses who was the youngest of Ochus' sons as king, while he himself controlled the whole government.

[5] In the 110th Olympiad [340 B.C.] Anticles of Athens won the stadion race, and the archons at Athens were Theophrastus, Lysimachides, Chaerondas and Phrynichus. In the first year the Samnites fought against the Romans. In the second year the Latins united in an attack on the Romans. In the third year Philippus, the king of the Macedonians, defeated the Athenians and Boeotians in the famous battle at Chaeroneia, with the help of his son Alexander, who distinguished himself by his bravery in the battle. Isocrates the teacher of rhetoric died, [at the age of about] ninety years ... the eunuch [Bagoas] killed Arses the king of the Persians along with his brothers, and set up Dareius the son of Arsames, who belonged to the royal family, as king in Arses' place. At the same time the Romans fought against the Latins. In the fourth year the assembly of the Greeks met and appointed Philippus to be supreme commander in the war against the Persians.

[6] In the 111th Olympiad [336 B.C.] Cleomantis of Cleitor won the stadion race, and the archons at Athens were Pythodelus, Euaenetus, Ctesicles and Nicocrates. In the first year Philippus the king of the Macedonians was murdered by Pausanias, one of his bodyguards, and his son Alexander succeeded him as king. After assuming power, Alexander first defeated the Illyrians, Paeonians and other barbarian tribes who had revolted, and then captured and destroyed Thebes. In Rome, the priestesses of Vesta, who remain virgins for all their life, were accused of having been defiled ... In the second year Alexander the king of the Macedonians crossed over to Asia and defeated the generals of Dareius the king of the Persians in a battle by the river Granicus. In the third year Alexander met Dareius in battle at Issus in Cilicia, and again defeated him. He killed many thousands of the Persians and their allies, and captured many prisoners and a great quantity of booty. At the same time, Alexander the Molossian crossed over to Italy in aid of the Greeks who lived there. In the fourth year the Romans gave [the Campanians] Roman citizenship [without the right to] vote.

[7] In the 112th Olympiad [332 B.C.] Gryllus of Chalcis won the stadion race, and the archons at Athens were Nicetes, Aristophanes, Aristophon and Cephisophon. In the first year Alexander the son of Philippus captured Tyre and took possession of Egypt, where the natives willingly received him because of their hatred of the Persians. Then he ordered [? the foundation of the city of Alexandria] ... He made an expedition to the temple of Ammon, and on his way he founded the city of Paraetonium. In the third year Alexander won another victory over Dareius, in a battle at Arbela. After that Dareius was treacherously killed by his own friends, and the empire of the Persians came to an end; it had lasted 233 years from Cyrus, who established it.

[8] In the 113th Olympiad [328 B.C.] Criton of Macedonia won the stadion race, and the archons at Athens were Euthycritus, Hegemon, Chremes [and Anticles]. Throughout the four years of this Olympiad there occurred the rest of the exploits of Alexander, as he conquered the nations of Asia.

[9] In the 114th Olympiad [324 B.C.] Micinas of Rhodes won the stadion race, and the archons at Athens were Hegesias, Cephisophon, Philocles and Archippus. In the first year Alexander died, in the 13th year of his reign and the 33rd year of his life. In the second year Ptolemaeus the son of Lagus was sent to govern Egypt. In the ...

[10] In the 115th Olympiad [320 B.C.] Damasias of Amphipolis won the stadion race, and the archons at Athens were Neaechmus, Apollodorus, Archippus and Demogenes. In the first year Antipater, who had taken over as king in Macedonia, met the Greeks in battle at Lamia and defeated them. The Romans were defeated in battle by the Samnites. In the second year Antipater crossed over to Asia against Perdiccas, and made the second partition [of the empire] amongst the successors of Alexander, in which Ptolemaeus kept [his portion]. In the third year the Romans defeated the Samnites in battle, and recovered their men who had been captured in the first battle.

[11] In the 116th Olympiad [316 B.C.] Demosthenes of Laconia won the stadion race, and the archons at Athens were Democleides, Praxibulus, Nicodorus and Theodorus. In the first year [Antipater] died and [Polyperchon] took over the government ...


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Chronicon Paschale
- Olympiads 112 to 187

The Chronicon Paschale is a chronicle which was written in about 630 A.D. It is an important source of information about the Byzantine Empire of that time, but for earlier periods it concentrates on sacred (Jewish) history. It also contains a list of Roman consuls, which is not translated here.

Translated from Dindorf's text (in Migne, PG.92; the references in red are the page numbers of that edition).


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[420'A] [Ol. 112.1] Dareius Alexander, the son of Arsames, became the 13th king [of Persia] for 6 years. In total, 5,181 years [from the creation].

B [Ol. 113.2] Alexander captured Babylon, and the kingdom of Persia came to an end, after lasting for 246 years, from the first year of Cyrus up until the present 6th year of Dareius the son of Arsames. This kingdom was like a statue, whose hands and chest and arms were made of silver.

Alexander founded 12 cities, which were called as follows:

Alexandria by the Pentapolis, previously called Chettus, the port of Memphis
Alexandria in Egypt
Alexandria by the (?) Harpasus
C Alexandria Cabiosa
Alexandria, also called Scythia, in (?) Aegaei
Alexandria by Porus
Alexandria on the river Cypris
Alexandria in the Troad
Alexandria in Babylonia
Alexandria in (?) the Mesasgages
Alexandria in Persia
[421'A] Alexandria Casus
When he was 32 years old, Alexander was poisoned and died at Babylon.

[Ol. 113.3] The 12 Lagides, kings of Egypt:

Ptolemaeus, the son of Lagus and Arsinoe, became the first [king] of Egypt, for 40 years. In total, 5,221 years.

[Ol. 114.1] Papirius Cursor was appointed dictator, with Drusus as magister equitum.

B The consul Camillus executed his own son, because he joined battle contrary to his father's orders, even though he won the battle.

[Ol. 116.1] Eleazar became the 8th high priest at Jerusalem, for 15 years. In total, 230 years.

C [Ol. 117.3] Rullus and Rutilius were consuls. The Syro-Macedonians, that is the inhabitants of Apamea, count their Paschal era from the year of these consuls.

[424'A] In the year of these consuls, Bubulcus was appointed magister equitum.

B [Ol. 119.4] Simon became the 9th high priest, for 14 years. In total, 240 years.

[Ol. 120.2] Menander, the writer of comedies, died.

C [Ol. 123.2] Onias, the son of Simon, became the 10th high priest, for 32 years. In total, 272 years.

[425'A] [Ol. 123.3] Ptolemaeus Philadelphus, the son of Berenice and Ptolemaeus Soter, became the second king of Egypt, for 38 years. In total, 5,259 years.

[Ol. 123.4] Ptolemaeus Philadelphus freed the Jewish captives who had been brought to Egypt by his father Ptolemaeus, and sent royal offerings to Onias Simon, the brother of Eleazar, who was high priest at Jerusalem. In order to translate the Jewish scriptures from Hebrew into Greek, he locked away 72 of the Hebrew wise men on Pharos, the island of Proteus, in 72 separate dwelling places. B He had placed the scriptures in the libraries which he had created at Alexandria, along with many other books of all sorts which he had collected from every city. When he saw that the books which he had brought from Jerusalem were written in letters of gold, he was amazed, and after having copies made he returned them together with gifts. The scriptures were translated within 72 days on the island of Pharos. The 72 wise men caused astonishment because they had each translated the scriptures while separated from each other, but when they came into Ptolemaeus' presence and compared the translations, C they were found to be identical. Then glory was given to God, and the scriptures were recognised as being truly inspired, because they had all produced the same translation. Therefore the nations of today believe that it was by the inspiration of God that the scriptures were translated within 72 days on the island of Pharos.

[428'A] [Ol. 126.3] Licinius and Cambias were consuls. In the year of these consuls, silver coinage was minted for the first time at Rome.

B [Ol. 128.3] Nicomedes the king of Bithynia refounded Astaceia and called it Nicomedeia.

C [Ol. 131.2] Manasses became the 11th high priest of the Jews, for 26 years. In total, 298 years.

[429'A] [Ol. 131.2] Ptolemaeus Euergetes, who was also called Tryphon, became the 3rd king of Egypt, for 26 years. In total, 5,285 years.

B [Ol. 134.1] Seleucus Callinicus founded the city of Callinicum in Mesopotamia.

C [Ol.137.4] Maximus and Arustius were consuls.

Simon became the 12th high priest at Jerusalem, for 22 years. In total, 320 years.

[432'A] In the time of this high priest, Jesus the son of Sirach composed the book of wisdom called Panareton, in which he makes mention of Simon.

In the year of these consuls, the [events of] the first book of Maccabees took place.

[Ol. 138.2] Some [Vestal] virgins at Rome were defiled, and they were buried alive.

Caria and Rhodes were shaken by an earthquake, and the Colossus at Rhodes fell down.

B The composition of the second book of Maccabees started [from this year].

[Ol. 138.3] Eratosthenes was in his prime.

[Ol. 139.1] The engineer Archimedes was in his prime.

[Ol. 139.3] Ptolemaeus Philopator, who was also called Gallus, the son of Ptolemaeus Euergetes called Tryphon, became the 4th king of Egypt, for 17 years. In total, 5,302 years.

C The Jews were defeated by this Ptolemaeus. They lost 40,000 soldiers, and the prisoners were taken off to Jerusalem. There, on the orders of Ptolemaeus, five hundred elephants, who were equipped for fighting, were given a mixture of wine and frankincense to drink for three days, so that they would destroy all the Jews in a single attack. When the fourth day came, the Jews offered up prayers, and the elephants trod down the Egyptians' own soldiers and [433'A] people, destroying the best part of them because of the madness which took hold of them. So the Jews were saved, and returned with thanksgiving to their homes.

B [Ol. 141.3] The image of Rhea, the mother of the gods, was brought to Rome from Phrygia.

C [Ol. 143.2] Onias the second became the 13th high priest at Jerusalem, for 24 years. In total, 344 years.

[Ol. 143.4] Ptolemaeus Epiphanes, the son of Ptolemaeus Philopator called Gallus, became the 5th king of Egypt, for 24 years. In total, 5,326 years.

D Antiochus the king of Syria made a treaty of friendship with Ptolemaeus [436'A] Epiphanes, and gave his daughter Cleopatra to be Ptolemaeus' wife. Antiochus handed over Syria, Phoenicia, Samaria and Judaea as her dowry.

B [Ol. 148.4] Simon, the supervisor of the temple at Jerusalem, was a political opponent of Onias the high priest, and brought before Seleucus Nicator accusations of every sort against the Jewish nation. Since he was unable to harm Onias, and was forced into exile, he decided to betray his country. C So he went to Apollonius, the governor of Syria, Phoenicia, and Cilicia, and promised to provide money for him. He said that the treasury at Jerusalem contained much private money, which properly belonged not to the temple but to the king.

Apollonius reported this to king Seleucus, and on receiving authority from the king he went to Jerusalem, accompanied by Simon and a very strong army. The people and the priests of the temple met him with protests, but Apollonius cowed them with threats and forced his way into the temple. The people prayed for God to protect his temple, [437'A] and suddenly angels riding on horses appeared from heaven. The angels struck down Apollonius, who fell half-dead to the floor of the crowded precinct of the temple. He stretched out his hands and begged the people to pray to God to save him. Onias the high priest was moved by his entreaty, and so that Seleucus should not suspect that Apollonius had been killed by human agency, prayed to God on his behalf. Then Apollonius was saved, and went back to king Seleucus to inform him of what had happened.

B [Ol. 149.2] Jesus became the 14th high priest, for 16 years. In total, 360 years.

[Ol. 149.4] Ptolemaeus Philometor, the son of Ptolemaeus Epiphanes, became the 6th king of Egypt, for 35 years. In total, 5,361 years.

C [Ol. 150.3] Aristobulus, the Jewish Peripatetic philosopher, was in his prime. He dedicated his commentaries on the books of Moses to Ptolemaeus Philometor.

[440'A] [Ol. 153.2] Onias, who was also called Menelaus, became the 15th high priest at Jerusalem, for 7 years. In total, 367 years.

[Ol. 154.3] Judas, who was also called Maccabaeus, the son of Mattathias, became the first leader of the Jews, in the third year of the 154th Olympiad.

B Onias, who was also called Menelaus, the Jewish high priest who had betrayed his country to Antiochus Epiphanes, was killed by Antiochus Eupator. Then Alcimus, who was not from a priestly family, obtained the high priesthood by bribery. Because of this, Onias the son of the high priest Onias went off to Egypt and founded the city there which is called "the city of Onias", where he built a temple similar to the temple at Jerusalem.

Alcimus the high priest contended against Judas Maccabaeus, but before long he was struck down by a blow from God, and died. Then the entire Jewish people assigned the high priesthood to Judas Maccabaeus. C After becoming high priest, he sent a delegation to the Romans, and the senate decreed that the Jews should be entrolled amongst the friends and allies of the Roman people, as is related in the history of the Maccabees.

[Ol. 154.4] When the young Antiochus Eupator came to Antioch, he found Philippus acting as king, and killed him. After this he attacked Jerusalem and was defeated by Judas Maccabaeus, the general of the Jews. This Antiochus killed the high priest Onias, also called Menelaus, through the agency of his general Andronicus. After Onias came Alcimus, who was not from a priestly family.

[441'A] [Ol.155.1] Judas Maccabaeus became the 16th high priest at Jerusalem, for 33 years. In total, 400 years.

The second book of Maccabees contains the events which took place under Seleucus Ceraunus, Antiochus the Great, Seleucus Philopator, Antiochus Epiphanes and the young Antiochus Eupator, up until the fifth year of Demetrius Soter and the time of Judas Maccabaeus the son of Mattathias. After Judas, his brother Jonathan, another son of Mattathias, became leader [of the Jews].

B [Ol. 155.2] Aristarchus the grammarian was in his prime.

[Ol. 157.3] The Samaritans and Jews disputed in the presence of Ptolemaeus Philopator about the religious observances of their nations, C and the Jews were victorious.

[Ol. 158.3] Ptolemaeus, who was called the second Euergetes, became the 7th king of Egypt, for 29 years. In total, 5,390 years.

Ptolemaeus the second Euergetes gave his daughter in marriage to Alexander, the king of Syria and Asia.

[444'A] [Ol. 159.2] Alexander the king of Syria and Asia was killed by his father-in-law Ptolemaeus.

[Ol. 159.3] Ptolemaeus the second Euergetes gave his daughter, who had previously been the wife of Alexander, in marriage to Demetrius, Alexander's successor as king of Syria and Asia.

C [Ol. 163.1] Demetrius Sidetes, the king of Syria, attacked Jerusalem and began to besiege it. After agreeing peace terms with Judas Maccabaeus, he was killed at a feast by the soldiers of Ptolemaeus the second Euergetes.

[445'A] [Ol. 163.2] Jonathan Maccabaeus became the 17th high priest of the Jews, for 17 years. In total, 417 years.

[Ol. 164.4] Jonathan Maccabaeus, the high priest of the Jews, besieged Samaria, the city of the Samaritans which is now called Sebaste, and razed it to the ground. Later Herodes, who was king of the Jews though a foreigner, rebuilt the city and called it Sebaste.

B [Ol. 165.3] Ptolemaeus Physcon, who was also called Soter, the son of Cleopatra, became the 8th king of Egypt, for 17 years. In total, 5,407 years.

[Ol. 165.4] Jonathan Maccabaeus, the high priest of the Jews, was a distinguished leader of Judaea.

[448'A] [Ol. 167.3] Simon, the brother of Jonathan Maccabaeus, became the 18th high priest of the Jews, for 8 years. In total, 425 years.

[Ol. 169.4] The inhabitants of Seleuceia, near Antioch in Syria, count their era from this year.

B [Ol. 169.1] The inhabitants of Ascalon count their era from this year.

[Ol. 169.3] Jonathan became the 19th high priest at Jerusalem, for 27 years. In total, 452 years.

[Ol. 169.4] Jonathan, the high priest and leader [of the Jews], waged war on the Hyrcani, and was given the name Hyrcanus. He sent an embassy to the Romans and was recognised as their ally by a decree of the senate.

C [Ol. 170.1] Ptolemaeus Alexander, the son of Ptolemaeus the second Euergetes and Philometor, became the 9th [king] of Egypt, for 10 years. In total, 5,417 years.

[449'A] [Ol. 172.2] Sallustius was born on the Kalends of October.

Ptolemaeus Alexander, the son of Ptolemaeus the second Euergetes and of Cocce, was driven out of his kingdom and was killed at Myra in Lycia.

[Ol. 172.3] Ptolemaeus Potheinus, also called Physcon and Soter, the son of Cleopatra, returned from exile and became the 10th king of Egypt, for 8 years. In total, 5,425 years.

B [Ol. 174.3] Ptolemaeus the new Dionysus, who was also called Auletes, the son of Ptolemaeus Physcon called Soter, and the brother of Cleopatra, became the 11th king of Egypt, for 30 years. In total, 5,455 years.

[452'A] [Ol. 176.2] Aristobulus became the 20th high priest at Jerusalem, for one year. In total, 453 years.

This Aristobulus, the son of Jonathan Hyrcanus, was the first to assume the royal diadem as well as the title of high priest. He reigned for one year, in the [527th] year from the start of the Babylonian captivity.

B [Ol. 176.3] Jannaeus, who was also called Alexander, became the 20th high priest, and king as well, for 30 years. In total, 483 years. He was a very cruel ruler.

It should be noted from this that the succession of the kings of Judaea had come to an end. After the death of Zorobabel who was of the tribe of Judah, following the return from captivity, the predicted succession did not occur until the advent of Christ, so that the promised Christ was looked for from that time onwards. Therefore the saints, who expected to see the advent of Christ appearing in the flesh, deservedly found what they desired. They understood that, after the death of Zorobabel, C the saying [Genesis_49'10] "The sceptre will not depart from Judah, nor the ruler's staff from between his feet, until he comes to whom it belongs, and the obedience of the nations is his" would clearly be fulfilled by the birth in the flesh of the Christ. For this reason, as I think, the disciples of Christ who were learned in the law said [? John_1'41]: " We have found the Messiah, that is the Christ, about whom Moses and our prophets wrote".

Virgilius was born.

[453'A] [Ol. 178.1] Pompeius, who had been appointed general of the Romans for the second time, attacked and besieged Jerusalem. He entered as far as the "adyta", that is the Holy of holies of the temple, and despoiled the temple, seizing many treasures from it. He led back Aristobulus and his children as captives to Rome.

[Ol. 178.3] Pompeius the Great captured Jerusalem and despoiled the temple. He took away the Holy Scriptures, B the vessels, the golden engravings, the golden vine, the couch of Solomon and many other holy objects.

He handed over the position of high priest to Hyrcanus, the son of Alexander and Alexandra Salina, and appointed a certain Antipater of Ascalon to govern Palestine. He forced the entire nation of the Jews to become tributary to the Romans, and led off many of them as captives to the senate at Rome.

Hyrcanus rebuilt the walls of Jerusalem, which had been destroyed by Pompeius.

C [Ol. 179.2] The inhabitants of Philadelphia count their era from this year.

[Ol. 179.3] Pompeius the Great was proclaimed supreme leader of the Romans, and he laid the foundations of a theatre at Rome.

[Ol. 179.4] The inhabitants of Gaza count their era from this year.

[456'A] [Ol. 180.2] The orator Cicero was recalled from exile after 16 months.

Ptolemaeus the new Dionysus, who was also called Auletes, fled to Rome.

[Ol. 180.3] Gaius Julius Caesar waged war against the Greeks.

[Ol. 180.4] Pompeius the Great dedicated the theatre which he had built, and celebrated games in it, with [40] elephants, 300 cavalrymen, 800 foot-soldiers, and 1,000 gladiators, B including an elephant-fight.

[Ol. 182.2] Cleopatra, the daughter of Ptolemaeus the new Dionysus, became the 12th [ruler] of Egypt, for 22 years. In total, 5,477 years.

C The domination of Gaius Julius Caesar, Pompeius, and Lepidus [at Rome].

Gaius Julius Caesar returned to Rome after completing the conquest of Gaul.

[Ol. 183.1] Pansa and Hirtius were consuls.

Gaius Julius Caesar was appointed to be the first emperor of the Romans.

[457'A] Up to this point, the Roman government was administered by Brutus, Collatinus, and the other consuls who followed them, for 393 years up until the year of these consuls, which was the 5th year of Cleopatra and the first year of Gaius Julius Caesar.

The dictator Julius Caesar was not born in the normal way, but after his mother died in the ninth month [of pregnancy] she was cut open and the baby was pulled out. Therefore the baby was called Caesar, which in Latin means "cut out". When he had grown up and shown great bravery, he was created triumvir along with Pompeius and Crassus, who were ex-consuls, in the first year of this 180th Olympiad, and the government of Rome was controlled by these three men.

B After the death of Crassus, who was killed by the Persians in a battle fought in the region of Persia, the dictator Caesar remained with his army to fight in the west. Then he was removed from the office of consul, or triumvir, by the decree of the whole Roman senate, with the agreement of his father-in-law Pompeius the Great. Angered by this, Julius Caesar established a tyranny over the Romans. He waged war against the Romans, and attacked Pompeius the Great and the Roman senate. After marching on Rome and capturing it, he killed the senators.

This Julius Caesar, as dictator or emperor, ruled over everyone in an arrogant and tyrannical fashion for 4 years and 7 months, from 12th May of the first indiction. C In Antioch the Great the freedom of the city, after it had come under Roman control, was proclaimed on the 20th day of the month of Artemisium, as authorised by Julius Caesar. And this Julius Caesar was proclaimed dictator in Antioch the Great on the 23rd day of the same month of Artemisium. [460'A] In commemoration of this event, the first year of the era of Antioch the Great and the first year of the 15-year cycle of indictions are counted from the first year of the reign of Gaius Julius Caesar.

[Ol. 183.2] Gaius Julius Caesar was the first emperor of the Romans. In his reign the Roman state prospered, and the rulers after him were called Caesars. He was consul and the first emperor of the Romans. He was an excellent orator.

The start of the indictions:

The inhabitants of Antioch count their era from the 12th day of the month of Artemisium in the first year of Gaius Julius Caesar, which was the year of the consuls Lepdius and Plancus, [461'A] and the beginning of the indictions is counted from the first day of the month of Gorpiaeus.

[Ol. 183.3] Antonius and Isauricus were consuls.

The inhabitants of Laodicea count their era from this year.

In the year of these consuls, a war against the Isauri took place.

The consul Antonius decreed that the month of Quintilis should be called July, because [Julius Caesar] was born in that month.

B Julius Caesar added 11 days to this year, to be in line with the course of the sun and the moon.

[Ol. 183.4] In the third year of his reign, Julius Caesar fought against Scipio and the high priest Hyrcanus. He routed them, and held celebratory games for six days.

These are the high priests who held office [464'A] after the return from the 70 years' captivity, that is from the 8th year of Dareius the son of Hystaspes, which was the second year of the 63rd Olympiad:

1. Jesus, the son of Josedec, jointly with Zorobabel, for 32 years.
2. Jacimus, the son of Jesus, for 30 years.
3. Eliasibus, the son of Jacimus, for 40 years.
4. Jodae, the son of Eliasibus, 36 years.
5. Jannaeus, the son of Jodae, for 32 years.
6. Jaddus, the son of Jannaeus, for 20 years.
In his time Alexander founded Alexandria, and came to Jerusalem where he prostrated himself [before God].
7. Onias, the son of Jaddus, for 21 years.
8. Eleazar, for 15 years.
In his time, the 70 wise men translate the Holy scriptures.
B 9. Onias, the son of Simon and brother of Eleazar, for 14 years.
10. Simon, for 32 years.
In his time, Jesus the son of Sirach was in his prime.
11. Manasses, for 26 years.
12. Simon was high priest for 22 years.
13. Onias, for 29 years.
In his time, Antiochus besieged the Jews and forced them to adopt Greek customs.
After him, Judas Maccabaeus was leader of the Jews, and drove the infidels out of the country.
14. Jesus was high priest for 16 years.
15. Onias, also called Menelaus, for 7 years.
16. Judas Maccabaeus, for 33 years.
17. Jonathan, the brother of Judas, for 17 years.
C 18. Simon, the brother of Jonathan, for 18 years.
19. Jonathan the son of Simon, called Hyrcanus, for 27 years.
20. Aristobulus, who was the first to take on the royal diadem as well as the title of high priest, for 1 year.
21. Jannaeus Alexander, who was both king and high priest, for 30 years.
The annointed leaders lasted from the time of Cyrus up to this year for 483 years, which is 69 "sevens" of years, as was foretold by the prophet Daniel as follows [9'25]: "Know and understand this. From the issuing of the decree to restore and rebuild Jerusalem until the Anointed One, the ruler, comes, there will be seven 'sevens' and sixty-two 'sevens' ".

D After the native Jewish high priests and kings had come to an end, the foreigner Herodes became king. [465'A] He was the son of Antipater of Ascalon and Cypris of Arabia. He was granted the kingdom of the Jews by the Romans, at the time when, as the birth of Christ drew near, the traditional succession of the high priests and kings of the Jews came to an end, in fulfilment of the prophecy of Moses [Gen_49'10]: "The sceptre will not depart from Judah, nor the ruler's staff from between his feet, until he comes to whom it belongs, and the obedience of the nations is his."

At this time the annointed leader that had been predicted by Daniel came to an end, because up until the time of Herodes the leaders had been annointed. These were the high priests, who ruled over the nation starting from the completion of the restoration of the temple in the reign of Dareius son of Hystaspes, B which happened in the second year of the [183rd] Olympiad. The intervening period was 483 years, which is 69 "sevens" of years, the same figure which was pronounced in the prophecy of Daniel.

[Ol. 184.1] Sallustius died on May 13th.

[Ol. 184.2] Gaius Julius Caesar returned and was killed in Rome by the second Brutus and some other senators.

C After the death of Gaius Julius Caesar, the senate chose Octavius Augustus, a relative of Caesar, Antonius, the husband of Augustus' sister, and Lepidus. These three became triumvirs, with authority to govern the Roman state until their death and to nominate the consuls.

[Ol. 184.3] Caesar Augustus, also called Octavius, became the second emperor of the Romans, for 56 years and 6 months. He reigned for 12 years before the death of Cleopatra, and for another 30 years after her death when he conquered Egypt, until our Lord [468'A] Jesus Christ was born in the flesh at Bethlehem in Judaea. After this, it is clear that he reigned for a further 14 years. In total, 5,521 years.

Agrippa and Gallus were consuls.

By a decree of the senate, the triumvirs divided the world between them. Firstly, Caesar Augustus was given the west with Italy; secondly, Antonius was given the east with Asia; and thirdly, Lepidus was given Africa.

The Roman emperors were called Augusti after this Augustus.

In the year of these consuls, the orator Cicero died on May 1st.

B [Ol. 184.4] There was an eclipse of the sun.

Herodes summoned a certain Ananelus from Babylon, and appointed him to be high priest of the Jews. Soon afterwards he deposed Ananelus and gave the title of high priest to his wife's brother, Aristobulus the son of Hyrcanus. A year later he killed Aristobulus, and made Ananelus high priest again.

C [Ol. 185.4] There was an eclipse of the sun.

[469'A] [Ol. 186.2] Antipater of Ascalon, the son of a certain Herodes who was an attendant at the temple of Apollo, had assisted Hyrcanus the king of the Jews in many matters, and was appointed by Herodes to be governor of Judaea.

In the 8th year of Augustus Caesar, the Romans gave the kingdom of Judaea to Herodes the son of Antipater and of Cypris, an Arabian woman. B Herodes killed Hyrcanus and bestowed the high priesthood not according to the traditional succession, but to some insignificant men.

Herodes was king of the Jews for 37 years. In his 35th year, Jesus Christ was born at Bethlehem in Judaea.

After Herodes, his son Archelaus [was king] for 9 years.

C After him, Herodes the tetrarch, the brother of Archelaus, [was king] for 28 years. In his reign, Christ our Lord and Saviour suffered [on the cross].

[Ol. 187.1] Octavius was given the name Augustus, and the month of Sextilis was renamed to August, because it was in that month that he was given the name Augustus.

[472'A] [Ol. 187.2] The Egyptians and Cleopatra wielded great power. Cleopatra built the Pharus [lighthouse] at Alexandria the Great on the so-called island of Proteus. Because the island is four miles off the shore of Alexandria, she constructed a causeway of earth and stones out to sea so that men could walk out as far as the island and the Pharus. Dexiphanes of Cnidus was the engineer who carried out this awesome task for her, B turning the sea into land. When the Romans learnt of the power of the Egyptians and Cleopatra, Antonius left Rome and led an army against Cleopatra and the Egyptians, and as far as the region of Persia, because they were causing turmoil in the East.

Sosibius says that at this time a cetain senator of Antioch who had returned to Rome with Augustus, died and bequeathed his wealth to his home city, on condition that every five years, for the thirty days of the month of Peritius, they should hold contests there of recitation, theatre, drama and athletics, as well as horse races.

[473'A] Sosibius also says that Augustus was the first emperor of the Romans, and used the following titles: "Augustus Caesar Octavianus, triumphator, Augustus, unconquered, imperator (that is, emperor)."

Augustus invaded Egypt and conquered it. He put an end to the kingdom of the Ptolemaei, which had lasted for 296 years.

[Ol. 187.3] Augustus Octavius was sole emperor for 44 years. In total, 5,521 years.

Some reckon this as the first year of Augustus' reign. B The comparison to a statue in the book of Daniel [2'40] calls the Roman empire a kingdom of iron, as if weakening. The Babylonian empire is gold, the Persian empire is silver, and the Macedonian empire is bronze. Daniel [2'33] says that part of the statue was of iron, and part was of clay; which signifies the conjunction of the empire of the Romans and the kingdom of the Egyptians, because the Roman empire is iron and the Egyptian kingdom is clay.

[Another list of Jewish high priests appears later in the chronicle ...]

[508'C] [Ol. 201.4]

[John the Baptist] when he saw Jesus approaching him, said "Behold the Lamb of God, who takes away the sins of the world".

The high priests who were leaders of the Jews, or Hebrews, after the return from Babylon to Jerusalem:

1. Jesus the son of Josedec was high priest along with Zorobabel for 32 years.
2. Joaceim was high priest for 30 years.
3. Eliasibus was high priest for 40 years.
4. Jodae was high priest for 36 years.
5. Jannaeus was high priest for 32 years.
[509'A] 6. Jaddus was high priest for 20 years.
In his time, Alexander of Macedonia, the founder, founded Alexandria in Egypt and came to Jerusalem, where he prostated himself before the Lord God.
7. Onias was high priest for 21 years.
8. Eleazar was high priest for 15 years.
9. Simon was high priest for 14 years.
10. Onias was high priest for 32 years.
11. Manasses was high priest for 26 years.
12. Simon was high priest for 22 years.
13. Another Onias was high priest for 24 years.
14. Jesus was high priest for 16 years.
15. Onias, also called Menelaus, was high priest for 7 years.
B At this time Antiochus the king of Syria besieged the Jews and forced them to adopt Greek customs. Then:
16. Judas, called Maccabaeus, was leader for 33 years.
He removed all the defilements from the country.
17. Jonathan Maccabaeus was high priest for 17 years.
18. Simon the brother of Jonathan was high priest for 8 years.
19. Jonathan was high priest for 27 years.
20. Aristobulus was high priest for 1 year.
He was the first to take on the royal diadem as well as the title of high priest.
C 21. Jannaeus Alexander was king and high priest for 30 years.
The annointed leaders lasted from Cyrus the king of the Persians up until Jannaeus Alexander, for 483 years, which is 69 "sevens" of years, which were foretold by Daniel in this way.

Until Jannaeus, who was also called Alexander, there were annointed leaders; but with him the succession of high priests who led the nation came to an end. They were called Christs by the prophets.
http://www.attalus.org/translate/paschal.html
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Posts: 64 | From: ancient Egypt | Registered: Dec 2004
 

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   posted 02-25-2006 03:31 AM                       
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[65] How often and when were the people of Israel captured?

- - - - -

6. In the time of Nero, the emperor of the Romans.
7. In the time of Vespasianus, the Roman general.
8. In the time of Ptolemaeus the son of Lagus, who captured Jerusalem by trickery and took the population back to Egypt.
9. In the time of Antiochus Epiphanes, the king of the Assyrians, who forced them into idolatry.
10. In the time of Pompeius the Roman general, who besieged [Jerusalem] and made the Jews pay tribute, when Hyrcanus was king and high priest. The kingdom of Israel came to an end with this Hyrcanus, and the Romans granted the title of king to Herodes, a foreigner.
- - - - -

Another account of the captures of Jerusalem:

A description drawn from the Jewish Antiquities of Josephus, and from the chronicles of Hippolytus the bishop of Rome, [66] and from the [book of] Strategius the monk about the captures of Jerusalem. When and how often were the people of Israel captured?

- - - - -

[67] The seventh capture happe ned in the time of Ptolemaeus the son of Lagus. He captured Jerusalem by trickery and took the population back to Egypt.

The eighth capture happened in the time of Antiochus Epiphanes, the king of Syria, who forced them to worship idols.

The ninth capture happened in the time of Pompeius the Roman emperor. He besieged Jerusalem and made the Jews pay tribute, when Hyrcanus was king and high priest. The kings and high priests of Israel came to and end with this [Hyrcanus], and Augustus the emperor of the Romans granted the title of king to Herodes, a foreigner, whose reign lasted until the coming of Christ.

The tenth capture happened in the time of Nero, the emperor of the Romans, when Jerusalem was captured by the general Sabinus and by Cassius, governor of Syria.

- - - - -

[90] 14. The kingdom of the Macedonians:

It lasted for 493 years, starting from the 28th year of king Uzziah; the first of the kings started to rule in the year of creation 4,694 [ 814 B.C. ].

Cranaus for 28 years
Coenus for 12 years
Tyrimias for 38 years
Perdiccas for 51 years
Argus for 38 years
Philippus for 39 years
Aeropus for 25 years
Alcetas for 22 years
Amyntas for 50 years
Alexander for 43 years
Perdiccas for 28 years
Archelaus for 24 years
Orestes for 3 years
Archelaus for 4 years
Amyntas for 1 year
Pausanias for 1 year
another Amyntas for 6 years
another Amyntas for 18 years
Alexander for 1 year
Ptolemaeus for 4 years
Perdiccas for 6 years
Philippus for 27 years
Alexander for 12 years
[In total] 5,183 years [ 325 B.C. ].

After the death of Alexander, his empire was divided, according to his testament and the prediction of the prophet Daniel, into the four realms of heaven, as is described below.

15. The [first] realm of Alexander:

Philippus the son of Alexander for 7 years
Cassander for 19 years
The sons of Cassander for 4 years
Demetrius for 6 years
Lysimachus for 6 years
Ptolemaeus Ceraunus for 1 year
Sosthenes for 2 years
Antigonus for 15 years
Demetrius for 10 years
[91] Antigonus for 15 years
Philippus for 42 years
Perseus for 10 years
The kingdom of the Macedonians came to an end in the 2nd year of the high priest Mattathias, after lasting for 158 years.

16. The second realm of Alexander - the kingdom of the Ptolemaei in Egypt:

This kingdom lasted for 245 years, starting from the 2nd year of the high priest Onias.

Ptolemaeus the son of Lagus for 40 years
Ptolemaeus Alexander for 38 years
Ptolemaeus Alexas for 25 years
Ptolemaeus Philopator for 17 years
Ptolemaeus Epiphanes for 24 years
Ptolemaeus Philometor for 35 years
Ptolemaeus Euergetes for 29 years
Ptolemaeus Phuscon for 17 years
Ptolemaeus Alexander for 10 years
Ptolemaeus the exile for 8 years
Ptolemaeus Dionysus for 30 years
Cleopatra the daughter of Dionysus for 22 years
In the year of creation 5,429 [ 79 B.C. ], which was the 17th year of the high priest Jannaeus, the kingdom of the Ptolemaei was conquered by the Romans, when Augustus the emperor of the Romans captured Cleopatra.

17. The third realm of Alexander of Macedonia:

It ruled over all of Asia, starting from the year of creation 5,190 [ 318 B.C. ], which was the 2nd year of the high priest Onias.

Antigonus for 18 years
Demetrius for 17 years
Demetrius the king of Asia surrendered to Seleucus.

18. The fourth realm of Alexander's kingdom:

It lasted for 213 years, starting from the year of creation 5,197 [ 311 B.C. ].

Seleucus for 32 years
Antigonus for 20 years
Antiochus for 13 years
Seleucus for 21 years
Seleucus for 3 years
Antiochus for 37 years
[92] Seleucus for 11 years
Antiochus Epiphanes for 11 years
Antiochus Eupator for 2 years
Demetrius for 12 years
Alexander for 10 years
Demetrius for 3 years
Antiochus son of Alexander for 9 years
Demetrius for 4 years
Antiochus Grypus for 12 years
Antiochus Cyzicenus for 19 years
Philippus for 1 year
The kingdom of Syria came under the control of the Ptolemaei, in [the year of creation] 5,410 [ 98 B.C. ], which was the 7th year of king Alexander.

19. The kingdom of the Lydians:

It lasted for 233 years, starting from the year of creation 4,730 [ 778 B.C. ], which was the 11th year of Jotham.

Ardoys for 36 years
Alyattes for 14 years
Meles for 12 years
Candaules for 17 years
Gyges for 36 years
Ardys for 38 years
Sadyattes for 15 years
Alyattes for 49 years
Croesus for 16 years
The kingdom of the Lydians was conquered by the Persians in [the year of creation] 4,960 [ 548 B.C. ], which was the 15th year of Cyrus, the king of the Persians.

20. The kingdom of the Babylonians:

It lasted for 175 years, starting from the year of creation 4,745 [ 763 B.C. ], which was the 11th year of Ahaz the king of Judah.

Baladam for 19 years
Marathius son of Baladam for 31 years
Moges for 20 years
Nabondinus for 36 years
Nabupallasar for 20 years
Nabuchodonosor for 44 years
Marodac for 2 years
Baltasar for 4 years
The kingdom of the Babylonians was conquered by the Persians in [the year of creation] 4,920 [ 588 B.C. ], which was the 44th year of the captivity of Israel, and the 16th year of Dareius, the king of the Persians.

21. The kingdom of the Persians:

It lasted for 229 years, starting from the year of creation 4,948 [ 560 B.C. ], which was the [..] year of the captivity of Israel.

[93] Cyrus for 32 years
Cambyses for 8 years
Smerdis the magus for 1 year
Dareius for 36 years
In his reign, the high priests began to rule the Jews
Xerxes the great for 21 years
Asthas for 40 years
Ochus for 20 years
Arses son of Ochus for 4 years
[Lastly,] Dareius who was defeated by Alexander.
The kingdom of the Persians was conquered by the Macedonians in [the year of creation] 5,177 [ 331 B.C. ].

[94] 22. The kingdom of the Jews [Judah]:

It lasted for 515 years, starting from the year of creation 4,375 [ 1133 B.C. ].

Samuel the priest with Saul for 40 years
David for 40 years
Solomon for 40 years
Rehoboam for 17 years
Abijah for 3 years
Asaph for 41 years
Jehoshaphat for 25 years
Jehoram for 8 years
Ahaziah for 1 year
Athaliah mother of Ahaziah for 7 years
Joash for 40 years
Amaziah for 9 years
Uzziah for 52 years
Jotham for 16 years
Ahaz for 16 years
Hezekiah for 29 years
Manasseh for 56 years
Amon for 2 years
Josiah for 31 years
Ahaz [Jehoahaz] for 1 year
Jehoiakim for 11 years
Jehoiachin for 1 year
Zedekiah for 11 years
The kingdom of the Jews was conquered by the Babylonians in [the year of creation] 4,890 [ 618 B.C. ].

23. The kingdom of Israel:

From the time of Jeroboam, when the kingdom [of the Jews] was split into two, these kings ruled Israel for a total of 243 years, starting from the year of creation 4,496 [ 1012 B.C. ].

Jeroboam for 22 years
Nadab for 2 years
Baasha for 24 years
Elah for 2 years
Omri for 14 years
Ahab for 52 years
In his reign, the son of Ader [Ben-Hadad], king of Damascus, attacked Samaria with 36 other kings, but was defeated by Ahab, king of Israel, and fled.
Ahaziah for 2 years
Joram for 12 years
[95] Jehu for 28 years
Jehoahaz for 17 years
Jehoash for 16 years
Jeroboam for 41 years
Zechariah and Shallum for 1 year
Menahem for 12 years
Pekahiah for 2 years
Pekah for 20 years
Hoshea for 9 years
The kingdom of Israel was conquered by the Assyrians in [the year of creation] 4,739 [ 769 B.C. ], when Ahaz was king of Judah.

24. The high priests of the Jews:

The high priests ruled for [483] years until the Christ, starting in the year of creation 4,997 [ 511 B.C. ], which was the 9th year of Dareius the king of the Persians, 50 years after the return of the Jews.

Jesus son of Josedec for 30 years
Jacob for 30 years
Elias for 40 years
Jodae for 36 years
John for 32 years
Jaddus for 18 years
Onias for 21 years
Simon for 11 years
Eleazar for 32 years
Manasses for 26 years
Simon for 23 years
Onias for 25 years
another Onias for 19 years
Mattathias for 3 years
Judas Maccabaeus for 13 years
Jonathan for 9 years
Simon for 22 years
Hyrcanus for 26 years
Aristobulus for 1 year
Jannaeus for 34 years
[In total] 5,480 years [ 28 B.C. ].

25. The gentile kings of the Jews

After the high priests came to an end with Hyrcanus, Herodes the son of Antipater was appointed by Augustus Caesar to be the first gentile king of Judaea; he reigned for 26 years. In the 23rd year of Herodes, which was the 42nd year of Augustus, Christ our lord and god was born.

Archelaus the son of Herodes for 9 years
Herodes the tetrach, the brother of Herodes for 26 years
[96]Agrippa the elder for 4 years
Agrippa the younger for 25 years
Then the kingdom of Judaea came to an end. [It lasted] for 95 years; in total, 5,570 years [ 63 A.D. ].
26. The new kingdom of the Persians:

The Magusaean dynasty, which flourished after the time of Christ, starting from the year of creation 5,733 [ 226 A.D. ], which was the first year of Alexander, son of Mammaea.

Artaxaris [ Ardashir I ] for 15 years
Maguses [ Shapur I ] for 31 years
Ormisdas [ Hormizd I ] for 1 year
Vararanes [ Varahran I ] for 3 years
Vararanes [ Varahran II ] for 7 years
Vararanes [ Varahran III ] for 1 year
Narses for 18 years
Ormisdates [ Hormizd II ] for 6 years
Sabor [ Shapur II ] for 7 years
Artaxes [ Ardashir II ] for 4 years
Sabor son of Artaxes [ Shapur III ] for 5 years
Vararanes [ Varahran IV ] for 11 years
Isdegerdes [ Yazdegerd I ] for 21 years
another Vararanes [ Varahran V ] for 20 years
another Isdegerdes [ Yazdegerd II ] for 17 years
Perozes [ Peroz ] for 24 years
Valas [ Balash ] for 4 years
Coades [ Kavadh I ] for 11 years
Zamasphes son of Perozes [ Jamasp ] for 4 years
Coades again for 30 years
Chosdroes son of Coades [ Chosroes I ] for 48 years
Ormisdas [ Hormizd IV ] for 15 years
Chosdroes the great [ Chosroes II ] for 39 years
Seroes with his son Artaxes [ Kavadh II & Ardashir III ] for 1 year
Sarbarus [ Shahrbaraz ] for 1 year
Borane daughter of Chosdroes [ Boran ] for 1 year
The kingdom of the Persians was transferred to the Saracens in the year of creation 6,131 [ 624 A.D. ]; and the rule of the Saracens began in the 13th year of Heracleius.

27. The kings of the Saracens:

Beginning with Muameth [ Mohammed ] for 9 years
Abubacharus [ Abu Bakr ] for 3 years
Umar [ Omar I ] for 12 years
Uthman [ Othman ] for 10 years
[97] anarchy and war for 4 years
Mabias [ Mu'awiya ] for 19 years
Hezit [ Yazid I ] for 3 years
Marva [ Marwan I ] for 1 year
Abdemelech [ Abd-al-Malik ] for 21 years
Iulit [ Al-Walid I ] for 10 years
Suleiman for 3 years
Umar [ Omar II ] for 2 years
Izith [ Yazid II ] for 3 years
Isan [ Hisham ] for 19 years
Ulit [ Al-Walid II ] for 1 year
Izitolipsus [ Yazid III ] for 1 year
Marva [ Marwan II ] for 6 years
Abulabas [ Abu'l-Abbas ] for 4 years
Abugiaphar [ Abu Ja'far ] for 21 years
Maadi his son [ Al-Mahdi ] for 10 years
Muse his son [ Musa al-Hadi ] for 1 year
Aaron his brother [ Harun al-Rashid ] for 20 years
anarchy and war against their sons for 7 years
up until the 11th year of the current indiction [ (?) 818 A.D. ]
Now god will cut down the years of their rule, and will raise up the horn of the kingdom of the Christians against them.

[ The chronicle continues with some more lists of rulers, extracted from the writings of Epiphanius, archbishop of Constantia in Cyprus. ]

- - - - -

[100] The kingdom of the Egyptians:

Then, Alexander of Macedonia ruled for 12 years
Ptolemaeus son of Lagus for 40 years
Ptolemaeus Philadelphus for 27 years
Ptolemaeus Euergetes for 24 years
Ptolemaeus Philopator for 21 years
Ptolemaeus Epiphanes for 22 years
Ptolemaeus Philometor for 34 years
Ptolemaeus Euergetes for 29 years
Ptolemaeus Soter for 15 years
Ptolemaeus Alexander for 12 years
Ptolemaeus Philippus for 8 years
Ptolemaeus Dionysus for 30 years
Cleopatra for 22 years
In total, the Macedonians ruled for 292 years, from Alexander until Cleopatra.

Then Augustus was emperor at Rome, and killed Cleopatra in the [38th] year of his reign. Augustus reigned for another 4 years after the death of Cleopatra. The total number of years from Adam until here is 5,500. And this was when the ever-present, the saviour of all and the expectation of the nations, our lord Jesus Christ the consubstantial son of God, came to earth in the 42nd year of Augustus. After this, Augustus reigned for another 15 years.

http://www.attalus.org/translate/syntomon.html
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Posts: 64 | From: ancient Egypt | Registered: Dec 2004   

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Riven

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  posted 02-26-2006 02:39 PM                       
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The Serapeum of Saqqara
by Jimmy Dunn

http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/serapeum.htm


quote:
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"Serapeum is a name usually applied to building that were associated with the cult of the Apis bulls, or the later composite god, Serapis. We actually know of two Serapeums, one located at Saqqara and the other in Alexandria. The one at Saqqara was more closely related to the Apris bulls, while the Alexandria Serapeum served as a cult center of Serapis. In reality, these two complexes served very different purposes, the Serapeum in Alexandria being more Greek in origin, while the one at Saqqara was built at least as early as the 18th dynasty.

In this article we will focus on the earlier structure at Saqqara. The bull was thought to have been an incarnation of Ptah, and were required to be black and white, with a white blaze on it's forehead and throat, a red saddle-like mark on it's back, and a white belly. We know of 67 Apis bulls, though there were probably many more. So important were these bulls, that upon one's death, a day of national mourning would be declared (here, it is important to note that there was only one Apis Bull kept for worship at any one time). After the bull was embalmed, its corpse was taken along the sacred way from Memphis to Saqqara. Calves that died were also buried ceremonially, but their catacombs, like the early Pharaonic Apis galleries, remain undiscovered."

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quote:
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"Napoleon's expedition had searched for the Serapeum in vain, but archeologist Mariette discovered the complex in 1850, in the early days of archeology. The story goes that he came to Egypt to purchase Coptic manuscripts, but the British had beat him to it. Apparently, the British Museum representative got the monks drunk and then walked off with the documents they wanted!"

Mariette was led to the site of the Serapeum through his discovery of traces of some of the sphinxes (over 100) lining the dromos, that were faithfully described by the Greek writer Strabo. In Le Serapeum de Memphis, Mariette describes some of his excitement about his find:
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"One finds," said the geographer Strabo (1st century AD), "a temple to Serapis in such a sandy place that the wind heaps up the sand dunes beneath which we saw sphinxes, some half buried, some buried up to the head, from which one can suppose that the way to this temple could not be without danger if one were caught in a sudden wind storm."

"Did it not seem that Strabo had written this sentence to help us rediscover, after over eighteen centuries, the famous temple dedicated to Serapis? It was impossible to doubt it. This buried Sphinx, the companion of fifteen others I had encountered in Alexandria and Cairo, formed with them, according to the evidence, part of the avenue that led to the Memphis Serapeum...

It did not seem to me possible to leave to others the credit and profit of exploring this temple whose remains a fortunate chance had allowed me to discover and whose location henceforth would be known. Undoubtedly many precious fragments, many statues, many unknown texts were hidden beneath the sand upon which I stood. These considerations made all my scruples disappear. At that instant I forgot my mission (obtaining Coptic texts from the monasteries), I forgot the Patriarch, the convents, the Coptic and Syriac manuscripts, Linant Bey himself, and it was thus, on 1 November 1850, during one of the most beautiful sunrises I had ever seen in Egypt, that a group of thirty workmen, working under my orders near that sphinx, were about to cause such total upheaval in the conditions of my stay in Egypt."

-Archaeologist Mariette

As excavations continued, Mariette and his team eventually came to a buried temple courtyard. In this dig, he found the famous "Squatting Scribe" statue. This statue is considered to be one of the greatest sculptures ever found. He also found the statue of the dwarf god, Bes.

Beneath where the rock had been was found a mummy of a man who turned out to be a son of Ramesses II, Prince Khaemwese. He was in charge of the restoration of the Pyramid of Unas, but he had also been governor of Memphis and a high priest of Ptah,responsible for building some of the vaults in the Serapeum. He had requested to be buried with his sacred bulls rather than a tomb of his own.


quote:
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The first of the subterranean galleries of the Serapeum consisted of a long gallery inset with numerous votive stelae and sealed by a huge sandstone door. The sacred bulls were buried in a single block of granite that weighed between sixty and eighty tons. These sarcophagi had been prepared between year 52 of Psammetichus I of the 26th Dynasty and the end of the Ptolemaic period. All twenty-four sarcophagi had been plundered. Their lids had been pried loose and the contents taken.

Further excavation carried out in 1852 revealed an older gallery known as the "lesser Vaults". They had similar rock hewn chambers that had contained bulls in wooden coffins. They dated from year 30 of Ramesses II reign down to the 22nd Dynasty. The burial of Apis XIV made in the 44th year of Ramesses II reign survived intact.

Throughout 1952, Mariette's work continued resulting in the discovery of a thrid series of smaller bull burials. They ranged in date from Amenophis III of the 18th Dynasty through the 19th dynasty, the earliest burials found. Here, two coffins, that of Apis VII and Apis IX were also discovered intact, along with shabtis, canopic jars and amulets. One of the Apis bulls can be found in the Cairo Agricultural Museum.

Only one bull is recorded has having been buried after the reign of Cleopatra VII. Octavian refused to visit the Serapeum, and while the bull continued to be an emblem sacred to the god Montu through the reign of Diocletian, its cult faded and soon disappeared afterwards.
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http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/serapeum.htm


As if this mysterious date of November 1st hasn't appeared often than naught!

From The Eye of Ra myth and now to the date of discovery of The Saqarra Serapaeum and Ramses II, a componant of The Bible,and the times of Moses upon Sodom and Gommorha where humanity sinned and...


THE Golden Calf was cast.

Very interesting message we perceive here of the true meaning of The Apis Bulls, and The Black Zeus Ammon common to Greeks and Egyptians where we see the tyrant Zeus in black and with horns.......

and for very good reason as we also know that this Black Zeus Ammon is in the vaults of the Vatican Museum.

And as such was also in Alexandria.

In short, to sustain such thought, and perhaps in it's truest form of secrecy amongst those initiated, The White Lion Temple of Man alterred into The Black Bull Temple of Apis and in memory of when Snoferu plunged the crooked dagger into Jesa the pure.

As such Octavian refused to visit this temple, and the anger of Moses that destroyed the "Idol of Worship", the Golden Calf.

As you also see from comparing The White Lion Temple of Man, across this Earth which I have shown you in my website, with the Serapaeum of Alexandria being in likeness to each other.

Sera, as we know is night,sleep,darkness in some languages.

In old latin Sera (sero) means;

"a movable bar or bolt for fastening doors"

Seria > large jar for holding wine, oil.

(the blood and annointments of Christ-Riven)

As such "Se" also means in reference to oneself or yours.


Paean in old latin is;

"the Healer, a surname of Apollo or a hymn addressed to Apollo"

paedor > dirt, filth.


paenitentia > repentance, regret.
paeniteo > to repent, to regret, to be sorry

pala > a spade, the bezel of a ring

Pales > the tutelary goddess of herds and shepherds.

pater > a Father

pedum > a shepherds crook

umbra > a shade, shadow


So to break this word Serapaeum or Serapeum, into it's parts we see it's true meaning as we would in Linear A languages of yesterday.

Se Ra Pe Um

His King's darkened sorrows/teachings with him.

Se Ra Pa Ea Um

His King's Father's darkened Earth with him or his regrets.


So we see a true mystic meaning to this Sacred building of Serapis blackened as we know why.....


The Murder of The Son of Man from the time of Pharaoh Snoferu and in rememberance of the White Temple of Man reversed into BLACK.... such as Zeus Ammon.


And we know of the evil intent of the demon dwarf idol......... Bes.


Scooby doo!!

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/chalci3.jpg

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/The%20Relocated%20%20Temple%20of%20Fire%20Tomb%20of%20His%20Holiness%20Riven06.JPG

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/chalci5.jpg

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/chalcidium_library_of_alexandria.htm
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Posts: 4048 | From: Azores Atlantis Isles. | Registered: May 2003   

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Riven

Member
Member # 1495

  posted 03-01-2006 08:03 AM                       
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Scientists confirm historic massive flood in climate change


Scientists from NASA and Columbia University, New York, have used computer modeling to successfully reproduce an abrupt climate change that took place 8,200 years ago. At that time, the beginning of the current warm period, climate changes were caused by a massive flood of freshwater into the North Atlantic Ocean.


This work is the first to consistently recreate the event by computer modeling, and the first time that the model results have been confirmed by comparison to the climate record, which includes such things as ice core and tree ring data.

"We only have one example of how the climate reacts to changes, the past," said Gavin A. Schmidt, a NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), New York, researcher and co-author on the study. "If we're going to accurately simulate the Earth's future, we need to be able to replicate past events. This was a real test of the model's skill."

The study was led by Allegra LeGrande, a graduate student in the department of Earth and environmental sciences at Columbia University. The results appeared in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) in Jan. 2006.

http://www.physorg.com/news11277.html

The group used an atmosphere-ocean coupled climate computer model known as "GISS Model E-R" to simulate the climate impact of a massive freshwater flood into the North Atlantic that happened about 8,200 years ago after the end of the last Ice Age. As retreating glaciers opened a route for two ancient meltwater lakes, known as Agassiz and Ojibway, to suddenly and catastrophically drain from the middle of the North American continent.

At approximately the same time, climate records show that the Earth experienced its last abrupt climate shift. Scientists believe that the massive freshwater pulse interfered with the ocean's overturning circulation, which distributes heat around the globe. According to the record of what are known as climate proxies, average air temperatures apparently dropped fell as much as several degrees in some areas of the Northern Hemisphere.


Climate researchers use these proxies, chemical signals locked in minerals and ice bubbles as well as pollen and other biological indicators, as indirect measures of temperature and precipitation patterns in the distant past. Because GISS Model E-R incorporates the response of these proxies in its output, the authors of the PNAS study were able to compare their results directly to the historical record.

The researchers prodded their model with a freshwater pulse equal to between 25 and 50 times the flow of the Amazon River in 12 model runs that took more than a year to complete. Although the simulations largely agreed with proxy records from North Atlantic sediment cores and Greenland ice cores, the team's results showed that the flood had much milder effects around the globe than many people surmise.

According to the model, temperatures in the North Atlantic and Greenland showed the largest decrease, with slightly less cooling over parts of North America and Europe. The rest of the northern hemisphere, however, showed very little effect, and temperatures in the southern hemisphere remained largely unchanged. Moreover, ocean circulation, which initially dropped by half after simulated flood, appeared to rebound within 50 to 150 years.

"The flood we looked at was even larger than anything that could happen today," said LeGrande. Still, it's important for us to study because the real thing occurred during a period when conditions were not that much different from the present day."

The GISS climate model is also being used for the latest simulations by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to simulate the Earth's present and future climate. "Hopefully, successful simulations of the past such as this will increase confidence in the validity of model projections," said Schmidt.

Source: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center


Well seems like our Scientists finally caught up to my 6482.bC date for the Great Disaster, my rebound was 47 years- Riven

[ 03-01-2006, 08:59 AM: Message edited by: Riven ]

--------------------
.111.[R].Riven The Seer and Royal Bloodline to Atlantis.[R].111.

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Posts: 4048 | From: Azores Atlantis Isles. | Registered: May 2003   

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Author  Topic: Library of Alexandria 
Riven

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  posted 02-24-2006 01:34 AM                       
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Fellow Atlanteans;

True to the Word of Your King, as promised.

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/chalcidium_library_of_alexandria.htm


Let us pen the pages of time with blood of Truth.


We also have a startling new revelation to perhaps a hidden meaning for "Serapaeum".


I would bet that somewhere in Alexandria also, was a large Lion like Talha, Egypt, The Atlantis of Critias.
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Posts: 4048 | From: Azores Atlantis Isles. | Registered: May 2003  |  IP: Logged |   
 
Boreasi

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Member # 2421

Member Rated:
   posted 02-24-2006 10:26 AM                       
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Archeologists discover 6000-year-old burial ground in Israel

Archeologists uncovered dozens of ancient tombs at a Highway 6 construction site near Kiryat Gat (Israel). The find yielded a treasure trove of ancient artifacts, including pottery, statues and jewelry all in mint-condition. It also contained the remains of sacrifices offered to the religious deities the inhabitants believed in. Peter Fabian, who is conducting the dig at the behest of the company building the highway, said they discovered cave drawings depicting deer that used to roam free in the Negev desert region. He added that the find was the biggest of its kind and was invaluable for historians to deepen their understanding of the period.

Source: Haaretz.com (7 February 2006)
http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=680014

Destruction of The Library;

Kitos War;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitos_War

[ 12-16-2006, 06:37 AM: Message edited by: Boreasi ]
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Posts: 1330 | From: Norway | Registered: Apr 2005  |  IP: Logged |   
 
Ishtar

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  posted 02-24-2006 10:33 AM                       
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Uh oh ,Archeologists discover 6000-year-old burial ground in Israel 6,000 years ago huh?

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“Ad initio, alea iacta est.”
And the light shineth in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not.
it's Later Than You Think
http://forums.atlantisrising.com/cgi-bin/ubb/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=28;t=000023;p=1

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Riven

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  posted 02-24-2006 12:59 PM                       
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For sake of better understanding for us All in this great quest of Truth,I hope to fill the Hearts of Darkness with The Truth of Light and The Truth of our Father Creator JA and his Kingdom Atlantis, that still is to this day.


Most people who are realists,scientists or scholars as such, say that religion or God is a blind faith and as such breeds the roots of atheism or evolutionary theories like Darwinian monkeys.

Let me take you on a tour of VISUAL REALITY to strengthen you curiosities of human kind, for these are pictures taken from Google Earth and Hubble Space telescope, so you can blame them and not myself if you doubt.


Here is how my understanding and messages of God, who is our Father Creator JA and our newest Atlantis still upon our Earth after the Great Disaster of 6482.bC, which the Chapters of the Old Testament also point to as I have shown you also.

Incidently, ca 600.bC, JAinism, was followed by approximately 1 million people in India, through a Saint who walked around naked and neither killed nor slaughtered any living thing of our Father's creations, even insects or mosquitos for the matter. Perhaps, as our signs also reveal to us today, this saint also found the secret of JA, back then.

You can read about this in "JAINISM" at http://www.newadvent.org one of the Greatest Websites for Wisdom lost.


The detour from my Atlantis research, to a path paved with gold and light, took a turn when I decided to look on top of the Great Pyramid, using Google Earth and I found TWO LETTERS on top of The Great Pyramid of our Father Creator JA.


http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Great%20Pyramid%20of%20Giza2%20Riven05.JPG

Zoomed in;

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Great%20Pyramid%20of%20Giza4%20Color%20enhanced%20Riven05.jpg

Then in our Atlantis Rising Forums,in the Egyptian Threads, some were seeking the answers to the stoneplugs in the airshafts and why they sent robots up there. To my amazement, I also found this image of JA, on the stoneplug. I simply alterred the color with Google's Picassa to better make out the hidden shapes upon the stone. Then I merely OUTLINED the forms I saw.

Naturaly, this leads one to believe the true purpose of the Robots commissioned by Zawii Hawass, to spray ACID on the stoneplug in his attempt to conceal JA and the continued coverup of his Kingdom, Atlantis, upon Egypt also.

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Great%20Pyramid%20Stone%20Plug1%20Original%20Riven05.jpg

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Great%20Pyramid%20Stone%20Plug2%20Riven05.JPG

Having realized this and heading 10 hours south of Cairo, I found the IDENTICAL TWIN PYRAMID to The Great Pyramid which is the Red Pyramid, and also the missing Lion Sphinx there, and the Temple of Man that they moved where they stained the grounds of Egypt with the Murder of The Son of Man, concealed later by the Wicked Khufu.

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Vanished%20Lion%20Sphinx%20Temple%20of%20Fire%20Riven%20Jan%202006aD.jpg

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Missing%20Red%20Lion%20Sphinx%20of%20Avila%20Atlantis%20by%20Riven05.JPG

Pondering all this, I thought to take a closer look at the Pyramids in Cairo and decode their true intent of The Lion Sphinx and why they faced to the eastward heavens as you see from my map here.

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Pythagoras%20Pyramid%20Map%20by%20Riven05.GIF

The decoding of those Pyramids and their astral co-ordinates pointed me to the Carina Nebulae where I found this Hubble Telescope picture, which is originally black and white and color filled by them, with the message of our Son of Man, God, and the abominations in the heavens that were trying to get the Soul and Chalice of The Son of Man, while God, held him back for 5014 years with his light Dragon of Defence. This also revealed to me the Great Truth and atroscity of what they really did to The Son of Man which is nothing in comparison to Mel Gibson's "Passion of Christ", but much, much worse.


http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/The%20Ascension%20%20and%20The%20Dragon%20of%20Defence%20%20Hubble%20Telescope%20R.JPG


Having realized all this, I sought to find the missing Temple of Man with the echoes of old Egyptian Scrolls running through my mind. Then I thought about the "Tale of The ShipWrecked Sailor" and behold, thanks to Google Earth I was able to find the missing Temple pictured here;

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/The%20Relocated%20%20Temple%20of%20Fire%20Tomb%20of%20His%20Holiness%20Riven06.JPG

To further attest the wisdom of our Father The Creator, Ja, and my belief of the real Eden in Africa as always I believed it to be near Lake Victoria or the Cano Agades regions of Mali, I finally found the Garden, which the hills and landscape there cleverly hid our great Truth of Creation, God, Xsam and Aja. Realisticaly perceived in antiquity, one would only be able to know this from the tops of Mountains like Kilimanjaro for example or the nearby hills in Nevi.

These are actual Google Earth pictures without any modification on my part whatsoever, which you can also view for yourselves if you go to the coordinates at the bottom of the pictures.

Pay attention to The left hand of God.

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Eden%202%20Man%20Holy%20Dove%20Riven05.jpg

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Eden%208%20hand%20of%20God%20removing%20Adams%20Rib%20Riven05.jpg

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Eden%207%20left%20hand%20of%20God%20Riven05.jpg

Here, in his left hand and hidden in his thumb, was our Father JA, creating our firstborn man after the great disaster of 6482.bC. To complex and perplex my mind even further, MY FACE is on The Babe upon the ground.

Don't ask me how this came to be, for I know not, other than the great reward of Ja for my having decoded the Lion Temple and returned his Son to him is my best guess for you all, or I am the embodiement of The Son of Man in this age of 44 years for me now, and in tune with the Secret of the 10 Kings of Atlantis such as Mr.24, Mr 34 (Jesa The Pure), and me, Mr.44.

Strange enough.

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Eden%2016%20God%20in%20Thumb%20creating%20Eve%20Riven05.JPG

It is also my belief that only a True Atlantean and Royal Son of Atlantis would be the prophet to reveal Atlantis and it's great Truth to us all, and as such is my birthright to The Azores Islands mid-Atlantic, and my Royal Bloodlines, I have revealed Atlantis to you all from ages past. Our latest Atlantean city to stand, that was also comparable to the words of Critias through Plato, is now Talha, Egypt and Al MANSA hur Egypt where these photos prove beyond any doubt your minds may have.

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Atlantis%20Tahla%20Delta%20Egypt%20Riven05.jpg

As such, we also witness the Great Atlantean Lion upon her, no one can deny except Atlantis SUPPRESSORS who will be revealed by this denial.

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Tahla%20Lion%202%20Riven06.jpg

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/The%20Lion%20of%20Tahla%20Delta%20Egypt%20Riven%2006.jpg

As Critias spoke in his statement "past the broken pillars" we also find my Atlantis II location being past Ethiopian,Eritrea. This must have been the first Altantis "AFTER" the Great Disaster and The rebirth of man in The Garden of Nevi,Avila Africa Atlantis, later to progress north along the Nile into Egypt, Cairo and Delta Egypt at Talha and Al Mansa hur.

These lands were also populated BEFORE the Great Disaster from our Original Azores Atlantis location and Lake Tritonis Garrison as you have seen from my maps and especially The Empire of Atlantis I map.

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Broken%20Pillars%20of%20Eritrea%20Riven05.jpg

Atlantis II.

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Atlantis%20II%20Cade%20Avila%20by%20Riven05.jpg

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Avila%20Atlantis%20II%20Ocean%20View%20Riven05.jpg


Atlantean communication machine ca 3500.bC dismissed as "Phoenician Incense burners" by Scholars.


http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/Atlantean%20%20Machine%203500bC%20%20Riven.jpg


As you now know, witness and have a better understanding and realization of Atlantis, God our Father JA, and The Great Hidden Truth, I hope this will save many lives for our futures of uncertainty by "Broken Oracles of Egyptia and Phoenicia", that effect us very strongly to this very day and powers the war upon Iraq at present and the true intent of world domination by certain "monetary machines".


Your True Atlantean King come;

Paulo Jorge TX MN....Sa JA Ra Riven. 8488 aJA. (2006 After Deception)

Tribes of Atlantis www.mts.net/~goldlion


NEW!! The Chalcidium Library and Serapaeum of Alexandria; http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/chalcidium_library_of_alexandria.htm

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.111.[R].Riven The Seer and Royal Bloodline to Atlantis.[R].111.

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Isis*

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   posted 02-25-2006 03:05 AM                       
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Nice tour, Riven!

Chapter III: Ancient Maps and Writings on Atlantis
Writings
I. The Lost Island

This chapter can be found more or less on the Internet, but sometimes it's disorganized (even my old Atlantis page was disorganized), so I will try to put it together for you. Also, I am trying to read and locate the exact passages dealing with Atlantis in these writings, so once I find them, I will quote them for you.

I want to draw your attention to a few facts though: if the old civilizations haven't witnessed or haven't gathered the information from someone that had witnessed an earthquake or volcanic eruption, then I must say they had a very exact imagination of the phenomenon.

In Meso- and South-America, Aztecs and Mayans are said to have mentioned Atlantis in "Chilam Balam", "Dresden Codex", "Popul Vuh", "Codex Cortesianus", and "Troano Manuscript". Pretty impressive list I'd say... They also talk about Lemuria, another continent thought to have sunk even before Atlantis.

In "Chilam Balam" I have found this: "Then they were buried in the sands, in the sea. There would be a sudden rush of water when the theft of the insignia <of Oxlahun-ti-ku> occurred. Then the sky would fall, it would fall down upon the earth, when the four gods, the four Bacabs, were set up, who brought about the destruction of the world." Like the Mexicans, the Maya believed that the present order was preceded by other worlds which had been destroyed. According to the former, the fourth of these worlds, or "Suns," was destroyed by a great flood of water (Seler 1923, p. 40).

The Mayan "Popol Vuh" ("The Collection of Written Leaves") says: "Over a universe wrapped in the gloom of a dense and primeval night passed the god Hurakan, the mighty wind. He called out "earth," and the solid land appeared. The chief gods took counsel; they were Hurakan, Gucumatz, the serpent covered with green feathers, and Xpiyacoc and Xmucane, the mother and father gods. As the result of their deliberations animals were created. But as yet man was not. To supply the deficiency the divine beings resolved to create mannikins carved out of wood. But these soon incurred the displeasure of the gods, who, irritated by their lack of reverence, resolved to destroy them. Then by the will of Hurakan, the Heart of Heaven, the waters were swollen, and a great flood came upon the mannikins of wood. They were drowned and resinous thickness descended from heaven. [...]

There was beard a great noise above their heads, as if produced by fire. Then were men seen running, pushing each other, filled with despair; they wished to climb upon their houses, and the houses, tumbling down, fell to the ground; they wished to climb upon the trees, and the trees shook them off; they wished to enter into the grottoes (eaves), and the grottoes closed themselves before them. . . Water and fire contributed to the universal ruin at the time of the last great cataclysm which preceded the fourth creation."

Also the "Popol Vuh", speaking of the first home of the Guatemalan race, says that "black and white men together" lived in this happy land "in great peace," speaking "one language."[1] The Popol Vuh goes on to relate how the people migrated from their ancestral home, how their language became altered, and how some went to the east, while others traveled west (to Central America).

In "The Myths of Mexico and Peru" (1913), Lewis Spence says: "Ere the earth was quite recovered from the wrathful flood which had descended upon it there lived a being orgulous and full of pride, called Vukub-Cakix (Seventimes-the-colour-of-fire-the Kiche name for the great macaw bird). His teeth were of emerald, and other parts of him shone with the brilliance of gold and silver. In short, it is evident that he was a sun-and-moon god of prehistoric times. He boasted dreadfully, and his conduct so irritated the other gods that they resolved upon his destruction. His two sons, Zipacna and Cabrakan (Cockspur or Earth-heaper, and Earthquake), were earthquake-gods of the type of the Jotuns of Scandinavian myth or the Titans of Greek legend. These also were prideful and arrogant, and to cause their downfall the gods despatched the heavenly twins Hun-Apu and Xbalanque to earth, with instructions to chastise the trio.

The Aztec book, "Codex Chimalpopoca", translated by Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg, says:

"This is the sun called Nahui-atl, '4 water.' Now the water was tranquil for forty years, plus twelve, and men lived for the third and fourth times. When the sun Nahui-atl came there had passed away four hundred years, plus two ages, plus seventy-six years. Then all mankind was lost and drowned, and found themselves changed into fish. The sky came nearer the water. In a single day all was lost, and the day Nahui-xochitl, '4 flower,' destroyed all our flesh. And that year was that of cé-calli, '1 house,' and the day Nahui-atl all was lost. Even the mountains sunk into the water, and the water remained tranquil for fifty-two springs."

In Europe, Holland, the Frysian book - also one of the oldest books ever found - "Oera Linda Book". Qoute: "During the whole summer, the sun hid itself behind the clouds, as if unwilling to shine upon earth. In the middle of quietude, the earth began to quake as if it was dying. The mountains opened up to vomit forth fire and flames. Some of them sunk under the earth while in other places moutains rose out of plains. Atland disappeared, and the wild waves rose so high over the hills and dales that everything was buried under the seas. Many people were swallowed up by the earth, and others who had escaped the fire perished in the waters."

"Younger Edda" (also known as "Prose Edda" or "Snorri's Edda") is an Icelandic manual of poetics which also contains mythological stories. According to "Gyl***inning", from "The Prose Edda" of Snorri Sturlson, translated by Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur in 1916, "King Gylfi ruled the land that men now call Sweden".

"King Gylfi was a wise man and skilled in magic; he was much troubled that the Æsir-people were so cunning that all things went according to their will. He pondered whether this might proceed from their own nature, or whether the divine powers which they worshipped might ordain such things. He set out on his way to Ásgard, going secretly, and- clad himself in the likeness of an old man, with which he dissembled. But the Æsir were wiser in this matter, having second sight; and they saw his journeying before ever he came, and prepared against him deceptions of the eye. When he came into the town, he saw there a hall so high that he could not easily make out the top of it: its thatching was laid with golden shields after the fashion of a shingled roof."

He assumes the name Gangleri. He is told the story of creation, of the gods, and the city of Troy is also mentioned: "When the sons of Borr were walking along the sea-strand, they found two trees, and took up the trees and shaped men of them: the first gave them spirit and life; the second, wit and feeling; the third, form, speech, hearing, and sight. They gave them clothing and names: the male was called Askr, and the female Embla, and of them was mankind begotten, which received a dwelling-place under Midgard. Next they made for themselves in the middle of the world a city which is called Ásgard; men call it Troy. There dwelt the gods and their kindred; and many tidings and tales of it have come to pass both on earth and aloft."

The people then tell Gangler the tale of Ragnarok. In the Introduction of the book, one can read: "The beginning of the book is a summary of the Biblical story of the Creation and Deluge, followed by a rationalized account of the rise of the ancient pagan faith, according to which the old gods appear, not as deities, but as men."

In Greece, I will mention Plato, Plutarch, and Herodotus for now, even though Diodorus, Aristotle, Marcellus, Proclus, Crantor, Homer, Hesiod, Herodotus have mentioned Atlantis in a way or another. The reason for this is that I want to research the matter a bit more, read the rest of the passages and then give the readers the reasonable explanation and quotes.

We should also mention Solon, the great law-giver of Athens 600 years before the Christian era. Solon made lots of trips. He was a very honest man, a philosopher, a poet. In his book, "The Life of Solon", Plutarch (45 - 120 AD) says:

"His [Solon's] first voyage was for Egypt, and he lived, as he himself says,

Near Nilus' mouth, by fair Canopus' shore,

and spent some time in study with Psenophis of Heliopolis, and Sonchis the Saite, the most learned of all the priests; from whom, as Plato says, getting knowledge of the Atlantic story, he put it into a poem, and proposed to bring it to knowledge of the Greeks. From thence he sailed to Cyprus. [...] Now Solon, having begun the great work in verse, the history or fable of the Atlantic Island, which he had learned from the wise men in Sais, and thought convenient for the Athenians to know, abandoned it; not, as Plato says, by reason of want or time, but because of his age, and being discouraged at the greatness of the task; for that he had leisure enough, such verses testify, as

Each day grow older, and learn something new

and again,-

But now the Powers of Beauty, Song, and Wine, Which are most men's delights, are also mine.

Plato, willing to improve the story of the Atlantic Island, as if it were a fair estate that wanted an heir and came with some title to him, formed, indeed, stately entrances, noble enclosures, large courts, such as never yet introduced any story, fable, or poetic fiction; but beginning it late, ended his life before his work."

Plato (427 - 347 BC) begins his book:

"Critias. Then listen, Socrates, to a strange tale, which is, however, certainly true, as Solon, who was the wisest of the seven sages, declared. He was a relative and great friend of my great-grandfather, Dropidas, as be himself says in several of his poems; and Dropidas told Critias, my grandfather, who remembered, and told us, that there were of old great and marvellous actions of the Athenians, which have passed into oblivion through time and the destruction of the human race and one in particular, which was the greatest of them all, the recital of which will be a suitable testimony of our gratitude to you...."

Plato continues:

"Let me begin by observing, first of all, that nine thousand was the sum of years which had elapsed since the war which was said to have taken place between all those who dwelt outside the Pillars of Heracles and those who dwelt within them: this war I am now to describe. Of the combatants on the one side the city of Athens was reported to have been the ruler, and to have directed the contest; the combatants on the other side were led by the kings of the islands of Atlantis, which, as I was saying, once had an extent greater than that of Libya and Asia; and, when afterward sunk by an earthquake, became an impassable barrier of mud to voyagers sailing from hence to the ocean.

[...] Many great deluges have taken place during the nine thousand years, for that is the number of years which have elapsed since the time of which I am speaking; and in all the ages and changes of things there has never been any settlement of the earth flowing down from the mountains, as in other places, which is worth speaking of; it has always been carried round in a circle, and disappeared in the depths below. The consequence is that, in comparison of what then was, there are remaining in small islets only the bones of the wasted body, as they may be called, all the richer and softer parts of the soil having fallen away, and the mere skeleton of the country being left.

[...] In one day and one fatal night, there came mighty earthquakes and inundations that engulfed that warlike people.

[...] Zeus, the god of gods, who rules according to law, and is able to see into such things, perceiving that an honorable race was in a woeful plight, and wanting to inflict punishment on them, that they might be chastened and improve, collected all the gods into their most holy habitation, which, being placed in the centre of the world, beholds all created things. And when he had called them together, he spoke as follows-*" (worked was left unfinished here, because Plato died)

You can read the full work of Plato's "Dialogues" here.

As one deducts, Atlantis was sunk by the will of Gods, through flood(s) and earthquake(s). The Bible, in Genesis, follows the same path:

"And God saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually. And it repented the Lord that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him at his heart. And the Lord said, I will destroy man whom I have created from the face of the earth; both man, and beast, and the creeping thing, and the fowls of the air; for it repenteth me that I have made them. [...] For yet seven days, and I will cause it to rain upon the earth forty days and forty nights; and every living substance that I have made will I destroy from off the face of the earth."

Ignatius Donnelly, in his book, "Atlantis, the Antediluvian World" (1884), mentions an old sacred book of Babylon. The Chaldean stories (there are two) agree on this:

"Cronos (Ea) appeared to him in his sleep, and announced that on the fifteenth of the month of Daisios (the Assyrian month Sivan--a little before the summer solstice) all men should perish by a flood. He therefore commanded him to take the beginning, the middle, and the end of whatever was consigned to writing, and to bury it in the City of the Sun, at Sippara; then to build a vessel, and to enter it with his family and dearest friends; to place in this vessel provisions to eat and drink, and to cause animals, birds, and quadrupeds to enter it; lastly, to prepare everything, for navigation. And when Xisuthros inquired in what direction he should steer his bark, be was answered, 'toward the gods,' and enjoined to pray that good might come of it for men."

Most of the tribes of Indians in North America have legends that talk about the flood.

The same story appears in Mesopotamia.

"There was a time when Enlil, the most powerful of the Gods, was displeased with mankind and decided to send a flood that no living being could survive. But the verdict seemed to harsh to Ea, a fellow-god, who forewarned his favorite mortal, Utnapishtin, in a dream. Taking heed, Utnapishtin built a boat for himself and loaded it with his family and 'the seed of all living creatures... the game of the field, and all the craftsmen'. The boat weathered the storm, which raged for six days and six nights." (according to "Cradle of Civilization", Time Life Books) Sumerians started their civilization in 3000 BC and when on till 2000 BC. Hebrews started their civilization in 1200 BC. The story of the flood exists in all Near Eastern Cultures, as for Hebrews, they are mentioned as "Hibru" existing among other populations before they have formed their own state.

Our scientists agree that a flood occurred 10-15,000 years ago.

My conclusion: Since all these old civilizations mentioned Atlantis in a form or another, or the destruction of an Atlantis-like island and a big flood, it's hard to imagine that they've all been lying or re-telling a story told to them. People in those times were pretty interested in their stories and tradition was everything. I would rather guess that the story had a common root, based on evidence. The survivors of the destruction scattered and landed on the closest areas from the sunk island. Then the story of the sunk land was passed on, and became the basis of religion (more on this in my future project)

.

II. Is Atlantis Lost Indeed?

Herodotus, in his "History", Vol.1, has a few passages about "Atlantis".

"184. From the Garmantians at a distance again of ten days' journey there is another hill of salt and spring of water, and men dwell round it called Atarantians, who alone of all men about whom we know are nameless; for while all taken together have the name Atarantians, each separate man of them has no name given to him. These utter curses against the Sun when he is at his height, and moreover revile him with all manner of foul terms, because he oppresses them by his burning heat, both themselves and their land. After this at a distance of ten days' journey there is another hill of salt and spring of water, and men dwell round it. Near this salt hill is a mountain named Atlas, which is small in circuit and rounded on every side; and so exceedingly lofty is it said to be, that it is not possible to see its summits, for clouds never leave them either in the summer or in the winter. This the natives say is the pillar of the heaven. After this mountain these men got their name, for they are called Atlantians; and it is said that they neither eat anything that has life nor have any dreams.

185. As far as these Atlantians I am able to mention in order the names of those who are settled in the belt of sand; but for the parts beyond these I can do so no more. However, the belt extends as far as the Pillars of Heracles and also in the parts outside them: and there is a mine of salt in it at a distance of ten days' journey from the Atlantians, and men dwelling there; and these all have their houses built of the lumps of salt, since these parts of Libya which we have now reached are without rain; for if it rained, the walls being made of salt would not be able to last: and the salt is dug up there both white and purple in color.Above the sand-belt, in the parts which are in the direction of the South Wind and towards the interior of Libya, the country is uninhabited, without water and without wild beasts, rainless and treeless, and there is no trace of moisture in it.

194. Next to these are the Gyzantes, among whom honey is made in great quantity by bees, but in much greater quantity still it is said to be made by men, who work at it as a trade. However that may be, these all smear themselves over with red ochre and eat monkeys, which are produced in very great numbers upon their mountains.

195. Opposite these, as the Carthaginians say, there lies an island called Kyrauis, two hundred furlongs in length but narrow, to which one may walk over from the mainland; and it is full of olives and vines. In it they say there is a pool, from which the native girls with birds' feathers smeared over with pitch bring up gold-dust out of the mud. Whether this is really so I do not know, but I write that which is reported; and nothing is impossible, for even in Zakynthos I saw myself pitch brought up out of a pool of water. There are there several pools, and the largest of them measures seventy feet each way and is two fathoms in depth. Into this they plunge a pole with a myrtle-branch bound to it, and then with the branch of the myrtle they bring up pitch, which has the smell of asphalt, but in other respects it is superior to the pitch of Pieria. This they pour into a pit dug near the pool; and when they have collected a large quantity, then they pour it into the jars from the pit: and whatever thing falls into the pool goes under ground and reappears in the sea, which is distant about four furlongs from the pool. Thus then the report about the island lying near the coast of Libya is also probably enough true.

196. The Carthaginians say also this, namely that there is a place in Libya and men dwelling there, outside the Pillars of Heracles, to whom when they have come and have taken the merchandise forth from their ships, they set it in order along the beach and embark again in their ships, and after that they raise a smoke; and the natives of the country seeing the smoke come to the sea, and then they lay down gold as an equivalent for the merchandise and retire to a distance away from the merchandise."

Usually Herodotus, when referring to the countries or cities, 'outside the Pillars of Heracles' usually talks about the western coasts of Africa and Europe that open to the Atlantic Ocean. He doesn't mean "islands' in the Atlantic like you would guess.

A Roman scholar mentioning the existence of a 'world' outside the Pillars is Aelianus Claudius, also known as Aelian (c. 175 - c. 235). Even though he was Roman, he spoke Greek so perfectly that he was called 'honey-tongued'. He preferred to write in archaic Greek.

In his work, Varia Historia (Various History), he talks also about natural wonders and strange local customs. Unfortunately, the book was translated only three times in English, once by Fleming (1576), then by Stanley (1665), and the last translation was made nowadays by Diane Ostrom Johnson, in 1997. I used a French translation of the text.

Here is a little quote I have translated from the French version (in book iii, chapter xviii):

"If one believes Theopompus, Midas, king de the Phrygians, discussed one day with Silene (Silene was sun of a nymph, and for this reason, though it was by his birth of an order lower than the gods, as them, nevertheless, he was immortal, and extremely above the condition of the men). After having discussed various things, Silene called to Midas:

'Europe, Asia and Libya are islands which the floods of the Ocean bathe on all sides: out of the enclosure of this world there is one continent, whose extent is immense. It produces very large animals and men of a size twice higher, which are not those of our climates: as their life it is not limited to the same space of time as ours; they live twice longer. They have several large cities, controlled according to uses which are conforming for them; their laws form a perfect contrast with ours.

Between these cities, there two of extraordinary extent, and which don't resemble each other at all. One is called Machimos (the Warlike one), and the other Eusebia (the Pious one). The inhabitants of Eusebia spend their days in peace and abundance: the ground lavishes its fruits to them, without them needing ox nor plough; it would be superfluous to plow and sow. After a life which was constantly prone to diseases, they die merrily and laughing. With the remainder, their life is so pure, that often the gods do not scorn to visit them. To the inhabitants of Machimos, they are very quarrelsome: always armed, always in war, they unceasingly work to extend their limits. This is how their city managed to order several nations; one does not count there less than two million citizens. The examples of people who died of disease are very rare there. All die in the war, not by iron (iron cannot do anything to them), but struck by stone blows or blows of stick. They have such a great quantity of gold and money, that they make of them less case than we do make of iron. Formerly, continued Silene, they wanted to penetrate in our islands; and after having crossed the Ocean with ten million men, they arrived to the Hyperborean ones: but these people appeared in their eyes so cheap and so despicable, that having learned that they were nevertheless the happiest nation of our climates, they scorned to pass by.'

What Silene added is much more astonishing still: 'In this country, he says, the men that one distinguishes by the name of Meropes, are Masters of several large cities: on the borders of the territory which they live in is a place called Anoste (without return), which resembles a pit, and is neither enlightened, nor dark; the air which forms its atmosphere, is mixed with an obscure red. Two rivers run in the surroundings; the river Pleasure, and the river Sorrow, thus they are named: their edges are covered with trees, the height of a large plane tree. Those which grow on the edges of the river Sorrow, produce fruits of such a quality, that whoever tastes them, pours as well tears as it becomes exhausted, and dies finally, after having spent its days in pain. The trees which shade the other river bear fruits of a very different quality: that which eats some, suddenly feels his heart freed of the passions which agitated it; if he loved, he loses the memory of it. He rejuvenates per degrees, while passing by again by all the ages of his life, which he had left behind him: from the old age he returns to the 'age wall', from this one to adolescence, then to puberty; he ends up becoming a child; then he dies." Those who look at Theopompus of Chio like a writer worthy of faith, can believe this account: for me, in this history and several others, I see only one maker of tales."

Maps
The first map is Benincasa map (1482), one of the maps studied by Columbus when he set sail for the Indies. On the left you can see the Piri Reis map, which was made in 1511. In the South you can see Antarctica, way before it was actually discovered. At the map's origin seemed to have been a couple of old maps. ( I will tell you more about Piri Reis and his map and the investigation that has been going on since the discovery of the map a little later, when I have time to translate and research documents.)

Right below, Ptolemy's map, published in Strasbourg in 1513. It was recovered from Constantinople in 1400.






Below you have Athanasius Kircher's map (1669). Kircher was a Jesuit German priest, who lived between 1602-1680. He published "Mundus Subterraneus", a book containing a map of Atlantis according to ancient Egyptian maps. The original map was taken from Egypt by the Romans, probably around 30 B.C.

Some claim that Kircher's island looks like the Antarctica on Piri Reis' map, and like nowadays Antarctica without the ice. The inscriptions on the continents say: "America, Atlantic Ocean, Atlantis, Africa, Spain". In the upper corner: "Site of Atlantis, now beneath the sea, according to the beliefs of the Egyptians and the description of Plato".



Being based on Egyptian maps, in Kircher's map north becomes south. The compass should point up, not down, so then the map would become the way we are used to it now: Africa and Spain, the Strait of Gibraltar on the right, and America, on the left.

According to Hapgood, 15,000 years ago, Antarctica was 2500 miles North of where it is now. Also, Reality TV said that once Antarctica was found where Sahara is now.

Once the map is reversed, you can see the resemblance. However, Kircher's Atlantis looks like an Antarctica without the ice cap.

However, this map is also the reason why Atlantis is being searched in Azores.

The question being asked by the Atlantis believers is if it is more likely to look for Atlantis on an island that moved thousands of kilometers south to reach Antarctica's position now and mostly ignore Plato's story, or to search for it in the Azores, where the tops of the volcanoes are still on land.

http://atlantis.haktanir.org/ch3.html
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Greek Chronicles

These chronicles were written at different times, and in different levels of detail, varying from bare lists of rulers to descriptions of the events of each year. The last three are translated here from the text of Jacoby, and reproduce his numbering.
The Chronicle of Eusebius has been translated separately.


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Contents:
Chronicon Paschale, a chronicle of world events up to about 630 A.D.
Chronographeion Syntomon, a short chronicle, consisting of lists of rulers
Johannes Malalas, a universal chronicle up to 565 A.D., with an emphasis on Syrian history
Astronomical Canon, an accurate list of kings and their dates, from 747 B.C. to 160 A.D.
Marmor Parium, a long inscription listing events down to 264/3 B.C.


(244) Apollodorus of Athens, a chronicle of events down to 119 B.C.
(252) "Roman Chronicle", from 594 to 385, and from 88 to 80 B.C.
(255) "Oxyrhyncus Chronicle", from 355 to 316 B.C.

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Astronomical Canon

Ancient astronomers needed to keep an accurate list of reign lengths, so that they could calculate the date of observations which had been made a long time previously. The lists were regularly updated, and the example shown here is derived from the writings of the astronomer Ptolemaeus, in the second century A.D., as reconstructed by C.Wachsmuth ("Einleitung in das Studium der Alten Geschichte", p.305). The dates are reckoned according to the Egyptian year of 365 days; so that, for instance, the list shows that the accession of Xerxes took place in the year beginning 23 December 486 B.C.

The names of the Babylonian kings are shown in their Greek form. According to Bickerman (p.109), their original Babylonian names were:
Nabonassar; Nabunadinzri; Ukinzir & Pulu; Ululas (Shalmaneser IV); Mardukbaliddin; Arkeanos (Sargon II); ~; Belibni; Ashurnadinshum; Nergalushezib; Mushezib Marduk; ~; Esarhaddon; Shamashshumkin; Kandalanu; Nabopolossar; Nebuchadrezzar; Amel-Marduk; Neriglissar; Nabonidus.

[1] Kings [of the Babylonians] Years Total Year of accession (first day of Egyptian year)
Nabonassarus 14 14 747 B.C. (27 Feb.)
Nadius 2 16 733 B.C. (23 Feb.)
Chinzerus & Porus 5 21 731 B.C. (22 Feb.)
Ilulaeus 5 26 726 B.C. (21 Feb.)
Mardocempadus 12 38 721 B.C. (20 Feb.)
Arceanus 5 43 709 B.C. (17 Feb.)
no king 2 45 704 B.C. (15 Feb.)
Bilibus 3 48 702 B.C. (15 Feb.)
Aparanadius 6 54 699 B.C. (14 Feb.)
Rhegebelus 1 55 693 B.C. (13 Feb.)
Mesesimordacus 4 59 692 B.C. (12 Feb.)
no king 8 67 688 B.C. (11 Feb.)
Asaradinus 13 80 680 B.C. (9 Feb.)
Saosduchinus 20 100 667 B.C. (6 Feb.)
Cineladanus 22 122 647 B.C. (1 Feb.)
Nabopolassarus 21 143 625 B.C. (27 Jan.)
Nabocolassarus 43 186 604 B.C. (21 Jan.)
Illoarudamus 2 188 561 B.C. (11 Jan.)
Nerigasolassarus 4 192 559 B.C. (10 Jan.)
Nabonadius 17 209 555 B.C. (9 Jan.)

[2] Kings of the Persians
Cyrus 9 218 538 B.C. (5 Jan.)
Cambyses 8 226 529 B.C. (3 Jan.)
Dareius I 36 262 521 B.C. (1 Jan.)
Xerxes 21 283 486 B.C. (23 Dec.)
Artaxerxes I 41 324 465 B.C. (17 Dec.)
Dareius II 19 343 424 B.C. (7 Dec.)
Artaxerxes II 46 389 405 B.C. (2 Dec.)
Ochus 21 410 359 B.C. (21 Nov.)
Aroges 2 412 338 B.C. (16 Nov.)
Dareius III 4 416 336 B.C. (15 Nov.)
Alexander the Macedonian 8 424 332 B.C. (14 Nov.)

[3] Kings of the Macedonians
Philippus, the successor
of Alexander the founder 7 431 7 324 B.C. (12 Nov.)
another Alexander 12 443 19 317 B.C. (10 Nov.)
Ptolemaeus son of Lagus 20 463 39 305 B.C. (7 Nov.)
[Ptolemaeus] Philadelphus 38 501 77 285 B.C. (2 Nov.)
[Ptolemaeus] Euergetes 25 526 102 247 B.C. (24 Oct.)
[Ptolemaeus] Philopator 17 543 119 222 B.C. (18 Oct.)
[Ptolemaeus] Epiphanes 24 567 143 205 B.C. (13 Oct.)
[Ptolemaeus] Philometor 35 602 178 181 B.C. (7 Oct.)
[Ptolemaeus] Euergetes II 29 631 207 146 B.C. (29 Sep.)
[Ptolemaeus] Soter 36 667 243 117 B.C. (21 Sep.)
[Ptolemaeus] new Dionysus 29 696 272 81 B.C. (12 Sep.)
Cleopatra 22 718 294 52 B.C. (5 Sep.)

[4] Kings of the Romans
Augustus 43 761 337 43 30 B.C. (31 Aug.)
Tiberius 22 783 359 65 14 A.D. (20 Aug.)
Gaius 4 787 363 69 36 A.D. (14 Aug.)
Claudius 14 801 377 83 40 A.D. (13 Aug.)
Nero 14 815 391 97 54 A.D. (10 Aug.)
Vespasianus 10 825 401 107 68 A.D. (6 Aug.)
Titus 3 828 404 110 78 A.D. (4 Aug.)
Domitianus 15 843 419 125 81 A.D. (3 Aug.)
Nerva 1 844 420 126 96 A.D. (30 Jul.)
Trajanus 19 863 439 145 97 A.D. (30 Jul.)
Hadrianus 21 884 460 166 116 A.D. (25 Jul.)
Aelius Antoninus 23 907 483 189 137 A.D. (20 Jul.)


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239: Marmor Parium

This famous inscription, dating from 264/3 B.C., is preserved in two parts. "A" has been in England since 1627, and is now in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford; "B" was found on the island of Paros in 1897. The original Greek text, along with an English translation, can be found on the Ashmolean web site. For viewing on the web, it has been split up into sections, as follows:

A'1-10 ( from 1581 to 1505 B.C. )
A'11-20 ( from 1431 to 1259 B.C. )
A'21-30 ( from 1256 to 895 B.C. )
A'31-40 ( from 790? to 561 B.C. )
A'41-50 ( from 556 to 485 B.C. )
A'51-60 ( from 480 to 442 B.C. )
A'61-70 ( from 420 to 377 B.C. )
A'71-80 ( from 373 to 355 B.C. )
B'1-10 ( from 336 to 322 B.C. )
B'11-20 ( from 321 to 308 B.C. )
B'21-27 ( from 307 to 299 B.C. )

Unfortunately the end of the inscription, which would have covered from 298 to 264 B.C., has been lost.


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244: Apollodorus of Athens

Apollodorus wrote a chronicle in verse, covering from the earliest times down to at leaset 119 B.C. It was widely used by later writers, but only fragments now remain.

Apollodorus regularly dates years by naming the Athenian archon. The equivalent year B.C., as suggested by Jacoby, is shown in orange.

[19] [STEPHANUS Byz.] Dorus, a city of Phoenicia ..... Artemidorus knows the city as Dora ..... but Apollodorus calls it Dorus in book 4 of his Chronica:
"To Dorus, a city by the sea"

[25] [STEPHANUS Byz.] Fabia, a city of the Celtic Gauls, founded by Fabius, the general of the Romans. Apollodorus in book 4 of his Chronica.

[44] [PHILODEMUS] Apollodorus places the capture of the city in the year when Antipater was archon [262/1]; this was the year before Arrheneides. Antigonus then put a garrison on the Museium; he took control of the magistracies, and entrusted the whole (?) government to one man.

[45] [PHILODEMUS] But the Stoa clearly owed most of its growth to Zenon, and virtually all of the Stoics grant him the first place in their school. ... and Apollodorus the chronicler agree with this.

[47] [PHILODEMUS] After controlling the school for 18 years, [Lacydes] handed over the leadership when [Antiphilus was archon - 224/3]; he lived for another 18 years, and died when Callistratus [was archon - 206/5]. Others says that it was when Pantiades [was archon - 216/5], which leaves an interval of 10 years for his illness. Paseas and Thrasys were his associates, thirdly Aristippus and, the most outstanding of them all, Telecles and Euander.

. . . Agamestor was still famous . . . and in addition the two Eubuli, of whom Moschion . . . for . . . years, died of disease when Eupolemus [was archon - ?185/4]. After this, Eubulus of Erythrae, the son of Antenor, [died] when Alexander was archon; a month later in the same year, Eubulus of Ephesus, the son of Callicrates, [died]. After the capture of Perseus, Agamestor of Arcadia, the son of Polyxenus, ended his life when Xenocles [was archon - 168/7], and Telecles [died] when Nicosthenes [was archon - 164/3]. Last of all Apollonius, the pupil of Telecles, [died] when Epaenetus was archon. After Theaetetus . . . of the younger Eubulus . . . by disease . . .

[53] [PHILODEMUS] Boethus of Marathon, the son of Hermagoras, lived at the same time as Carneades. In general, Boethus was capable and had an enterprising philosophic [mind], but he was rather weak when speaking. He was a pupil of Ariston, and of Eubulus of Ephesus for a short time. He was already superior to the associates of Autolycus and Amyntas, and was leader of the school . . . to Dionysius . . . the quick wit and eloquence of the man. Ten years after the death of Carneades, when Eumachus was archon [120/19], he died in the month of Thargelion . . .

[54] [PHILODEMUS] When Carneades was already . . . through old age, [Carneades the son of Polemarchus] took over the hall and the school, which he led while he lived for another six years . . .

[55] [PHILODEMUS] After the death of Carneades the son of Polemarchus, when Epicles was archon [131/0], Crates of Tarsus succeeded him as leader of the school. When he had occupied the post for only two years, Cleitomachus, who had his own school in the Palladium, moved to the Academy [with many] of his associates.

[56] [PHILODEMUS - a summary in prose of Apollodorus' verse account] [Carneades the son of Epicomus] died aged . . . After him, Crates of Tarsus died after being in control for only two years, and Cleitomachus, who had previously had his own school in the Palladium, entered the Academy with many of his associates. Cleitomachus was originally called Hasdrubal, and came to Athens when he was 24 years old. Four years later he joined Carneades' school, and after staying with him for 19 years he set up his own school in the Palladium, when Agnotheus was archon [140/39]. He maintained his school for (?) ten years, and then took over Carneades' school from Crates of Tarsus, when Lyciscus [was archon - 129/8]. After leading the school for 19 years, he died when Polycleitus [was archon]. Some say that he [died when he was] seventy [and ...] years old.

[57] [PHILODEMUS - in verse] Once he sailed on an embassy to Rome, and met with . . .

[58] [PHILODEMUS] You know that Melanthius once won the prize for tragedy, and spent some time at the school with Aristarchus. He much rather at Athens . . . [while] otherwise remaining in the great crowd of the school, but of Carneades . . .

[59] [PHILODEMUS] . . . most distinguished men. He first sailed to Attica when Aristophantus [was archon - ?141/0], at the age of 22 years. After listening to Carneades for about seven years, he went off to Asia, where he flourished and was considered the most prolific speaker of his generation. Then he returned to Athens . . . He knew tricks, with which he swayed the emotions of his audience in many ways, and he was sufficiently experienced in affairs. He possessed a good memory, and had read much. So he easily obtained the citizenship, and opened a school in the Ptolemaeum . . . (?) the hall of the anointed men . . .

[60] [PHILODEMUS] Antipater and Metrodorus, who did not open schools in the city . . .

[78] [STEPHANUS Byz.] Oreus, a city of Euboea ..... Apollodorus calls [the inhabitants] Oreites, with four syllables, pronouncing the e and i separately, not as a diphthong, as follows:
"They captured the city of the Oreites by night"


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252: "Roman Chronicle"
Preserved in an inscription (IG_14.1297). The dates show that it was written in about 16 A.D.

[A] 1 [From when Sulla] set out for the war [against Mithridates], and Soter, nicknamed Physcon, returned to Egypt and ruled for the second time: 103 years [88/7 B.C.].
2 From when Marius captured Ostia and forced Octavius to come to terms, but did not keep his pledge and killed Octavius; and in Attica Sulla captured Athens: 102 years [87/6 B.C.].
3 From when Fimbria defeated Mithridates' army near Cyzicus and captured Ilium, but was restrained by Sulla and committed suicide; and Mithridates came to terms with Sulla; and Philopator returned to Bithynia and ruled there for the second time; and Ariobarzanes was restored to [the throne of] Cappadocia: 100 years [85/4 B.C.].
4 From when Sulla defeated Norbanus near Capua, and after shutting up the consul Marius in Praeneste, killed him as he tried to escape: 98 years [83/2 B.C.].
5 From when Sulla became dictator: 97 years [82/1 B.C.].
6 From when Soter, nicknamed Physcon, died: 96 years [81/0 B.C.].

1 From when ...
2 From when [Solon was archon of the Athenians] and [established] laws for them; and Anacharsis the Scythian came to [Athens]: ... years.
3 From when Croesus became king of the Lydians: ... years.
4 From when the [? seven] wise men were identified: ... years.
5 From when Peisistratus became tyrant at Athens; and Aesopus was thrown to his death by the Delphians: 579 years [564/3 B.C.].
6 From when Croesus [submitted to] Cyrus: ... years.
7 From when Cambyses [conquered] Egypt; and Pythagoras was seized: (?) 540 years [525/4 B.C.].
8 From when Harmodius and Aristogeiton killed the tyrant Hipparchus; and Dareius crossed over against the Scythians, after bridging the Cimmerian Bosporus: 528 years [513/2 B.C.].
9 From when Xerxes crossed the Hellespont, after bridging it near Abydus; and Themistocles defeated the barbarians in a naval battle: 49. years.
10 From when Socrates the philosopher, Heracleitus of Ephesus, Anaxagoras, Parmenides and Zenon [were in their prime]: ... years.
11 From when the Peloponnesian war began; and Thucydides [was in his prime]: ... years.
12 From when the Gauls defeated the Romans and captured Rome: 401 years [386/5 B.C.].


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255: "Oxyrhyncus Chronicle"
Preserved in an Egyptian papyrus (POxy_12). The papyrus was written after 250 A.D.

[1] [In the 106th Olympiad ... in the second year] Dion was murdered by the tyrant Dionysius at Syracuse. In the third year the inhabitants of Tibur were defeated by the Romans, and surrendered.

[2] In the 107th Olympiad [352 B.C.] Smicrinas [of Tarentum] won the stadion race, and the archons at Athens were [Aristodemus], Thessalus, [Apollodorus] and Callimachus. In the third year plebeian censors were elected at Rome for the first time.

[3] In the 108th Olympiad [348 B.C.] Polycles of Cyrene won the stadion race, and the archons at Athens were Theophilus, Themistocles, Archias and Eubulus. In the first year the philosopher Platon died and Speusippus succeeded him as head of the school. In the second year Philippus ...

[4] [In the 109th Olympiad] [344 B.C.] Aristolycus [of Athens won the stadion race], and the archons at Athens were [Lyciscus], Pythodotus, Sosigenes and Nicomachus. In the second year Dionysius II, tyrant of Sicily, fell from power and sailed off to Corinth, where he survived as a schoolteacher. In the fourth year the eunuch Bagoas murdered Ochus, the king of the Persians, and set up Arses who was the youngest of Ochus' sons as king, while he himself controlled the whole government.

[5] In the 110th Olympiad [340 B.C.] Anticles of Athens won the stadion race, and the archons at Athens were Theophrastus, Lysimachides, Chaerondas and Phrynichus. In the first year the Samnites fought against the Romans. In the second year the Latins united in an attack on the Romans. In the third year Philippus, the king of the Macedonians, defeated the Athenians and Boeotians in the famous battle at Chaeroneia, with the help of his son Alexander, who distinguished himself by his bravery in the battle. Isocrates the teacher of rhetoric died, [at the age of about] ninety years ... the eunuch [Bagoas] killed Arses the king of the Persians along with his brothers, and set up Dareius the son of Arsames, who belonged to the royal family, as king in Arses' place. At the same time the Romans fought against the Latins. In the fourth year the assembly of the Greeks met and appointed Philippus to be supreme commander in the war against the Persians.

[6] In the 111th Olympiad [336 B.C.] Cleomantis of Cleitor won the stadion race, and the archons at Athens were Pythodelus, Euaenetus, Ctesicles and Nicocrates. In the first year Philippus the king of the Macedonians was murdered by Pausanias, one of his bodyguards, and his son Alexander succeeded him as king. After assuming power, Alexander first defeated the Illyrians, Paeonians and other barbarian tribes who had revolted, and then captured and destroyed Thebes. In Rome, the priestesses of Vesta, who remain virgins for all their life, were accused of having been defiled ... In the second year Alexander the king of the Macedonians crossed over to Asia and defeated the generals of Dareius the king of the Persians in a battle by the river Granicus. In the third year Alexander met Dareius in battle at Issus in Cilicia, and again defeated him. He killed many thousands of the Persians and their allies, and captured many prisoners and a great quantity of booty. At the same time, Alexander the Molossian crossed over to Italy in aid of the Greeks who lived there. In the fourth year the Romans gave [the Campanians] Roman citizenship [without the right to] vote.

[7] In the 112th Olympiad [332 B.C.] Gryllus of Chalcis won the stadion race, and the archons at Athens were Nicetes, Aristophanes, Aristophon and Cephisophon. In the first year Alexander the son of Philippus captured Tyre and took possession of Egypt, where the natives willingly received him because of their hatred of the Persians. Then he ordered [? the foundation of the city of Alexandria] ... He made an expedition to the temple of Ammon, and on his way he founded the city of Paraetonium. In the third year Alexander won another victory over Dareius, in a battle at Arbela. After that Dareius was treacherously killed by his own friends, and the empire of the Persians came to an end; it had lasted 233 years from Cyrus, who established it.

[8] In the 113th Olympiad [328 B.C.] Criton of Macedonia won the stadion race, and the archons at Athens were Euthycritus, Hegemon, Chremes [and Anticles]. Throughout the four years of this Olympiad there occurred the rest of the exploits of Alexander, as he conquered the nations of Asia.

[9] In the 114th Olympiad [324 B.C.] Micinas of Rhodes won the stadion race, and the archons at Athens were Hegesias, Cephisophon, Philocles and Archippus. In the first year Alexander died, in the 13th year of his reign and the 33rd year of his life. In the second year Ptolemaeus the son of Lagus was sent to govern Egypt. In the ...

[10] In the 115th Olympiad [320 B.C.] Damasias of Amphipolis won the stadion race, and the archons at Athens were Neaechmus, Apollodorus, Archippus and Demogenes. In the first year Antipater, who had taken over as king in Macedonia, met the Greeks in battle at Lamia and defeated them. The Romans were defeated in battle by the Samnites. In the second year Antipater crossed over to Asia against Perdiccas, and made the second partition [of the empire] amongst the successors of Alexander, in which Ptolemaeus kept [his portion]. In the third year the Romans defeated the Samnites in battle, and recovered their men who had been captured in the first battle.

[11] In the 116th Olympiad [316 B.C.] Demosthenes of Laconia won the stadion race, and the archons at Athens were Democleides, Praxibulus, Nicodorus and Theodorus. In the first year [Antipater] died and [Polyperchon] took over the government ...


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Chronicon Paschale
- Olympiads 112 to 187

The Chronicon Paschale is a chronicle which was written in about 630 A.D. It is an important source of information about the Byzantine Empire of that time, but for earlier periods it concentrates on sacred (Jewish) history. It also contains a list of Roman consuls, which is not translated here.

Translated from Dindorf's text (in Migne, PG.92; the references in red are the page numbers of that edition).


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[420'A] [Ol. 112.1] Dareius Alexander, the son of Arsames, became the 13th king [of Persia] for 6 years. In total, 5,181 years [from the creation].

B [Ol. 113.2] Alexander captured Babylon, and the kingdom of Persia came to an end, after lasting for 246 years, from the first year of Cyrus up until the present 6th year of Dareius the son of Arsames. This kingdom was like a statue, whose hands and chest and arms were made of silver.

Alexander founded 12 cities, which were called as follows:

Alexandria by the Pentapolis, previously called Chettus, the port of Memphis
Alexandria in Egypt
Alexandria by the (?) Harpasus
C Alexandria Cabiosa
Alexandria, also called Scythia, in (?) Aegaei
Alexandria by Porus
Alexandria on the river Cypris
Alexandria in the Troad
Alexandria in Babylonia
Alexandria in (?) the Mesasgages
Alexandria in Persia
[421'A] Alexandria Casus
When he was 32 years old, Alexander was poisoned and died at Babylon.

[Ol. 113.3] The 12 Lagides, kings of Egypt:

Ptolemaeus, the son of Lagus and Arsinoe, became the first [king] of Egypt, for 40 years. In total, 5,221 years.

[Ol. 114.1] Papirius Cursor was appointed dictator, with Drusus as magister equitum.

B The consul Camillus executed his own son, because he joined battle contrary to his father's ord

[+Faith+]

Riven

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  posted 03-01-2006 09:02 AM                       
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Quite so Deborah;

Now that I have knocked over the Pillars of Time, our Scientists will rebuild my Pillars of Truth in time!!


hee hee

[ 03-01-2006, 09:03 AM: Message edited by: Riven ]

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.111.[R].Riven The Seer and Royal Bloodline to Atlantis.[R].111.

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Posts: 4048 | From: Azores Atlantis Isles. | Registered: May 2003   

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Ishtar

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Member # 736

  posted 03-01-2006 09:13 AM                       
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God bless, Riven, ;o)

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“Ad initio, alea iacta est.”
And the light shineth in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not.
it's Later Than You Think
http://forums.atlantisrising.com/cgi-bin/ubb/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=28;t=000023;p=1

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Posts: 9824 | Registered: Feb 2002
 

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Riven

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Member # 1495

  posted 03-01-2006 12:25 PM                       
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Peace be with you also Deborah.


MDT


quote:
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This is quite interesting but a little hard to follow from start to end. Could you summarize the conclusions of your thesis in a paragraph or two.
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Gladly by all means, allow me the opportunity;


1) Atlantis I was a Legend and not a Myth

2) Atlantis II is very real today in Avila,Africa

Both these Sub-Continents parallel in size being 2000 x 1000 miles in area.

3) Atlantis III is very real today and visible as TALhA and al-MANSA-hur, Delta Nile Egypt.

4) Zeus is a Subjugation God who took over Jove (Jupiter) ca 1650.bC as are Osiris, Isis and Horus.

5) Egypt and Phoenicia subjugated kingdoms in Europe,Africa and Arabia which they still do to this very day and also CONCEAL the truth about Atlantis or Jalanta.

6) The Earth was destroyed ca 6482.bC which also destroyed Atlantis I, and hints at 3000 year cycles of Earth Shifts

7) Our Father Creator JA is real and we now have a closer relationship with God and know his real name.

Our Father Ja recreated us in The Garden of Eden which is The Garden of Nevi, Tanzania Africa.

9) Our Son of Man, Jesa the pure, Mr.34 was murdered by Snoferu Dec 10th, 3474.bC and concealed by Khufu which led to 885 years of loss in the NEW Sun Temples.

10) The Chronicles of Atlantean Kingdoms were removed along with the "Right" Lion Sphinx behind the Red Temple.

11) The Tower of Babel is also in Egypt built prior to Snoferu, I believe they call it the Tower of UNAS.

12) For the most part we are Atlanteans because of the original middle earth migrations upon the Original Atlantis Azores and Atlanteans are the forefather's to our technology and Sciences as such we also know from Thoth and Inhotep.

13) Science and History is suppressed in mainstream circles for the past 4000 years.

14) A 6000 year old never ending war between West and East that continues to this day, although the west is being ployed to benefit the east in reality today.

15) I am your true Atlantean king come and the redeemer of the Son of Man, Mr 34 Jesa, the pure who was called "philitis" in the time of Snoferu and Khufu and was more highly praised by the people as "the good shepherd".

16) I have returned my brother Jesa the pure to his Father JA, by disclosing the temple of man and defeating the abominations around that temple. No one has done this in 5014 years.


17) No one has disclosed Atlantis these past 2576 years since it first became known, and only a true Atlantean would be prophecized to reveal such a Kingdom.

18) I am a True Atlantean with Royal Blood and I am Mr.44 at present.

19) I have revealed the secret of herodotus and also know the secrets of Chalcidius who wanted us to know that they were writing in times of suppresions and false oracles.

20) True men and women of God our Father neither kill nor slaughter any of his great creations as he created us in his garden which I have also revealed in Tanzania.

21) My Dragon Claw Orbis Ships were sailing before the Egyptians of 3100.bC and an image was left on the Stonehenge pillar as well on the Gebel-el-Arak knife

22) The Narmer Palette and Tomb 100 maps also testify to earlier battles and The 10 Lion Kings of Atlantis

23) Atlantis controlled the entire mediterranean until the poisoned brine of Phoenicia and Egypta took over after the Atlantean war ca 3473.bC where another great flood wiped out the warriors.

Egypt and Phoenicia gained power since then and much of our Atlantean artifacts, cities and Great Pyramids were stolen for their gratification and their claim to our God The Father Ja.

These artifacts were also stolen ca 800.aD by certain Arabians from The Great Pyramids to "strengthen their religion and their cries of "Thou shalt be put to death".


That is not what our Father wishes for they are false and speak with forked tongues.

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.111.[R].Riven The Seer and Royal Bloodline to Atlantis.[R].111.

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Posts: 4048 | From: Azores Atlantis Isles. | Registered: May 2003   

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Riven

Member
Member # 1495

  posted 03-07-2006 08:18 PM                       
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Does this photo fit the description of the Library that some of you may perceive?

http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/chalci5.jpg

Large Alexandria library

Base= 575 feet
Triangle face= 500 feet
height= 400 feet
45 degree angles

Smaller Chalcidium

Base= 220 feet
Tri face=300 feet
height= 260 feet
45 degree angles


http://www.mts.net/~goldlion/chalcidium_library_of_alexandria.htm


http://www.mts.net/~goldlion

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.111.[R].Riven The Seer and Royal Bloodline to Atlantis.[R].111.

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Posts: 4048 | From: Azores Atlantis Isles. | Registered: May 2003