Atlantis in Antarctica

[unknown]

Hi Stacy

I don't know I see part of circle, I am sure they will discover all kinds of wondrous things in Antartica. I would not be suprised at all if they found the ruins of a civilization there, just like they are finding all those underwater cities around the world.  Civilization on Earth has been around a lot longer than ten thousand years I am positive of that.

Historians don't want to admit it,   it changes all the history books, all their preconcieved notions, what a terrible bother it would be for them to have to admit they where wrong and all us crackpots where right.

Every civilization has either an oral or written tradition of an age that preceeded ours, that is not a coincidence.

OK I'll get off my soapbox now

[Stacy Dohm]

The city looks sort of like a target through a rifle scope on the ground.

With Antarctica, though, I admit it's hard to tell fact from fiction.  There is a lot of misninformation on the web about it.  But the satellite photo is real, there actually is a circular object beneath the ice of Antarctica!!

[Stacy Dohm]

Solar Typhoons and
Earth Crust Displacements
An article by Jared Freedman


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Solar-Terrestrial Physics 101
        The Sun is a complex system.  It is a nuclear dynamo that baths
        the Earth in a wide spectrum of energy.  Most of the energy
        strikes the Earth as sunlight and heat.  It is estimated that on a
        normal day, 95% of the energy is transmitted this way.  The
        other 5% strike the Earth as a stream of charged particles,
        called the Solar Wind, and is responsible for all Space Weather.
        The Earth is also a complex system.  It has a rotating iron core
        that generates an intense magnetic field, usually 50 times
        stronger than the field created by the Sun.  At the source, the
        Sun’s field is much stronger than the Earth’s field, but the
        magnetic force, like gravity, decreases in power with the
        inverse square law.  By the time the field has reached the
        Earth, the force has decreased dramatically.

        Beyond the core,  classical theories of Geology then go on to
        identify several more layers. The molten outer core, made of
        iron and nickel, spins at a slightly slower rotational velocity than
        the inner core, and is believed to contain convection currents.
        Next is the mantle, which is composed of mostly solid silicate
        material, and also is believed to contain convection currents.
        Lastly comes the crust, the thin solid piece that is anywhere
        from 6 – 40 kilometers deep.  The crust and the upper portion
        of the mantle are separated by a zone called the Mohorovicic
        Discontinuity (or Moho), which marks the transition of state
        between crust and mantle.  The Moho is of key importance to
        this hypothesis, and will be treated in detail in a later section.
        The crust, the Moho, and the upper part of the Mantle, which
        all contain fractures and faults, are collectively called the
        lithosphere. An image of a cross-section of the Earth is
        presented below:



The magnetic field created by the Earth projects up to 60,000 kilometers into space, and this projection is called the Magnetosphere.  An artist representation of the magnetosphere is presented below:



The yellow lines represent the solar wind, and the blue represents the magnetosphere.   The red rings represent the radiation belt and ring currents.  As you can see, the solar wind compresses the leading side (sunward) of the magnetosphere, and stretches the tailing side.  The boundary of the magnetic field is called the magnetopause, and logically enough, the tailing side is called the magnetotail.
http://www.flem-ath.com/solart1.htm

[Stacy Dohm]

The interplay between the Sun’s magnetic field and the Earth’s
        field is an area only recently investigated with vigor (past 100
        years).  There are not yet field equations that can explain or
        predict all the complex interactions, and many areas of inquiry
        only have hypothesis to stand upon, as no experimental
        methodologies have yet been created to test them into
        theories.  The combination of modeling atmospheric effects
        (fluid dynamics) combined with magnetic fields (Maxwell’s
        equations) create the new science called Magnetohydrodynamics
        (MHD), and at the present time, the equations of MHD cannot be
        completely solved analytically. Geophysics and Solar-Terrestrial
        mechanics are still open frontiers for discovery and I believe
        that many assumptions that are taken as fact today, will in the
        future be as equally as amusing and discredited as the Flat
        Earth theory.  Plate Tectonics coupled with slow motion
        geological changes is one area that may be challenged.
A two dimensional and labeled representation of the magnetosphere with solar interaction is presented next:



        Before continuing further, a few terms should be defined:
        Solar Flare - The sun has bands that rotate at different speeds
        and in different directions.  These bands are not visible in the
        visible light spectrum, but can be seen via X-rays and radio wave
        emissions, over long intervals of time.  As the bands flow
        against each other, magnetic fields develop large differentials
        in polarity.  Once the differential has increased to the point
        that it is larger than the containing electromagnetic field of the
        Sun, the local differential explodes like an over-wound rubber
        band that snapped.  The resulting jet of plasma gas is called a
        solar flare.  The sun is continually roiling and bubbling, emitting
        flares large and small across the whole surface all the time.

        Coronal Mass Ejection  - The outer solar atmosphere, the
        corona, is structured by strong magnetic fields. Where these
        fields are closed, often above sunspot groups, the confined
        solar atmosphere can suddenly and violently release bubbles or
        tongues of gas and magnetic fields called coronal mass ejections.
        A large CME can contain over a billion tons of matter that can be
        accelerated to several million miles per hour in a spectacular
        explosion. Solar material streaks out through the interplanetary
        medium, impacting any planets or spacecraft in its path. CMEs
        are sometimes associated with flares but usually occur
        independently.

        Coronal Hole -  Coronal holes are variable solar features that
        can last for months to years. They are seen as large, dark holes
        when the Sun is viewed in x-ray wavelengths. These holes are
        rooted in large cells of unipolar magnetic fields on the Sun's
        surface; their field lines extend far out into the solar system.
        These open field lines allow a continuous outflow of
        high-velocity solar wind. Coronal holes have a long-term cycle,
        but it doesn't correspond exactly to the sunspot cycle; they
        holes tend to be most numerous in the years following sunspot
        maximum. At some stages of the solar cycle, these holes are
        continuously visible at the solar north and south poles.

        Solar Wind  - The solar wind flows around obstacles such as
        planets, but those planets with their own magnetic fields
        respond in specific ways. Earth's magnetic field is very similar
        to the pattern formed when iron filings align around a bar
        magnet. Under the influence of the solar wind, these magnetic
        field lines are compressed in the sunward direction and
        stretched out in the downwind direction. This creates the
        magnetosphere, a complex, teardrop-shaped cavity around
        Earth. The Van Allen radiation belts are within this cavity, as is
        the ionosphere, a layer of Earth's upper atmosphere where
        photo ionization by solar x-rays and extreme ultraviolet rays
        creates free electrons. Earth's magnetic field senses the solar
        wind its speed, density, and magnetic field. Because the solar
        wind varies over time scales as short as seconds, the interface
        that separates interplanetary space from the magnetosphere is
        very dynamic. Normally this interface, called the magnetopause,
        lies at a distance equivalent to about 10 Earth radii in the
        direction of the Sun. However, during episodes of elevated
        solar wind density or velocity, the magnetopause can be pushed
        inward to within 6.6 Earth radii (the altitude of geosynchronous
        satellites). As the magnetosphere extracts energy from the
        solar wind, internal processes produce geomagnetic storms.

        Geomagnetic Storm  -  One to four days after a flare or
        eruptive prominence occurs, a slower cloud of solar material and
        magnetic fields reaches Earth, buffeting the magnetosphere
        and resulting in a geomagnetic storm. These storms are
        extraordinary variations in Earth's surface magnetic field.
        During a geomagnetic storm, portions of the solar wind's energy
        is transferred to the magnetosphere, causing Earth's magnetic
        field to change rapidly in direction and intensity and energize
        the particle populations within it. 


http://www.flem-ath.com/st2.htm

[Stacy Dohm]

Solar Magnetic Cycles
            Unlike the Earth's magnetic field which changes slowly, the
            Sun's magnetic field can change quite rapidly. Small bits of field
            can change over a few minutes. During solar flares a whole
            section of the Sun's magnetic field can be disrupted in minutes
            or hours. For example, on April 14, 1994, a large-scale eruptive
            event occurred which resulted in a cloud of solar material
            weighing 1 billion tons moving towards the Earth at a speed of
            over 1 million miles per hour.

            The most rapid changes to the Sun's magnetic field occur
            locally, in restricted regions of the magnetic field. However, the
            entire structure of the Sun's global magnetic field changes on
            an 11-year cycle. Every 11 years, the Sun moves through a period
            of fewer, smaller sunspots, prominences, and flares - called a
            "solar minimum" - and a period of more, larger sunspots,
            prominences and flares - called a "solar maximum." A maximum
            and a minimum, taken together, make up one solar cycle. During
            the 11 years, the strongest magnetic fields (in sunspots) slowly
            migrate towards the Sun's equator from locations about midway
            to the Sun's poles. After 11 years, when the next cycle starts,
            the magnetic field poles are reversed.

            Diagrams illustrating past recorded solar activity are presented
            next:



 


            Of course, 2001 has seen saw the largest displays of solar
            activity ever recorded.  All predictions have come true, the
            eleven-year cycle is a fact.

            In the late 1600's (A.D. 1645-1715) the cycle ceased briefly in
            what is known as the Maunder Minimum. It coincided with a
            period of colder-than-average temperatures in northern Europe
            called the Little Ice Age. Neither the Maunder Minimum nor the
            11-year cycle is fully understood.

            Now that you have a bit of Solar-Terrestrial physics under your
            belt, let’s move along to Space Weather.


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

           Space Weather
            Everything between the Sun and the Earth is part of the
            solar-terrestrial environment.  The solar wind blows across the
            magnetosphere at about a million miles per hour, and in the
            event of a coronal mass ejection, larger solar flare, or
            high-speed energy stream, a geomagnetic storm can occur.

            The Sun rotates at about one revolution per twenty-seven (27)
            Earth days.  Any features coming up on the rising horizon of the
            visible solar surface will take anywhere from eleven to fourteen
            days to move across to the setting horizon.  The surface of the
            Sun has storms, similar in magnitude as those found on the gas
            giant Jupiter, but they are not visible in the visible light
            spectrum.   Images of solar activity are presented next:
 

http://www.flem-ath.com/st3.htm

[Stacy Dohm]

High Energy Geomagnetic Disruption and Earth Core Induction Heating as a Triggering Factorin Massive Earth Crust Displacement
            The first foundation of my hypothesis relies upon space
            weather, and is this:
            There exists a larger and more forceful form of solar storm
            than we have ever witnessed in recorded history.   These
            events, for lack of a better term, I will call Solar Typhoons.  It
            is my belief, based upon historical evidence, myth, and my
            current research into Solar-Terrestrial interaction, that these
            occur on very long and regular cycles, perhaps in the thousands
            of years.

            It is important to note, that Solar Typhoons will not in every
            case cause undue impact on the Earth.  If a coronal mass
            ejection rated at 10 billion tons, moving at 4.5 million miles per
            hour where to be emitted from the Sun, it wouldn’t mean that
            much if it happened on the side of the Sun facing away from us.
            There has to be an alignment of the solar disturbance, and the
            Earth.  Additionally, the Earth will pass through most
            disturbances fairly quickly, as it orbits around the sun at
            approximately 66,000 miles per hour.  Even if the Earth passed
            through a mass one million miles wide, it would be behind the
            Earth in less than a day.
 

            Geomagnetic Field/Core Interaction

            The Earth's magnetic field is slowly changing and appears to
            have been changing throughout its existence. When the tectonic
            plates form along the oceanic ridges, the cooling rocks act as a
            kind of tape recorder leaving information about the strength
            and direction of past magnetic fields. By sampling these rocks
            and using radiometric dating techniques it has been possible to
            reconstruct the history of the Earth's magnetic field for the
            last 160 million years or so. Older "paleomagnetic" data exists
            but the picture is less continuous. An interlocking body of
            evidence, from many locations and times, give paleomagnetists
            confidence that these data are revealing a correct picture of
            the nature of the magnetic field and the Earth's plate motions.
            The picture which emerges from the paleomagnetic record
            shows the Earth's magnetic field strengthening, weakening and
            often changing polarity (North and South magnetic poles
            reversing). During the past 100 million years, the reversal rates
            vary considerably. Recent rock records indicate reversals
            occurring on time scales of about 200,000 years.

            The iron core generates the magnetic field though spinning
            through the solar wind, as well as through the are proposed
            currents within the liquid outer core.  As the solar wind blows
            across the magnetosphere, it induces current.  Currents as high
            as a million amps, with total power exceeding 3 x 1012 watts.
            The magnetosphere keeps this away from the Earth, with
            charged particles creating the ionosphere.  Some of the energy
            continues though the atmosphere, traveling along magnetic lines,
            and reaches the Earth’s surface.  Much of the energy, however,
            doesn’t make it and is ends up as thermal energy, which heats
            the atmosphere.  The portion of the field that does reach the
            Earth’s surface, if sufficiently strong, can cause induced
            current within any metallic object.  This is why sever
            geomagnetic storms can damage power grids and sensitive
            electronic equipment.  Additionally, the Earth’s core is induced
            in proportion to the solar field strength.  This brings me to the
            second cornerstone of my hypothesis:

            A solar typhoon , if prolonged, will collapse the Earth’s
            magnetosphere to much less than the six Earth diameters now
            recorded in the most sever solar storms.  This collapse of the
            magnetosphere will cause induced current on the Earth’s
            surface measured in the tens or hundreds of volts per linear
            mile of conductor.  This will transfer enormous amounts of heat
            into the Earth’s inner core, via magnetic induction.
 


           The magnetosphere in a normal condition.



                               The magnetosphere in a geomagnetic storm condition.

 

                        The magnetosphere in a solar typhoon condition.

            The most dangerous combination, by my hypothesis, will be
            when the Earth’s magnetic field is at it’s lowest, perhaps during
            a polar reversal, and the Solar Typhoon is at its maximum.  As
            stated in my initial email:

            In your book you mention a clue.  You say a Peruvian myth of the
            flood says it began when the sun looked as if it had two faces,
            or in my translation, cut in half.  Imagine a polarity reversal that
            was so strong it created a rift of magnetic field differential
            that stretched across the face of the Sun, full aligned with the
            Earth (a sun spot river that streamed across the Sun, if you'd
            like another metaphor).

            This is the worst case, the case where the Earth travels though
            a Solar Typhoon for days, or even weeks, and forms another
            corner of my hypothesis:

            If the timing of the Earth pole reversal co-insides with a
            powerful Solar Typhoon, then the Earth’s core will heat enough
            to cause turbulence within the mantle, and eventually cause the
            entire Earth to expand by a measurable about, and this
            expansion will center around the magnetic poles as the highest
            amount of inducted heat will collect there.
 

            Mohorovicic Discontinuity and Geological Structure

            The Earth is not a perfect sphere.  In fact, it is an flattened
            sphere with a bulging equator.  Charles Hapgood, in his book
            “Path of the Poles” demonstrates effectively how this bulging
            acts as a wedge to keep the crust from shifting due to
            processional wobble, mass imbalances, and so forth.

            The Mohorovicic Discontinuity was discovered by the Yugoslav
            geophysicist Andrija Mohorovicic (1857–1936), who suspected
            its presence after analyzing seismic waves from the Kulpa Valley
            earthquake in 1909.  It is the boundary that separates the
            Earth's crust and mantle, marked by a rapid increase in the
            speed of earthquake waves. It follows the variations in the
            thickness of the crust and is found approximately 32-km/20 mi.
            below the continents and about 10-km/6 mi. below the oceans.
            There are two main schools of thought when it comes to the
            Moho, the first says the Moho is caused by a chemical change,
            that the Moho marks the region where the physical composition
            of mantle changes into the crust.  The second school of thought
            says that the Moho is caused by a state change in the outer
            mantle material.  Just as diamonds are another state of carbon
            (as is graphite), the Moho could be another state of the same
            material as the mantle.  For my hypothesis, I follow the second
            school, the Moho is a change of state in the silicate mantle
            material.  Normally, the Moho transmits waves faster than the
            lower mantle or upper crust.  This would suggest a denser
            crystalline structure than the semi-liquid mantle or the
            permeable rock crust.  The structure of the Moho, in my
            opinion, is the result of the mantle easing into the steady-state
            convection of the Earth’s thermal radiation.  If this steady state
            is disrupted, then the state of the Moho will change.  This
            brings me to the final cornerstone of my hypothesis --
http://www.flem-ath.com/st4.htm

[Stacy Dohm]

      Final Cornerstone:
        When the Earth expands due to increased core temperature,
        seismic shock waves emanate from the increased mantle
        turbulence.  Increased heat coupled with the shock waves act as
        a jackhammer that breaks up the crystalline structure of the
        Moho.  The Moho turns semi-liquid, and acts as a lubricant for
        the rough underside of the crust, and the smooth semi-liquid of
        the mantle.  With the expanded poles, the shape of the Earth
        becomes more spherical, allowing the crust to slip due to
        gravitational forces, inertia, Earth wobble, and mass imbalance.
        Once out of the "Solar Typhoon", the core will start to cool
        again through thermal displacement and through the creation of
        a stronger magnetosphere due to increased core rotation and
        energy.  The Earth’s crust will move around the mantle until the
        core cools enough to allow the polar expansion to subside and
        the Moho to revert to a crystalline state again.  This is the
        primary mechanism for massive crust displacement and
        displacement stopping.  As is most likely apparent, this would be
        violent and cataclysimic for all life forms on the planet due to
        earthquakes, volcanos, climate shift, disrupted weather, floods,
        and famine.


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        Conclusions
        Ancient man knew all of the information that I have described in
        this article.  They knew that there was no permanence, no
        stability, and no solid foundation for the Earth.  They knew that
        all they built would one day be swept away, as it had many times
        before.  Nevertheless, they wanted things to be different next
        time; they wanted us to be prepared.  So in the end, what do so
        many of these lost and forgotten monuments mean?  What
        message were they trying to convey?  In my opinion, beyond all
        the math, astronomy, and geophysics, the message is a simple
        one: “We were here before you, now we are not. Learn from us
        and remember, the same can and most likely will happen to you.”


-----------------------------------------------------------
http://www.flem-ath.com/st5.htm
---------------------

[Stacy Dohm]

ICE CORE DATING

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

It would be useful to coorelate the location of the ice cores showing very old ice with data suggesting what part of the Atlantis continent might have always been ice-covered, at least in the period of interest.
I have more faith in the radiocarbon dates than I do in the ice core calculations
because they are repeated across various disciplines (archaeology, anthropology,
and geology).
    The antipodal argument from Siberia is central to our thesis.
(see Siberian Mammoths). The mere fact that northern Siberia was NOT covered in ice while New York state (for example) was blanketed in it should make people pause to think.  But when we realize that antelope were roaming the New Siberian Islands at the same time that New England was under ice then we really should consider the POSSIBILITY that those areas that are EXACTLY on the opposite side of the planet (to Siberia) just might have experienced the same climatic conditions, then Lesser Antarctica as a site for Atlantis becomes a plausible idea. 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

9/1/97
From: Chris Buck, Leiden, THE NETHERLANDS
In the Dutch paper "de Volkskrant" from 28 August '97 there was an  article claiming that three ice cores are to be bored in  the Ross sea/ice-shelf of Antarctica. Apparently the intention is to determine how many millions (sic) of years ice has been present on the continent. From the proposed  9600 BC shift this area wouldn't have had a much warmer climate before, but what about previous shifts?

I believe that ice core dating is dubious to say the least.  It may very well be
accurate for up to five or six thousand years but beyond that time the global
weather patterns are not as uniform as such dating presumes.  For example, the
Sahara Desert which today is dry was moist and temperate prior to 5000 BC
 (when the weathering of the Sphinx occurred according to John Anthony West
 and Professor Robert Schoch).  Moreover, even one extra warm summer day
(at any date in the past) can melt decades if not centuries of ice thereby
destroying the accuracy of the ice core dating method.  This is a relatively new
dating method which I believe cannot, even in principle, be a reliable means of
dating beyond 4000 BC.  I have much more faith in radio-carbon dating because
the evidence is consistent around the world.  The fact that Siberia had temperate adapted mammals (antelope, saber-toothed tigers, etc.) at the time of Atlantis
(before 9600 BC) means that Lesser Antarctica must have been temperate
at this time also.  (see also Has the theory been Falsified?)   
http://www.flem-ath.com/icedate.htm

[Essan]

A Glacial and Climatic History of Antarctica:

http://www.hi.is/~oi/quaternary_glacial_history_of_antarctica.htm


 

[Essan]

For a comparisons of certain claims regarding the climate of Siberia during the height of the last ice age, the following is an extract from Sher etal "TUNDRA-STEPPE ENVIRONMENT IN ARCTIC SIBERIA AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE WOOLLY MAMMOTH"

For the period of the last 50 ka in the Laptev Sea area we have established a correlation between the mammoth’s radiocarbon chronology and the character of environment, shown by the composition of fossil insect faunas, with additional support from other proxy evidence (Sher et al., 2001; Schirrmeister et al., 2002). This evidence comes from a very detailed and dated multi-proxy record of the environment in the Mamontovy Khayata section on the Bykovsky Peninsula (Lena River Delta), obtained during the work of the Russian-German Expedition "Laptev Sea System-2000" (1998-2002). This record is compared with the large collection of radiocarbon dates on mammal bones from the Laptev Sea area, from Taimyr to the New Siberian Islands (Sher et al., 2003).

The long record of the Late Pleistocene environment in the Bykovsky section, covering the time span from the lower limit of radiocarbon (50-60 ka or more) to about 12 ka, shows the continuous existence of treeless, grass-and-herb dominated vegetation, and plant and insect communities of tundra-steppe type. Fossil insects, however, as the most sensitive indicators of the past environment, allow us to distinguish at least four periods in the evolution of the tundra-steppe biome, and presumably the climate, during that time (Table 1). Those changes are well illustrated by two characteristics in the composition of fossil insect assemblages. The first is the proportion of true steppe species, that currently do not occur in tundra; even a few percent of these species indicates summer temperatures higher than present (Alfimov et al., 2003). The second, sum of xerophilic insects, both those currently common in the Arctic (dry tundra inhabitants) and those uncommon or absent there (Kuzmina, this volume), is a proxy indicator of the total extent of various biotopes which were relatively dry, and at the same time better heated, than common modern wet tundra habitats.

LW II - the latest part of the Late Weichselian (=Wisconsin), 15-12 ka (from here on - uncalibrated radiocarbon ages) - demonstrates the last and brief flourishing of tundra-steppe communities. In the pollen record, it is marked by the prevalence of grasses and various herbs, such as Caryophyllaceae, Compositae, and Artemisia. Insect assemblages are marked by the highest proportion of all kinds of xerophilic species (averaging 78%), including thermophilic steppe elements (av. 4.2%). This fauna existed in a highly continental and very dry climate with relatively warm summers. Preliminary evaluation of summer temperature (TVII) by the Mutual Climatic Range (MCR) method on fossil insects suggests that it was a few degrees higher than present (Sher et al., 2002). The MCR analysis for the 13-14 ka old insect fauna in the Lower Kolyma (Alfimov et al., 2003) reconstructs TVII as 3º higher than present.

LW I - the early Late Weichselian, ca. 24-15 ka - was very different. The proportion of all xerophilic insects drops to 10%, steppe insects are totally absent between 23 and 19 ka, and arctic tundra species dominate in most assemblages. Spore-pollen spectra are peculiar for the highest Weichselian content of Selaginella rupestris spores. At the same time, they retain high diversity and abundance of various herb families, and the plant macrofossils show a high proportion and diversity of xerophilic plants (Kienast et al., 2001). According to fossil insects, summers were colder than in LW II, but probably still at least as warm as today (Sher et al., 2002).

MW II - the second half of the Middle Weichselian, ca. 34-24 ka. Insect assemblages are of intermediate character between LW II and LW I. Steppe species are almost always present, although the sum of xerophiles averages only 30%. The general interpretation of the ecological composition of the insect faunas is that summers in this period were still dry, but warmer than during LW I. Pollen spectra still combine high levels of various herbs with a large amount of Selaginella spores.

MW I - the first half of the Middle Weichselian, ca. 48 (or more) to 34 ka - shows notable variation in the composition of insect assemblages, but generally they have a more xeric and thermophilic appearance than during MW II and LW I. Average proportions of xerophilic species are about 60%, and steppe species are constantly present. Spore-pollen spectra show the highest, though variable, values of Artemisia and Caryophyllaceae, but less of Compositae, and very low amounts of Selaginella.

Thus, the insect assemblages in the Mamontovy Khayata section demonstrate a significant variation with time, apparently related to changes in summer temperature and humidity. The studied part of the Middle Weichselian (MW I and MW II), despite some variations, reveals a clear trend from warmer to cooler summers, demonstrated by the gradual decrease of relatively thermophilic xerophiles and increase in the proportion of arctic tundra insects. The insect assemblages allow us to consider the MW I environment as a relatively "warm" variant of tundra-steppe, while the MW II one was "cool" tundra steppe. This cooling trend reached its maximum during LW I (LGM). The dominance of pollen of grass and various herbs, along with the high amount of Selaginella spores and the abundance of arctic willow weevil Isochnus arcticus, invite a parallel with the modern Wrangel Island environment. A very sharp increase in summer temperature took place around 15 ka, and the LW II environment can be labeled as the "warmest" tundra-steppe for this Arctic region. Permafrost studies and ground ice isotopic analyses show much colder winter temperatures than present during the deposition of the whole Bykovsky Ice Complex (Meyer et al., 2002). Thus, all kinds of proxy evidence indicate the retention of very high continentality of climate through most of the Weichselian succession.

The collection of 14C dates on mammal bones from the Laptev Sea area has amounted to 380 dates, obtained in the course of the Russian-German Expedition and from published sources; 233 of them are for mammoths, while other species received many fewer dates (including about 60 for horses, 40 for musk oxen and 30 for bison) and do not provide statistically reliable series.

The following distribution of the number of mammoth dates against the timescale can be seen. The number of finite dates on bones older than 40-42 ka is generally low (average 2.8 dates per 1,000 years) for technical reasons (infinite dates are not considered). After that time, the number of dated mammoth bones is more or less steadily high (av. 7.6 per 1,000 years) until about 25 ka, i.e. during the available part of MW I and most of MW II. Then it starts to decrease progressively during the whole LW I with a minimum at 16-17 ka (2 dates). It should be noted, however, that even during the peak of the LGM (18-20 ka BP) mammoth still inhabited the whole area of the Laptev Shelf Land, including the present northernmost islands and Severnaya Zemlya. The number of mammoth dates sharply jumps up after 15 ka, and stays at high levels (av. 7.4 in 1,000 years) until 10,000 y BP, i.e., during LW II. This period (the Late Sartanian) was the last interval with abundant dated records of woolly mammoth (the latest dated mammoth fossils in the region come from the interval 10,000-9,600 y BP, and are so far known from the Taimyr Peninsula only). Interestingly, the same period is marked by the highest number of 14C dates on Saiga fossils in Beringia as a whole (Guthrie et al., 2001), while no dated record of that antelope is known between 25 and 16 ka, i.e., during LW I.

[Mark of Australia]

Hi Essan and Stacy

firstly ,since you seem to believe that Atlantis was Lesser Antarctica ,how do  you explain or envision the Athenians defeating the Atlanteans?   Did the Athenians go to Antarctica ?

Charles Hapgood believed Atlantis to be near the Rocks of St Peter and St Paul , Rand Flem-Ath is the only researcher  I know of who formed the theory that Atlantis was 'IN' Antarctica. As for the Kircher map resembling Antarctica ,that is a stretch ,to say the least.

There is no doubt in my mind that the Earth crust displacement of Hapgood does occur but I do not believe it is connected with Atlantis.

[Stacy Dohm]

Hi Mark,

The Kircher maps doesn't resemble Antarctica, the navy experts that Charles Hapgood spoke to said that the P'Reis map is supposed to. It resembles an ice-free Antarctica, which is essential to Hapgood's theory behind "Maps of the Ancient Sea-Kings."

And, of course, the Athenians ddn't need to invade Antarctica.  As Plato says that Atlantis invaded the Mediteranean and the Athenians were the last army to stand against them, I imagine the last few battles were fought on Greek soiil and throughout the Mediterranean.

[Qoais]

That's because the original map was made by Enki - scientist of the Anunnaki of the 12th planet, after the calming of the waters after the great flood.  Apparently, just as the heat from the centre of the earth was reaching the earth's mantle and warming the soil, (at the end of the last ice age) Nibiru (the 12th planet) swung close to earth in it's orbit.  The gravitational pull caused the earth to tilt on it's axis, the slush at the earths surface, acted like ball berrings, causing the whole ice mass to slide into the ocean.  Result - tidal waves, tsuami's, back splash, etc.  Enki needed to develop gold mines and one of the places he established a "colony" was on the now ice-free Antarctic.  He mapped the whole planet while surveying for possible locations to establish gold mines.

[Mark of Australia]

Hi Stacy ,
              so I guess Rand Flem-Ath and his followers are the only ones who believe the Kircher map depicts Antarctica . For a second there ,I thought you did too    

I have read 'Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings' and I agree that the Piri Reis map does show part of what is now Antarctica -as it was without ice coverage! . This view does require different geological 'beliefs'.

In one of these posts it mentions 'When the Earth expands due to increased core temperature...' .How much do you think the Earth expands all together ??  Is it anywhere near what the 'Expanding Earthers' believe ?

 These ideas  of Jared Freedman ,how much do you agree with them Stacy ?

Good point about the Atlanteans going to the Med and not the other way around ,but I dont think it rules out that the Athenians ended up going to Atlantis ..It doesnt actually say they do though. I have assumed ,along with some others ,that the destruction of the Athenians was due to them being on Atlantis near the time of its sinking.

[Essan]

Hi Mark,

The Kircher maps doesn't resemble Antarctica, the navy experts that Charles Hapgood spoke to said that the P'Reis map is supposed to. It resembles an ice-free Antarctica, which is essential to Hapgood's theory behind "Maps of the Ancient Sea-Kings."

Hi Mark, I don't believe that Atlantis was in Antarctica, and I firmly believe (based on my own eyes as much as anything else   ) that the Piri Re'is map looks nothing like Antarctica.

How that US Navy bloke thought there was similarities remains one of the great unsolved mysteries ...