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Mystery Over 15th-Century Drilled Skull Solved

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Aspects of the Material World
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« on: February 14, 2015, 02:11:25 am »

Mystery Over 15th-Century Drilled Skull Solved
Feb 9, 2015 12:10 PM ET // by Rossella Lorenzi




The skull shows multiple drill markings.

Gino Fornaciari/University of Pisa
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« Reply #1 on: February 14, 2015, 02:11:55 am »

Researchers at the University of Pisa, Italy, have solved a longstanding mystery around the honeycombed skull of one of the Italian martyrs beheaded by 15th century Ottoman Turk invaders when they refused to give up their Christian faith.

Featuring 16 perfectly round holes of various sizes and depth, the skull belonged to an individual who was executed on a hill outside the town of Otranto in Apulia along with more than 800 other men.

The skull was later drilled, most likely to obtain bone powder to treat diseases such as paralysis, stroke, and epilepsy, which were believed to arise from magical or demonic influences.
Photos: Drilled Skull Mystery Solved

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Beatified in 1771 and canonized by Pope Francis on May 12, 2013, the so-called "martyrs of Otranto," whose identities are largely unknown, are now the patron saints of the city of Otranto.

They all met their ends on Aug. 14, 1480, following a 15-day siege by the Ottoman force commanded by Gedik Ahmed Pasha. During the assault, all Otranto men over the age of 50 were slaughtered, while women and children under the age of 15 were either slain or sold into Albanian slavery.

The remaining men, including more than 800 exhausted survivors, were told to convert to Islam. As they refused, they were taken to a hill and beheaded one by one.

The remains of the martyrs are now impressively exposed behind five large glass cabinets in the Cathedral of Otranto. In particular, the skulls are meticulously lined up in horizontal rows, with the facial bones turned toward the visitors.

However, in a low row of the central window, a skull is positioned with the face toward the ceiling and the cranium facing visitors.
Photos: Digging Up a Medieval Latrine

"The specimen was probably arranged in this manner so as to show a series of holes on the cranial vault," Gino Fornaciari, professor of history of medicine and paleopathology at the University of Pisa, and colleagues wrote in the February issue of the Journal of Ethnopharmacology.

Although the window could not be opened and so the skull could not be removed for study, the researchers noted that the holes featured a regular, rounded shape.

Of the 16 holes, eight turned out to be complete perforations, involving the bone in all its thickness and producing a rounded, conical-shaped hole. The edges featured rounded walls.

"The perfectly cupped shape of the incomplete perforations leads(us) to hypothesize the use of a particular type of trepan, with semi-lunar shaped blade or rounded bit; a tool of this type could not produce bone discs, but only bone powder," Fornaciari said.
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« Reply #2 on: February 14, 2015, 02:12:52 am »

http://news.discovery.com/history/archaeology/mystery-over-15th-century-drilled-skull-solved-150209.htm
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« Reply #3 on: February 14, 2015, 02:15:44 am »



    Avatar
    Andy • 4 days ago

    Wow....Islam has been beheading and torturing people for a way long time....so nothing new waht they are doing today...same old same old....they always have been murderous scum killing and torturing innocent men womean and children....too bad we didnt wipe them out years ago for all the atrocities they have committed....worse than the Nazis....
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        Tom Andy • 3 days ago

        So it's okay for YOU to wipe out the 1 billion people who practice Islam but it's not okay for the Nazis to commit genocide? You're a hypocritical ****. It's important to remember that the vast majority of Muslims don't condone extremism.
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            jdahunt Tom • 8 hours ago

            actually tom you are mistaken.....the majority of islam worshipers are radicals as compared to the average person today.
            Tell me where those that you feel aren't radicals and I will be able to explain how you are wrong.
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        Kevin Myerson Andy • 4 days ago

        ok anytime you're talking about wiping out a third of the world you really don't get the compare anybody else to Nazis after that lol let's not forget Christians of this time we're not so innocent
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            Martin Luffa Kevin Myerson • 4 days ago

            Gee, consider that Muslims have been on their ideologically bent genocide of non-Muslims since Islam's founding in the 7th century, It's no wonder that Christians that have come into contact with the pure evil of Islam have "stared into the abyss".

            Killing Muslims saved non-Muslims from total genocide.

            By the way, Muslims are of the belief that the rest of the world needs to submit or die. Turnabout is fair play.
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                Alan Martin Luffa • 4 days ago

                Perhaps, you need to visit Pope's torture chambers inside Vatican..Or perhaps you need to read up the history of Spain when the so called crusaders of Christian faiths killed and tortured women and Children in the name of God. People have killed, raped and plundered in the name of Christianity, Islam and Judaism for centuries. Nobody is innocent..
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                    DearLeaderMaobama Alan • 4 days ago

                    Live in the reality of today rather than clinging to excuses of the past. I know it's tough for you haters of Christianity but one religion progressed from their past mistakes while the other continues unchanged to marry and sleep with young children, kill non-believers in horrible ways, mistreat women of all ages, etc....
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                    Martin Luffa Alan • 4 days ago

                    The Spanish were right to kill as many Muslim invades as possible. Do you forget that Muslims invaded the Iberian peninsula in 711?

                    If Islam never happened, there would have never been a need for Christians to become so Martial.
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        crash2parties Andy • 44 minutes ago

        "Islam has been beheading and torturing people for a way long time"

        Still a few hundred years short of Christianity once it had been weaponized. What's the count now? It's in the tens of millions...
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    Deon van der Westhuizen • 12 hours ago

    Not all Muslims are terrorists, but it seems all terrorists are Muslim.
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    don • 16 hours ago

    it began in the 6th century when islam emerged. then in the 11th century pope urban II urged the "Unemployed" knights of Europe to "Take up the cross and take back the Holy Land from the infidels."
    during the centuries the crusades consumed, many atrocities were committed by BOTH sides.
    BO, somewhat, awkwardly, and inappropriately, pointed out sad, but true facts; I don't think he has an understanding of what REALLY took place during the crusades and what was happening. there has been brief interludes of so called, "Christian" brutality.
    in today's world, Christianity calls for repenting, NOT forced conversion; if you don't want to convert to Christianity that's your decision but you will NOT be killed if you don't convert, islam dictates you will be killed if you do not convert to islam...
    some choice huh? which would you choose?
    this is just a few highlights. I will NOT engage in a drawn out debate.
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    Lamees • 2 days ago

    All historical facts differ depending on which side is telling their side. And who one can ignore the focus on negative news of muslims in western media nowadays? Show only bad side? This article comes under that direction.
    This will fall on deaf ears, but must state that the person whom muslims look up to ordered in similar incidents the exact opposite of what was done. Women, children and elderly are civilians not to be harmed. Now some will try to belittle this but it's true.
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    Zep Jr History • 5 days ago

    Thanks for the new information! I love the photos you have posted!
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