Doppler Red Shifts Errors- Big Bang Never Happened

[Majeston]

Doppler Red Shifts Due to Universe Rotations

Philip Calabrese  Ph.D.
pc@datasynthesis.org

Introduction. There are a few scientists such as Hubble’s former assistant, Halton Arp, who are not inclined to believe the “genesis idea” of an expanding “big bang” universe bursting into existence exactly 13.7 billion years ago. They cite conflicting astronomical evidence – photos of gravitationally connected systems with very different red shifts [Sco05]. These skeptics of large recessional velocities [Pan05] offer alternate explanations for the large shifts toward lower, less energetic, red frequencies that light quanta coming from far distant objects display.

One such alternate interpretation is “tired light”, the conjectured frequency attenuation of light from far distant outer space in passage through space by partial absorption or other influence making it appear that the object is receding [Bal05]. This would explain the linear relation Edwin Hubble discovered between red shift and distance without implying recession at greater and greater speeds the further out we look, . But “tired” light has no less clarity than presumably non-tired light from closer objects making the absorption hypothesis somewhat difficult to defend.

Another possible source of significant error are the small and large-scale rapid rotations in the universe just now being discovered. For example, astronomers have been surprised to find galaxies spinning rapidly and with rims circling as fast or faster than inner zones [Cor82]. That has lead to 95% “dark matter” estimates for galaxies to account for the fact that such fast spinning luminous systems don’t flying apart. Spin is a “pivotal concept” in quantum physics according to Nobel prizing winning quantum physicist Sin-itiro Tomonaga [Sin74]. Clearly, spin is fundamental in the universe both as a macro phenomenon as well as a micro phenomenon.

Just recently a team of astronomers headed by Scott Chapman (California Institute of Technology) and Rodrigo Ibata (Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg) announced that Andromeda is actually three times as big as they thought, and that such huge rotating systems are hard to derive from the accretion models presently being explored. [Tin05]

Alternative solutions of A. Einstein’s general field equations discovered by K. Gödel [Göd49] are “rotating universe” solutions [Hol05, p.84] albeit the universe rotates around every particle [Svi96,p.2]. But considering the imagination of many contemporary “big bang” cosmolo¬gists, string theorists and particle physicists as they try to combine quantum logic with general relativity, surely a rotating universe should not be summarily discarded based on its supposed implausibility. Perhaps all of these “centers of rotation” can be topologically gathered together as a single central position about which everything rotates, and from which energy is somehow projected in space and viewed in time. Is that any more fanciful a framework than contemporary theories?

Question: As seen from Earth how would a universe of clockwise and counter-clockwise rotating rings of galaxies be manifest in Doppler shifts? How much of the observed phenomenon of large Doppler red shift can a “rotating rings” model of the universe explain? Is it consistent with contemporary astronomic data?

Analysis (by elementary methods): Assume that large concentric rings of stars and galac¬tic systems rotate more or less as rigid disks with constant angular velocities in opposite directions, clockwise and counter-clockwise around the same Center of Rotation.

Assuming a counter-clockwise rotation for the Earth about the Center of Rotation C, without loss of generality for determining Doppler shift, adopt a counter-clockwise rotating coordinate system in which the Earth is fixed at x = D, y = 0. The outer space object J then has angular velocity ? equal to the difference between the original angular velocities of Earth and the object with respect to the Center of Rotation.

By the law of cosines, S2 = R2 + D2 ¬– 2RD cos ?. [This of course can be proved directly by expressing the length of the dotted line as R sin ? and the distance from the center of rotation to the base of the dotted line as R cos ? and then using the Pythagorean Theorem and a little trigonometry. A less elementary, vector calculus solution is also available.]

The Doppler shift is due to the change in the distance of object J as seen from the Earth as the object swings around C. This change in distance with respect to time is the first derivative dS/dt. During the rotation only ? and S change with time t although we will also want to examine dS/dt for objects of varying distances R from the Center of Rotation.

Setting ? = ?t and taking the derivative of both sides with respect to time t yields:

2S (dS/dt) = 0 + 0 + 2RD? sin (?t) 1)
and so
S (dS/dt) = (RD?) sin (?t) 2)

dS/dt = (RD?/S) sin (?t) 3)

dS/dt = RD? sin (?t)/( R2 + D2 ¬– 2RD cos ?t)1/2 4)

dS/dt = D? sin (?t)/( 1 + (D/R)2 ¬– 2(D/R) cos ?t)1/2   5)



Graph 1. Doppler Shift, dS/dt, Due to Rotation

In terms of D, ? and R, this is the speed of recession (or approach) of J due to the assumed rotating motion. This speed will change signs when ? = 0 or ? because at those angles J will stop getting closer (or farther) away from Earth and start receding (or approaching) again, thus changing the sign of dS/dt.

By fixing any angle ? and letting R (and S) increase in equation 5) , (D/R) goes to zero and the Doppler shift velocity approaches D ? sin ?. That is,

6)

which is a constant, positive or negative, depending on ?.

Notice that when ?t = ? = 0 or ? there is no Doppler shift since sin ? = 0. For ? = ±?/6, dS/dt approaches constant ± D?/2 as R and S approach 8.

At ? = ±?/2, the Doppler shift is dS/dt = ±RD?/S = ±RD?/(R2 + D2)1/2 = ±?/(R/D + D/R)1/2, whose absolute value is still about ?/10 when R is 100 times D indicating that this effect can be significant.

Fixing R and D and letting ? and S vary again, the maxima and minima of this sinusoidal function dS/dt in equation 3) occur when the 2nd derivative vanishes. Taking derivatives ( implicitly again) on both sides of equation 2) yields:

S d2S/dt2 + (dS/dt) (dS/dt) = (RD?2) cos (?t). 7)

So the maxima and minima must occur when

(dS/dt)2 = (RD?2) cos (?t).

That is, using equation 3), the maximum or minimum Doppler shift values are when

(RD?2) cos (?t) = (RD?/S)2 sin2(?t) 9)
S2 cos(?t) = RD sin2(?t) 10)
(R2 + D2 ¬– 2RD cos ?) cos? = RD sin2?
(R2 + D2) cos? – 2RD cos2? – RD sin2? = 0
(R2 + D2) cos? – RD cos2? – RD(cos2? + sin2?) = 0
– RD cos2? + (R2 + D2) cos? – RD = 0

Thus the angles ? at which dS/dt attains its maximum or minimum value satisfy

cos2? – (R/D + D/R) cos ? + 1 = 0 11)

Solving this quadratic equation for cos ? yields

2cos ? = R/D + D/R ± ((R/D + D/R)2 – 4)1/2

2RDcos ? = R2 + D2 ± ((R2 + D2)2 – 4R2 D2)1/2
2RDcos ? = R2 + D2 ± ((R2)2 + 2 R2 D2 + (D2)2 – 4R2 D2)1/2
2RDcos ? = R2 + D2 ± ((R2)2 – 2 R2 D2 + (D2)2 )1/2   
2RDcos ? = R2 + D2 ± ((R2 – D2)2 )1/2
2RDcos ? = R2 + D2 ± ?R2 – D2| 12)

Therefore the maxima or minima dS/dt occur when

S2 = R2 + D2 ¬– 2RD cos ? = ± ?R2 – D2|.   13)

14)



Objects Further from the Center of Rotation. In case D = R, a circle of radius R about the Center of Rotation will intersect the vertical (dotted) line “x = D” through the Earth in two places making D2 + S2 = R2, which is both necessary and sufficient that D, R and S form a right triangle with R as hypotenuse. So

cos ? = D/R and sin ? = ±S/R. 15)

Therefore the maximum and minimum dS/dt in case D = R are dS/dt = (RD?/S) sin ? = (RD?/S) (±S/R) =
dS/dt = ±D? 16)

D? is a constant, the distance D of Earth from the Center of Rotation C times the difference in the angular velocities of the assumed counter-clockwise and clockwise rotations of Earth and an observed object J. Therefore the net Doppler effect of such rotations is to add at most a constant red or blue frequency shift to light from an object J.

With “Up” taken in the direction perpendicular to the plane of rotation making Earth’s rotation counter-clockwise, objects far out in outer space off the left edge of the Milky would have a red shift due to the rotations, and objects off the right edge of the Milky Way would have at most this constant blue shift added to their spectrums.

Multiple Motions. This might be the largest distortion among many caused by unrecognized rotations each potentially adding to others in certain astronomic periods and positions. Our time could be such a period of coordinated red shifting due to rotating motions of systems and subsystems in which Earth happens to find itself. A spinning within a circling produces Doppler peaks equal to the sum of the red (and blue) shifts of the individual rotations. Thus were Earth part of a rotation within a rotation within a rotation, and so forth, all rotating in the same counter-clockwise direction, the effect at times would be that all these red shifts would add up to a large red shift of far distant objects rotating clockwise in the opposite direction in an outer space zone beyond the local group rotating counter-clockwise. Concentric rings of galaxies, alternately rotating clockwise and counter-clockwise at varying distances from a Center of Rotation, would further complicate matters.

Objects Nearer to the Center of Rotation: In case R = D, the right triangle in Figure 2 has D as hypotenuse and S2 + R2 = D2; a circle of radius R about the Center of Rotation has two tangent lines that intersect the Earth’s position and which form right triangles. One is depicted (slanted dotted line) in Figure 2. So

cos ? = R/D and sin ? = ± S/D 17)

Therefore the maximum and minimum dS/dt in case R = D are dS/dt = (RD?/S) sin ? = (RD?/S) (±S/D). So
dS/dt = ±R? 18)

This is a linear relationship akin to Hubble’s law with ? as the constant of proportionality. But R is the distance from the center C, not from Earth.

Dual Solutions. For larger and larger R, the two intersections of the dotted line “x = D” with the circle of radius R about C will occur further up (or down for minimums) the dotted line, and the angle ? will approach ±?/2. As the angle ? approaches +?/2, the two Doppler shift maximizing values of R, one greater than D and one less than D, approach ? and 0 respectively. Similarly for ? approaching –?/2 and minimum values of dS/dt.

Summary of Maximum Doppler Shift. As a function of the distance R of object J from the Center C of rotation, the maximum dS/dt is given by the following equation and is depicted in Figure 3.

19)



D?


D R
Figure 3. Maximum dS/dt

This maximum value of dS/dt occurs at

20)

This is the same angle for two values of R. For any given direction ?, there are two distances R, one smaller and one greater than D, which maximize dS/dt at that angle compared to other directions at those distances R.

Astronomic Data. The verification of this model as a cosmological hypothesis hinges on evidence of asymmetry in the Doppler shifts when looking in the plane of the Milky Way off one edge of the galactic disk or the other. The difference between the Doppler shifts of far distant objects off the left edge versus objects off the right edge of the Milky Way would be as much as 2D?.

The large-scale motions of the stars are not yet known well, but the existence of a “great attractor” at the center of the local group of galaxies lends credence to the notion that unrecognized rotational motions, especially nested motions of systems and subsystems, together with reverse rotations, can partially account for the appearance of a rapidly expanding universe. If nothing else rotations magnify space-expansion Doppler effects.

References.
[Bal05] Paul Ballard, “Redshifts and the Hubble Law”, The Heretical Press, Feb 3, 2005, http://www.heretical.com/science/redshift.html

[Cor82] William R. Corliss, “The Rims Of Galaxies Spin Too Fast”, Science Frontiers #19, JAN-FEB 1982, http://www.science-frontiers.com/sf019/sf019p03.htm

[Göd49] Kurt Gödel, “An Example of a New Type of Cosmological Solutions of Einstein’s Field Equations of Gravitation”, Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 21, Number 3, July 1949, p.47-50

[Hol05] “Time Bandits”, subtitled “What were Einstein and Gödel talking about?”, Jim Holt, New Yorker Magazine, Feb. 2005, p.80-85

[Pan05] Richard Panek, “Two Against the Big Bang”, Discover Magazine, Vol. 26 Number 11, Nov. 2005

[Sco05] Donald E. Scott, “Redshift”, http://www.electric-cosmos.org/arp.htm, Important Web site for the alternative redshifts

[Sin74] Sin-itiro Tomonaga, The Story of Spin, translated by Takeshi Oka, University of Chicago Press, 1997

[Svi96] “Rotating Universes and Time Traveling”, Egils Sviestins, August 1996, http://www.ettnet.se/~egils/essay/essay.html

[Tin05] Robert Tindol, “Andromeda Galaxy Three Times Bigger in Diameter Than Previously Thought”, Caltech Media Relations News Release, May 30, 2005 http://pr.caltech.edu/media/Press_Releases/PR12703.html

[Majeston]

Oops! Huge galaxy actually small

Galaxy thought to be giant and far off, actually small and close
Image of the two galaxies NGC 5011B (top) and NGC 5011C (bottom blue galaxy).


By Sara Goudarzi
Staff Writer
Updated: 12:47 p.m. ET March 12, 2007

Astronomers are rubbing their eyes after discovering that a galaxy assumed to have been a giant for the past 23 years is in fact a dwarf, according to new observations.

NGC 5011C, a galaxy in the vicinity of the Milky Way is located towards the Centaurus constellation, one of the largest constellations of the southern hemisphere. Because of its low density of stars and absence of other features, astronomers would normally classify such a galaxy as a dwarf elliptical — a small faint galaxy with little gas and dust that mainly consists of old stars.

However, for years scientists thought that NGC 5011C was located in the more distant Centaurus cluster — located some 155 million light years away — close to the NGC 5011B galaxy, its bright red companion. So they pinned it as a giant galaxy that was just far away.
Most galaxies — the basic units of the universe which contain stars, gas, dust, and dark matter bound together by one central gravitational force — are found in gravitationally joined binary pairs or in groups. So it was no surprise that the projection of NGC 5011C and NGC 5011B in the sky had astronomers believing that they were cohorts at about the same distance from our own.

But new data obtained with the 3.6-m ESO telescope, revealed that the two galaxies have very different red shifts and are not at the same distance as once believed. NGC 5011C is centered around the Centaurus A galaxy group which is estimated to be about 13 million light years away from our galaxy, while the NGC 5011B galaxy — a member of the Centaurus cluster — is about 12 times farther away.

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17578986/

[Majeston]

P134:3, 12:4.14

Although your spectroscopic estimations of astronomic velocities are fairly reliable when applied to the starry realms belonging to your superuniverse and its associate superuniverses, such reckonings with reference to the realms of outer space are wholly unreliable. Spectral lines are displaced from the normal towards the violet by an approaching star; likewise these lines are displaced towards the red by a receding star. Many influences interpose to make it appear that the recessional velocity of the external universes increases at the rate of more than one hundred miles a second for every million light-years increase in distance. By this method of reckoning, subsequent to the perfection of more powerful telescopes, it will appear that these far-distant systems are in flight from this part of the universe at the unbelievable rate of more than thirty thousand miles a second. But this apparent speed of recession is not real; it results from numerous factors of error embracing angles of observation and other time-space distortions.

But the greatest of all such distortions arises because the vast universes of outer space in the realms next to the domains of the seven superuniverses seem to be revolving in a direction opposite to that of the grand universe. That is, these myriads of nebulae and their accompanying suns and spheres are at the present time revolving clockwise about the central creation. The seven superuniverses revolve about Paradise in a counterclockwise direction. It appears that the second outer universe of galaxies, like the seven superuniverses, revolves counterclockwise about Paradise. And the astronomic observers of Uversa think they detect evidence of revolutionary movements in a third outer belt of far-distant space which are beginning to exhibit directional tendencies of a clockwise nature.

http://urantiabook.org/newbook/papers/p012.htm

[Majeston]

Each year, surprising discoveries raise new questions about exploding stars and other
exotic objects in space. Above: Supernova 1987a in the Large Magellanic Cloud.



 

Jan 30, 2007
Deep Space Explosion Baffles Astronomers

A team of investigators searching for supernovae was caught by surprise recently when it observed a “mysterious object” growing explosively and inexplicably. The event was so unprecedented that astronomers did not know how to categorize it.

The object was discovered on February 22nd, 2006, and was first thought to resemble a supernova. But its brightening and its spectrum didn’t fit. Astronomers cannot even say how far away it is, because of its redshift anomalies.

According to Kyle Dawson of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California (a member of the Supernova Cosmology Project), "It could be some galactic variable [star], a supernova or a quasar. But none of those makes any sense."

Unlike the normal supernova that takes twenty days to reach peak brightness, the mystery object brightened for at least 100 days, achieving a 200-fold increase in brightness after its first observation.

Fundamental to the enigma posed by the object is its redshift. Astronomers use redshift as a means of determining an object’s speed of recession from the observer (and from this they calculate distance). But how far away this object is remains a mystery. According to the New Scientist report, “If the strongest feature in the spectrum is a pair of calcium absorption lines, its red shift would be 0.54, corresponding to a distance of 5.5 billion light years.

“But the object is at least one magnitude brighter than a Type 1A supernova would be at that distance….And there is no sign of a host galaxy, which should be visible.”
Dawson said, “It's still going to be visible for another 2.5 months on the ground. We hope the spectrum will evolve and we see some features we can recognize."

This is yet another example of a redshift incongruity suggesting that something could be profoundly wrong in the astronomers’ assumption that redshift provides a reliable measure of distance.

It is also apparent that supernovae are not as well understood as we have been led to believe. The different types of supernova explosion require different precursors and causes. And researchers have been confounded by observations of supernovae that do not live up to expectations. This latest report seems to add another misfit with theory.

Perhaps Supernova 1987a (image above) provided a clue. As reported by Wallace Thornhill, this earlier observed explosion defied expectations of astronomers while exhibiting all of the peculiar features expected of a powerful plasma "Z-pinch.” Direct observation thus suggests an electrical cause for supernovae, and the more recent deep space explosion should be examined for electrical signatures as well.



P134:3, 12:4.14

Although your spectroscopic estimations of astronomic velocities are fairly reliable when applied to the starry realms belonging to your superuniverse and its associate superuniverses, such reckonings with reference to the realms of outer space are wholly unreliable. Spectral lines are displaced from the normal towards the violet by an approaching star; likewise these lines are displaced towards the red by a receding star. Many influences interpose to make it appear that the recessional velocity of the external universes increases at the rate of more than one hundred miles a second for every million light-years increase in distance. By this method of reckoning, subsequent to the perfection of more powerful telescopes, it will appear that these far-distant systems are in flight from this part of the universe at the unbelievable rate of more than thirty thousand miles a second. But this apparent speed of recession is not real; it results from numerous factors of error embracing angles of observation and other time-space distortions.

But the greatest of all such distortions arises because the vast universes of outer space in the realms next to the domains of the seven superuniverses seem to be revolving in a direction opposite to that of the grand universe. That is, these myriads of nebulae and their accompanying suns and spheres are at the present time revolving clockwise about the central creation. The seven superuniverses revolve about Paradise in a counterclockwise direction. It appears that the second outer universe of galaxies, like the seven superuniverses, revolves counterclockwise about Paradise. And the astronomic observers of Uversa think they detect evidence of revolutionary movements in a third outer belt of far-distant space which are beginning to exhibit directional tendencies of a clockwise nature.

http://urantiabook.org/newbook/papers/p012.htm

[Boreas]

Oops! Huge galaxy actually small

Galaxy thought to be giant and far off, actually small and close
Image of the two galaxies NGC 5011B (top) and NGC 5011C (bottom blue galaxy).


By Sara Goudarzi
Staff Writer
Updated: 12:47 p.m. ET March 12, 2007

Astronomers are rubbing their eyes after discovering that a galaxy assumed to have been a giant for the past 23 years is in fact a dwarf, according to new observations.

NGC 5011C, a galaxy in the vicinity of the Milky Way is located towards the Centaurus constellation, one of the largest constellations of the southern hemisphere. Because of its low density of stars and absence of other features, astronomers would normally classify such a galaxy as a dwarf elliptical — a small faint galaxy with little gas and dust that mainly consists of old stars.

However, for years scientists thought that NGC 5011C was located in the more distant Centaurus cluster — located some 155 million light years away — close to the NGC 5011B galaxy, its bright red companion. So they pinned it as a giant galaxy that was just far away.
Most galaxies — the basic units of the universe which contain stars, gas, dust, and dark matter bound together by one central gravitational force — are found in gravitationally joined binary pairs or in groups. So it was no surprise that the projection of NGC 5011C and NGC 5011B in the sky had astronomers believing that they were cohorts at about the same distance from our own.

But new data obtained with the 3.6-m ESO telescope, revealed that the two galaxies have very different red shifts and are not at the same distance as once believed. NGC 5011C is centered around the Centaurus A galaxy group which is estimated to be about 13 million light years away from our galaxy, while the NGC 5011B galaxy — a member of the Centaurus cluster — is about 12 times farther away.

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17578986/

Concave lences and other octave accounts can indeed be very tricky. Imagine that any object you see - in your minds eye -  should be quadrupled in tethraedic multiplications, to all directions possible - at the very same moment. As you may perceive the result of that scope - at the moment of comprehension, as the  entire impression of the view in itself...

The looking glas universe of micro- and telio-scopes may indeed be difficult to asses correctly, since all objects on the other side of that multi-quadrupling lenses will have a veeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeery looooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooong tail.

***

Great post, Majeston. Hope it may shot some eyes - and make the beholders have a good, long and relaxing breath - before they try to have a plain and straigth stare from the window sill. Believing what you see with your own eyes - rather than other peoples muliplicated vision of a convex lense - is a good start of getting sober...   

 

[Majeston]

                                                                        OUR SUPERUNIVERSE


Practically all of the starry realms visible to the naked eye on Earth belong to the seventh section of the grand universe, the superuniverse of Orvonton. The vast Milky Way starry system represents the central nucleus of Orvonton, being largely beyond the borders of your local universe. This great aggregation of suns, dark islands of space, double stars, globular clusters, star clouds, spiral and other nebulae, together with myriads of individual planets, forms a watchlike, elongated-circular grouping of about one seventh of the inhabited evolutionary universes.

From the astronomical position of Earth, as you look through the cross section of near-by systems to the great Milky Way, you observe that the spheres of Orvonton are traveling in a vast elongated plane, the breadth being far greater than the thickness and the length far greater than the breadth.

Observation of the so-called Milky Way discloses the comparative increase in Orvonton stellar density when the heavens are viewed in one direction, while on either side the density diminishes; the number of stars and other spheres decreases away from the chief plane of our material superuniverse. When the angle of observation is propitious, gazing through the main body of this realm of maximum density, you are looking toward the residential universe and the center of all things.

Of the ten major divisions of Orvonton, eight have been roughly identified by astronomers. The other two are difficult of separate recognition because you are obliged to view these phenomena from the inside. If you could look upon the superuniverse of Orvonton from a position far-distant in space, you would immediately recognize the ten major sectors of the seventh galaxy.

The rotational center of your minor sector is situated far away in the enormous and dense star cloud of Sagittarius, around which your local universe and its associated creations all move, and from opposite sides of the vast Sagittarius subgalactic system you may observe two great streams of star clouds emerging in stupendous stellar coils.   
http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hu/db/2004/17/images/a/formats/web_print.jpg


The nucleus of the physical system to which your sun and its associated planets belong is the center of the onetime Andronover nebula. This former spiral nebula was slightly distorted by the gravity disruptions associated with the events which were attendant upon the birth of your solar system, and which were occasioned by the near approach of a large neighboring nebula. This near collision changed Andronover into a somewhat globular aggregation but did not wholly destroy the two-way procession of the suns and their associated physical groups. Your solar system now occupies a fairly central position in one of the arms of this distorted spiral, situated about halfway from the center out towards the edge of the star stream.

The Sagittarius sector and all other sectors and divisions of Orvonton are in rotation around Uversa, and some of the confusion of star observers arises out of the illusions and relative distortions produced by the following multiple revolutionary movements:

1. The revolution of Earth around its sun.

2. The circuit of your solar system about the nucleus of the former Andronover nebula.

3. The rotation of the Andronover stellar family and the associated clusters about the composite rotation-gravity center of the star cloud of Nebadon.

4. The swing of the local star cloud of Nebadon and its associated creations around the Sagittarius center of their minor sector.

5. The rotation of the one hundred minor sectors, including Sagittarius, about their major sector.

6. The whirl of the ten major sectors, the so-called star drifts, about the Uversa headquarters of Orvonton.

7. The movement of Orvonton and six associated superuniverses around Paradise and Havona, the counterclockwise processional of the superuniverse space level.

These multiple motions are of several orders: The space paths of your planet and your solar system are genetic, inherent in origin. The absolute counterclockwise motion of Orvonton is also genetic, inherent in the architectural plans of the master universe. But the intervening motions are of composite origin, being derived in part from the constitutive segmentation of matter-energy into the superuniverses and in part produced by the intelligent and purposeful action of the Paradise force organizers.

The local universes are in closer proximity as they approach Havona; the circuits are greater in number, and there is increased superimposition, layer upon layer. But farther out from the eternal center there are fewer and fewer systems, layers, circuits, and universes.

http://www.urantia.org/papers/paper15.html