In the history of the world, the cradle of civilization is a title claimed by several regions of the world owning to their development of writing, social systems, and cities. Human history's beginning, as opposed to its prehistory, has been said to begin with the invention, independently at several sites on Earth, of writing, which created the infrastructure for lasting, accurately transmitted memories and thus for the diffusion and growth of knowledge. Writing, in its turn, had been made necessary in the wake of the Neolithic Revolution, which had given rise to civilization, i.e., to create civilizations with permanent settled communities, which fostered a growing diversity of trades.
Scholars educated in various parts of the world look at the question differently. There are five rivers that scholars cite as being possible sites for the 'Cradle of Civilization.' They are: the Tigris-Euphrates in modern day Iraq, the Nile in Africa, the Indus in South Asia, and the Huang-He-Yangtze in China.
Prosperous conditions throughout the world in fertile river locations prompted nomadic people in the various given regions to form a sedentary, agrarian community and, thus, become a "Cradle of Civilization." It is not clear where the actual beginning took place or whether there were many beginnings in many locations so that mankind's societal development cannot be attributed to only one primary location. The inhabitants of these areas built cities, created writing systems, learned to make pottery and use metals, domesticated animals, and created complex social structures with class systems.
AfricaThe rise of dynastic Egypt in the Nile Valley occurred with the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt in approximately 3200 BC, and ended at around 343 BC, at the start of the Achaemenid dynasty's control of Egypt. It is one of the three oldest civilizations in the world. Anthropological and archaeological evidence both indicate that the Kubbaniya culture was a grain-grinding culture farming along the Nile using sickle blades already 6.000 B.C.
AmericaIn the history of the Americas, civilizations were established long after migration. Several large, centralized civilizations developed in the Western Hemisphere : Norte Chico, Chavin, Nazca, Moche, Huari, Chimu, Pachacamac, Tiahuanaco, Aymara and Inca in the Central Andes (Peru and Bolivia); Muisca in Colombia ; Olmecs, Toltecs, Mixtecs , Zapotecs, Aztecs and the Mesoamerican Mayas in Central America).
At present the culture of the Caral valley is the oldest dated, as of 3.000 B.C.
ChinaThe history of China is told in traditional historical records that refer as far back as the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors about 5,000 years ago,
supplemented by archaeological records dating to the 16th century BC. China is one of the world's oldest continuous civilizations.
IndiaThe earliest-known farming cultures in South Asia emerged in the hills of Balochistan, Greater India. These semi-nomadic peoples domesticated wheat, barley, sheep, goat and cattle. Pottery was in use by the 6th millennium BC. The oldest granary yet found in this region was the Mehrgarh in the Indus Valley, which dates from 6000 BC.
"Their settlement consisted of mud buildings that housed four internal subdivisions. Burials included elaborate goods such as baskets, stone and bone tools, beads, bangles, pendants and occasionally animal sacrifices. Figurines and ornaments of sea shell, limestone, turquoise, lapis lazuli, sandstone and polished copper have been found. By the 4th millennium BC, Technologies included stone and copper drills, updraft kilns, large pit kilns and copper melting crucibles. Button seals included geometric designs."http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle_of_civilizationEuropeThe ancient Symerians used to answer the question "When was the World created ?" in the following way - "When people began to eat bread and melt metall in the houses of our country...". Of course, they meant their own Country. But what was happening in Europe and Ukraine when "everything was just beginning in Sumer?" Is it really true that here people were living in caves and kurens, as they did in the Stone Age?
Archaeologists have discovered in Europe many bright civilizations dating back to the period between 6000-3000 BC. for the last hundred years. Among them you can find the following: Vinca, Gumelnica, Cucuteni - Trypillia. Scientists have explored many old settlements, some of them have got fortifications. Scientists have found some traces of very old metallurgy, which flourished between 5000-4500 BC on the Balkans, graves with golden treasures, and clay tables with inscriptions.
These investigations have given an opportunity to make the reconstruction of "Civilization of Old Europe". The borders of this civilization ranged from Eastern Italy to the Dnjepr river, from the Carpathians to the Aegean and Black Seas. But it seems, that 6000 years ago the East of Old Europe was an unknown land, a far away frontier for the inhabitants of the Danube river.
http://www.rense.com/general66/vvi.htmhttp://www.praehist.uni-halle.de/goseck/bilder.htmhttp://atlantisonline.smfforfree2.com/index.php/topic,2337.0.htmlhttp://www.bosnian-pyramid.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=10673http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=47819www.iianthropology.org/thebalkans.htmlCaucasusLinked to the megalith culture of Old Europe is the old cultures of
Ukraine. Between the Carpathians and the Dnjepr archaeologists have discovered some ruins of settlements dated 5400 - 2700 BC. Russian archaeologists call the explored complex for "The Trypillian culture".
http://www.trypillia.com/articles/eng/se4.shtml MesopotamiaMesopotamian history extends from the emergence of Urban societies in Southern Iraq in the 5th millennium BC to the arrival of Alexander the Great, when the hallmark of the Hellenic culture were stil present in the Near East.
"Ancient Mesopotamia" includes the period from the late 4th millennium BC until the rise of the Achaemenid Persians in the 6th century BC.
Mesopotamia housed some of the world's most ancient states with highly developed social complexity. The region was famous as one of the four riverine civilizations where writing was used, along with the Nile valley in Egypt, the Indus Valley in the Indian subcontinent and Yellow River valley in China. Lately graphic and phonetic symbols have also been found around the Black Sea and in Russia, dating 6.000 years BP, some 1.500 years older than the (so far) oldest writing of Meso-America and the Andes.
