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2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

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Frank Embry
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« Reply #15 on: December 26, 2007, 10:14:15 pm »



Animation of the tsunami caused by the earthquake showing how the tsunami radiated from the entire length of the 1,600 km (994 mi) rupture.
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Frank Embry
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« Reply #16 on: December 26, 2007, 10:14:58 pm »

Retreat and rise cycle

The tsunami was a succession of several waves, occurring in retreat and rise cycles with a period of over 30 minutes between each peak. The third wave was the most powerful and reached highest, occurring about an hour and a half after the first wave. Smaller tsunamis continued to occur for the rest of the day.

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Frank Embry
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« Reply #17 on: December 26, 2007, 10:16:01 pm »



Second tsunami wave starting to retreat, Kata Noi Beach, Thailand, 10:17 a.m.
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Frank Embry
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« Reply #18 on: December 26, 2007, 10:16:45 pm »



Receding waters after the second tsunami, 10:20 a.m.
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Frank Embry
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« Reply #19 on: December 26, 2007, 10:18:54 pm »



3rd tsunami wave, 11:00 a.m.
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Bianca
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« Reply #20 on: December 26, 2007, 10:22:07 pm »




Welcome to the Forum, Frank!

Thank you for this thread, I posted a small  article of remembrance in our "Memorial" here:

http://atlantisonline.smfforfree2.com/index.php/topic,5744.0.html


I just did not have the heart to relive this terrible tragedy.
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Your mind understands what you have been taught; your heart what is true.
Frank Embry
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« Reply #21 on: December 26, 2007, 10:22:53 pm »



4th tsunami wave, 11:22 a.m.
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Frank Embry
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« Reply #22 on: December 26, 2007, 10:25:46 pm »

Thanks for the welcome, Bianca.  It was terrible, wasn't it?  I still remember that day. I don't think that people who live in North America grasp how bad it was, which was about twenty times worse than Hurricane Katrina and 9/11 combined.

I had some info on this posted at the other forum and, after being invited here, it seemed only fitting to pay tribute to it again.  The ability to post pictures is a huge upgrade over the other place. 
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Frank Embry
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« Reply #23 on: December 26, 2007, 10:26:32 pm »

Damage and casualties

The U.S. Geological Survey initially recorded the toll as 283,100 killed, 14,100 missing, and 1,126,900 people displaced. However, more recent analysis compiled by the United Nations lists a total of 229,866 people lost, including 186,983 dead and 42,883 missing.[41] The figure excludes 400 to 600 people who are believed to have perished in Myanmar, which is more than that government's official figure of only 61 dead.[42] If the higher Myanmar figures are reliable, the death toll would include at least 230,000 people. Measured in lives lost, this is one of the ten worst earthquakes in recorded history, as well as the single worst tsunami in history.

The tsunami caused serious damage and deaths as far as the east coast of Africa, with the farthest recorded death due to the tsunami occurring at Rooi Els in South Africa, 8,000 km (4,971 mi) away from the epicentre. In total, eight people in South Africa died due to abnormally high sea levels and waves.

Relief agencies report that one-third of the dead appear to be children. This is a result of the high proportion of children in the populations of many of the affected regions and because children were the least able to resist being overcome by the surging waters. Oxfam went on to report that as many as four times more women than men were killed in some regions because they were waiting on the beach for the fishermen to return and looking after their children in the houses.[43]

In addition to the large number of local residents, up to 9,000 foreign tourists (mostly Europeans) enjoying the peak holiday travel season were among the dead or missing, especially people from the Nordic countries. The European nation hardest hit may have been Sweden, whose death toll was 543.[44]

States of emergency were declared in Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and the Maldives. The United Nations estimated at the outset that the relief operation (which is presently still underway) would be the costliest in human history. UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan has stated that reconstruction would probably take between five and ten years. Governments and non-governmental organisations fear the final death toll may double as a result of diseases, prompting a massive humanitarian response.

For purposes of establishing timelines of local events, the time zones of affected areas are: UTC+3: (Kenya, Madagascar, Somalia, Tanzania); UTC+4: (Mauritius, Rιunion, Seychelles); UTC+5: (Maldives); UTC+5:30: (India); UTC+6: (Bangladesh, Sri Lanka); UTC+6:30: (Cocos Islands, Myanmar); UTC+7: (Indonesia (western), Thailand); UTC+8: (Malaysia, Singapore). Since the earthquake occurred at 00:58:53 UTC, add the above offsets to find the local time of the earthquake.

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Frank Embry
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« Reply #24 on: December 26, 2007, 10:27:57 pm »



Chennai's Marina beach after the Tsunami
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Frank Embry
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« Reply #25 on: December 26, 2007, 10:28:33 pm »

Country where
deaths occurred Deaths Injured Missing Displaced
Confirmed Estimated1
Indonesia 130,736 167,736 — 37,063 500,000+
Sri Lanka2 35,322 35,322 21,411  516,150
India 12,405 18,045 — 5,640 647,599
Thailand 5,3953 8,212 8,457 2,817 7,000
Somalia 78 289 — — 5,000
Myanmar (Burma) 61 400–600 45 200 3,200
Maldives 82 108 — 26 15,000+
Malaysia 68 75 299 6 —
Tanzania 10 13 — — —
Seychelles 3 3 57 — 200
Bangladesh 2 2 — — —
South Africa 24 2 — — —
Yemen 2 2 — — —
Kenya 1 1 2 — —
Madagascar — — — — 1,000+
Total ~184,168 ~230,210 ~125,000 ~45,752 ~1.69 million
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Frank Embry
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« Reply #26 on: December 26, 2007, 10:30:16 pm »



Countries most affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.

The earthquake and resulting tsunami affected many countries in Southeast Asia and beyond, including Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, the Maldives, Somalia, Myanmar, Malaysia, Seychelles and others. Many other countries, especially Australia and those in Europe, had large numbers of citizens traveling in the region on holiday. Both Sweden and Germany lost over 500 citizens each in the disaster.

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Frank Embry
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« Reply #27 on: December 26, 2007, 10:30:58 pm »

Deadliest earthquakes
Rank Earthquake Country Year Fatalities
1 "Shaanxi" China 1556 830,000
2 "Indian Ocean" nr. Indonesia 2004 283,100
3 "Tangshan" China 1976 242,000
4 "Aleppo" Syria 1138 230,000
5 "Gansu" China 1920 c. 200,000
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Frank Embry
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« Reply #28 on: December 26, 2007, 10:31:31 pm »

Event in historical context

This earthquake was the fourth most powerful earthquake recorded since 1900, and the confirmed death toll is just under 200,000 due to the ensuing tsunami. The deadliest earthquakes since 1900 were the Tangshan, China earthquake of 1976, in which at least 255,000 were killed; the earthquake of 1927 in Xining, Qinghai, China (200,000); the Great Kanto earthquake which struck Tokyo in 1923 (143,000); and the Gansu, China, earthquake of 1920 (200,000). The deadliest known earthquake in history occurred in 1556 in Shaanxi, China, with an estimated death toll of 830,000, though figures from this time period may not be reliable.[45]

The 2004 tsunami is the deadliest in recorded history. Prior to 2004, the deadliest recorded tsunami in the Pacific Ocean was in 1782, when 40,000 people were killed by a tsunami in the South China Sea.[46] The tsunami created by the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa is thought to have resulted in 36,000 deaths. The most deadly tsunami between 1900 and 2004 occurred in 1908 in Messina, Italy, on the Mediterranean Sea, where the earthquake and tsunami killed 70,000. The most deadly tsunami in the Atlantic Ocean resulted from the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, which, combined with the toll from the actual earthquake and resulting fires, killed over 100,000.

The 2004 earthquake and tsunami combined have been described as the deadliest natural disaster since either the 1976 Tangshan earthquake or the 1970 Bhola cyclone, or could conceivably exceed both of these. Because of uncertainty over death tolls, it might never be known for sure which of these natural disasters was the deadliest.

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Frank Embry
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« Reply #29 on: December 26, 2007, 10:32:41 pm »

Human component in magnitude of damage

The human destruction of coral reefs played a significant role in the destruction caused by the tsunami. Many countries across Asia, including Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, have put forth efforts to destroy the coral surrounding their beaches, and instead make way for shrimp farms and other economic choices. On the Surin Island chain of Thailand's coast, many people were saved as the tsunami rushed against the coral reefs protecting the islands. However, there were many fewer people on these islands, which helps explain the lower death toll. Many reefs areas around the Indian Ocean have been exploded with dynamite because they are considered impediments to shipping, an important part of the South Asian economy. Similarly, the removal of coastal mangrove trees is believed to have intensified the effect of the tsunami in some locations. These trees, which lined the coast but were removed to make way for coastal residences, might have blocked the force of the tsunami. Another factor is the removal of coastal sand dunes.
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