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Atlantis: The Land Beyond The Pillars

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Shana
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« Reply #15 on: November 25, 2014, 12:48:46 am »



Figure 15 - Lines A, B, and C represent 14.5-mile channels extending between the plain and the sea with a center point at 7.25 miles representing the center point of the island city. Lines A and C represent extreme channel placements where the island city would lie closest to the Parana and the confluence of the Parana and Uruguay rivers.  Line B aligns the channel so that the center point is equidistant from the Mesopotamian plain and the sea. Multiple other channel placements would find the city's center located between these three points along or near arc ABC.  Equidistant point B mysteriously sits atop a circular landform while line B itself lies near channels of similar overall length leading from the plain to the sea. Could this be the site of Atlantis’ island city?

The center point lands atop a very curious circular landform in the Parana Delta. A small distributary channel breaking off from the Parana River flows eastward alongside line B before splitting into two waterways creating a river bifurcation. The split waterway flows almost entirely around the circular formation, but veers away suddenly toward the sea just before completely enclosing a circular island with the lower waterway running immediately under line B. The resultant landform consequently appears as a three-quarter circle with a triangular extension leading off to the east. Now there are several levels of intrigue here because 1) It is the only landform in the Parana Delta approaching a circular form, 2) It just happens to fall precisely in the limited range afforded the circular city of Atlantis per Plato's narrative, and 3) And this is perhaps the most amazing aspect to consider, the circular portion of the landform conforms very, very closely to Solon's dimensions for the circular city (Fig. 16).

Solon's combined measurements for the multi-ringed city establishes the overall diameter at 27 stadia, or 3.10 miles. Solon claimed however that this first outermost ring was composed of a 3-stadia wide channel of water giving the next concentric ring of the city, which was land, an overall diameter of 21 stadia, or 2.41 miles diameter for the largest ring of land. Both diameters match up very closely with the circular portion of this Parana Delta landform. Could this circular formation possibly be the site of the legendary city?
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« Reply #16 on: November 25, 2014, 12:50:15 am »



Figure 16 - Satellite image of the circular landform in the Parana Delta (top). Same image (below) with a 2.50-mile dimension set with Google Earth™ to establish scale. The yellow overlain rings conform to the concentric rings of Atlantis and have been scaled to the image. While the circular landform does not appear to have any demarcations suggesting the existence of inner zones, the outside diameter of Atlantis’ outermost land zone at 2.41 miles (21 stadia) is an extraordinarily close match with this Parana Delta landform. In fact a 2.41 diameter circle happens to be the largest circle that can be fit within the confines of the landform. The waterway surrounding the landform also conforms closely to Atlantis’ outer zone of water, which was to have had an outside diameter of 3.10 miles (27 stadia).

Solon describes the city as being formed from a circular mountain, in which the god Poseidon excavated three concentric channels of water:

    "There was a mountain not very high on any side Poseidon breaking the ground, enclosed the hill, making alternate zones of sea and land larger and smaller, encircling one another; there were two of land and three of water, which he turned as with a lathe, each having its circumference equidistant every way from the centre." (Critias [BJ])

If the city had been formed in a delta on a naturally occurring circular feature similar to the one in question, it may be more reasonable to suppose that the site was originally similarly flat, with the inhabitants having excavated the channels and depositing the excavated material from each successive ringed channel inward toward the island's center, thus elevating each subsequent land zone. Even if we were to suppose that the ringed waterways were naturally formed we can still speculate that the catastrophe believed to have befallen Atlantis, which included quakes and flooding, leveled the raised zones and backfilled with sediment the two inner rings of water that are currently undefined. In fact, likely all waterways in the delta would have been filled with sediment, with only time and the continuing flow of the Parana River clearing a path back through the delta and partially exposing the circular landform.

There are still some  discrepancies involving distancing of the formation from the plain and the sea. Supposing that Solon's stated 5.7 miles (50 stadia) from the plain to the city was via a channel of water, the existing distributary is .8 miles too long. From the city to the sea, the lower channel, which is the straighter and longer of the two channels leading away from the circular feature, is about a mile short of the 5.7 mile specified dimension. Still, the central circular feature presents a thought-provoking conundrum. Studying the many other deltas throughout the world, which contain hundreds of islands and river bifurcations, none possess landforms nearly as round and none approach this size. Given everything that has been covered thus far with the Mesopotamian plain's proper alignment, size, positioning and distance from the sea, this definitely establishes the landform as a site of significant interest.
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« Reply #17 on: November 25, 2014, 12:50:39 am »

 The Island Beneath The Sea

Solon's description of the ancient city provides a glimpse at the city's extravagant grandeur:

    "Some of their buildings were simple, but in others they put together different stones, varying the colour to please the eye, and to be a natural source of delight. The entire circuit of the wall, which went round the outermost zone, they covered with a coating of brass, the circuit of the next wall they coated with tin, the third, which encompassed the citadel, flashed with the red light of orichalcum."

    "The palaces in the interior of the citadel were constructed on this wise: In the centre was a holy temple dedicated to Cleito and Poseidon, which was surrounded by an enclosure of gold; Here was Poseidon's own temple which was a stadium in length, and half a stadium in width, and of a proportionate height, having a strange barbaric appearance. All the outside of the temple, with the exception of the pinnacles, they covered with silver, and the pinnacles with gold. In the interior of the temple the roof was of ivory, curiously wrought everywhere with gold and silver and orichalcum and all the other parts, the walls and pillars and floor, they coated with orichalcum. In the temple they placed statues of gold: And around the temple on the outside were placed statues of gold of all the descendants of the ten kings and of their wives, and there were many other great offerings of kings and of private persons, coming both from the city itself and from the foreign cities over which they held sway. There was an altar too."

    "In the next place, they had fountains, one of cold and another of hot water, in gracious plenty flowing; and they were wonderfully adapted for use by reason of the pleasantness and excellence of their waters. They constructed buildings about them and planted suitable trees also they made cisterns, some open to the heavens, others roofed over, to be used in winter as warm baths; there were the kings' baths, and the baths of private persons, which were kept apart; and there were separate baths for women, and for horses and cattle. Of the water which ran off they carried some to the grove of Poseidon, where were growing all manner of trees of wonderful height and beauty, owing to the excellence of the soil, while the remainder was conveyed by aqueducts along the bridges to the outer circles."

    "And there were many temples built and dedicated to many gods. Also gardens and places of exercise, some for men, and others for horses in both of the two islands formed by the zones. In the centre of the larger of the two there was set apart a race-course of a stadium in width, and in length allowed to extend all round the island, for horses to race in."

    "Also there were guardhouses at intervals for the guards. The docks were full of triremes and naval stores. Leaving the palace and passing out across the three you came to a wall which began at the sea and went all round: this was everywhere distant fifty stadia from the largest zone or harbour, and enclosed the whole, the ends meeting at the mouth of the channel which led to the sea. The entire area was densely crowded with habitations; and the canal and the largest of the harbours were full of vessels and merchants coming from all parts, who, from their numbers, kept up a multitudinous sound of human voices, and din and clatter of all sorts night and day." (Critias [BJ])

Truly such a city would have been an overwhelming spectacle to experience and behold. One can almost imagine the day-to-day din of thousands of inhabitants working and shopping in the markets, loading and unloading goods at the docks, and shouting and cheering grand events like horse racing which lapped the full length of the city's outer zone. The walls that lined the perimeter of each zone not only provided a defensive shield, but they were overlain with colorful metals to make them aesthetically appealing adding to the city's splendor. And of course the ornate temples built as tributes to their many gods would have provided an awe-inspiring display of their architectural skill and hint at their boundless riches. So what actually befell this grand city, its extensive ringed walls, and extravagant temples?

The Atlantis saga proposes the truly outlandish idea that an entire island the size of a large continent somehow descended into the depths of the sea.

    "An island greater in extent than Libya and Asia, afterwards sunk by an earthquake became an impassable barrier of mud to voyagers sailing from hence to any part of the ocean." (Critias [BJ])

Solon is suggesting that sediment from the sunken continent blocked all passage beyond the Strait of Gibraltar, yet there are absolutely no signs that sediment ever created a barricade preventing ships from sailing between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. This passage is most likely a corruption of the original Egyptian account wherein the two main islands in Solon's narrative source had been confused. Consider the following passage from Timaeus:

    "There occurred violent earthquakes and floods; in a single day and night of misfortune all your warlike men in a body sank into the earth, and the island of Atlantis in like manner disappeared in the depths of the sea. For which reason the sea in those parts is impassable and impenetrable, there is a shoal of mud in the way; and this was caused by the subsidence of the island." (Timaeus [BJ])

First of all, Solon's skewed perception of the world required, indeed demanded the sinking of the entire island continent beneath the ocean; he had no other interpretative option. Within Solon's concept of the world, no other large landmass existed within Oceanus, leaving Solon no choice, but to assume that the entire Atlantis continent lay at rest beneath its depths.

Had Solon had a better grasp of the true physical world, he would have been able to accept the existence of another continent in the Atlantic, in which case he may have also realized that the cataclysm did not cause the disappearance of an island continent, but rather the more plausible subsidence of the island city. And the passage or waterway that was blocked by a 'shoal of mud' would not have had to have been an unrealistically large portion of the Atlantic Ocean, but could have been applied to a channel between the sea and the island city of Atlantis.

Solon's placement of the island city within 7.5 miles of the sea increases the likelihood that it was located on a sediment rich delta much like our site on the Parana Delta. Were a series of 'violent earthquakes' to have occurred as Solon relates, the impact on a river delta would have been catastrophic with results matching very closely Solon's description. The sediment-based island and surrounding delta would have been subjected to a devastating phenomenon known as liquefaction.

Liquefaction is a phenomenon occurring during earthquakes in which the ground destabilizes transforming the soil into a liquid consistency. The silt and sand composition within a delta would be highly susceptible to liquefaction. Large structures such as those purported to exist on the island city, for example the zonal perimeter walls and temples, would have sunk into the destabilized ground while the agitated soil would have transformed the many distributaries into mudflows likely obstructing the channel leading toward the devastated island city. Liquefaction may also explain why the Athenian warriors are described as having "sank into the earth" as opposed to having sunk into the sea.

It is feasible that an offshore quake, or an undersea landslide, may have also generated tsunamis causing much of the flooding that was believed to have accompanied or followed the quakes. This may explain the island city and much of the delta's final demise of seemingly disappearing "in the depths of the sea."

Although the account relates that "all your warlike men in a body sank into the earth" this would seem to be with the exception of those few that survived to tell the tale. The survivors of this terrible cataclysm might well have been aboard an Athenian vessel sitting beyond the delta, being able to witness much of the devastation and carnage with little to no harm befalling themselves. From this vantage point the crew may have discerned that the great island city had receded into the earth, while the channel leading to the city having become barricaded with mud was likely strewn with partially buried ships and the bodies of combatants from both sides of the conflict.

With the realization that the great city had come to its climatic end as tsunami waves completely washed over the delta, the intrepid crew would have reversed course back to the Mediterranean where their story would eventually reach and be recorded by the Egyptians. But regardless of the wide-ranging emotions that accompanied them on their long journey home, emotions would soon transition to overwhelming grief and horror with the realization that their homeland had not been spared. The catastrophic devastation that befell Atlantis would prove to be only a portion of a much, much larger global cataclysm.
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« Reply #18 on: November 25, 2014, 12:50:52 am »

http://atlantismaps.com/chapter_7.html
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« Reply #19 on: November 25, 2014, 12:51:32 am »



Frames of the Greek world
(Homer, Anaximander and Hecataeus)

http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/AncientWebPages/106A.html
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Shana
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« Reply #20 on: November 25, 2014, 12:56:17 am »

Commentary 7.a
Atlantis: The Continent That Solon Sank

-Doug Fisher

    “Atlantis, which, as was saying, was an island greater in extent than Libya and Asia, and when afterwards sunk by an earthquake, became an impassable barrier of mud to voyagers sailing from hence to any part of the ocean." (Critias, Benjamin Jowett translation)

Although in Plato's account Solon informs us that Atlantis, an island continent greater in size than Asia and Libya combined, sank beneath the sea in the span of a day, a key discovery detailed below exposes the circumstances influencing this clearly false assumption while also demonstrating the legitimacy of an unsubmerged South America as the possible site of Atlantis.

 

Brief Overview:

There are ONLY TWO times in history where we find accounts of a boundless continent surrounding the world's oceans.


BOTH occur at the time of SOLON: The Atlantis saga and Anaximander's cosmological theory.

I M P L I C A T I O N S:

    Solon was distorting the original account to conform to his limited worldview. — Hence the original Egyptian account detailing the plausible sinking of the capital delta island became the unrealistic sinking of an entire island continent. (Note how similarly a limited worldview led Herodotus to discount the tale of a voyage around Africa because he was unable to reconcile the stated position of the sun though it was correct.)
    Solon was most definitely referring to the Strait of Gibraltar as the 'Pillars of Hercules'. — In Anaximander's and Solon's worldview, this strait was the pivotal 'narrow entrance' positioned between the 'harbor' like Mediterranean and the 'true sea', Oceanus.
    Plato's dialogues were genuine and not fabricated. — Plato adhered to the belief that the world was spherical, but the dialogues clearly convey a much older worldview held by Solon. While obviously not conclusive, it does add to the evidence pool. It is intriguing that Plato would rely so heavily on such an elaborately contrived detail likely lost on many of his contemporaries who shared his worldview. especially as it necessitated the creation of not one, but two continents beyond the pillars where the introduction of one would have itself proven a hard sell.
    Solon introduced TWO CONTINENTS beyond the Pillars of Hercules with islands forming a path between. — The two continents were the island continent of Atlantis and a larger continent lying at the opposite end of a path of islands. Today we know that there ARE two large and distinct continents beyond the Pillars, North and South America, and they are accompanied by a set of islands, the Caribbean Islands, laying a very distinct pathway between them.

Atlantis: The Continent That Solon Sank

My approach to deducing Atlantis’ location (see Atlantis: The Land Beyond The Pillars) was based on maintaining the strictest adherence to Solon’s geographical specifications reconciled within the context of contemporary views. An obvious example is when Plato’s dialogues state that Atlantis was “the size of Asia and Libya combined” it is understood that these regions were perceived much differently then than they are today. Asia referred to an area mostly confined to Asia Minor, while Libya was confined to a portion of North Africa. (Obviously the continent of South America falls within this range of being larger than these two combined.)

A finding which shed substantial light on Atlantis came about when I discerned the significance of Solon’s comparison of the Mediterranean Sea with another much larger body of water referred to as the ‘true ocean’ and also Solon’s introduction of a new mysterious 'boundless' continent. Following is the relevant passage from Timaeus with my interpretation of the described landforms inserted in brackets:

    “The island [Atlantis] was larger than Libya and Asia put together, and was the way to other islands [the Caribbean Islands], and from these you might pass to the whole of the opposite continent [North America] which surrounded the true ocean; this sea which is within the Straits of Heracles is only a harbour, having a narrow entrance, but that other is a real sea, and the surrounding land may be most truly called a boundless continent. In this island of Atlantis there was a great and wonderful empire which had rule over the whole island [Atlantis/South America] and several others [the Caribbean Islands], and over parts of the continent [North America]." (Timaeus, Benjamin Jowett translation)

If you look at other Atlantis theories that actually attempt to address this passage, you will find most reconcile the ‘true ocean’ and the surrounding continent to our current worldview. Rand and Rose Flem-Ath attempt to validate their popular Antarctica theory by suggesting that Solon was describing the oceans surrounding Antarctica with all continents combined composing the opposite continent which encircled this ‘true ocean’. (Fig, 1)
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Shana
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« Reply #21 on: November 25, 2014, 12:56:46 am »



Figure 1 - US Navy's specialized polar projection submitted by Rand and Rose Flem-Ath as proof that the world's continents can be distorted to approach the appearance of a continent surrounding the world's oceans.

Unfortunately there are still many large openings in this 'surrounding continent' and to believe that an ancient civilization just happened to share a similar distorted view of the world is a huge stretch. The above map is a unique modern projection that is extremely complex and exemplifies the capabilities of highly sophisticated mathematics applied to mapmaking. If we were seriously looking for a map projection that distorted the world enough so that a continent appeared to be surrounding a large ‘true sea’, we need look no further than an arctic polar projection map as in the image below. (Fig. 2) This creates a much more appealing concept of a 'surrounding continent' by distorting and exaggerating the size of the Antarctic continent and wrapping it around a truly enormous world ocean. Yet like the Flem-Aths' projection, the distortion may give the appearance of an enclosed sea, but aside from complex projection maps, no reasonable person would ever describe the actual continent of Antarctica as encircling the world's oceans and all other landforms.
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« Reply #22 on: November 25, 2014, 12:57:22 am »



Figure 2 - A simple polar projection centered over the North Pole which gives the appearance that Antarctica surrounds the world's oceans. Yet like the Flem-Aths' projection, the distortion may give the appearance of an enclosed sea, but aside from complex projection maps, no reasonable person would ever describe the actual continent of Antarctica as encircling the world's oceans and all other landforms.

Jim Allen, who like me, maintains that South America is most likely Atlantis, albeit with the capital city located high in the Andes Mountains, reckons that the ‘true ocean’ was the Pacific Ocean, while Eurasia represents the opposite continent which could be reached via the many islands of the Pacific. (Fig. 3) It seems odd however that Solon's account would include a description of Eurasia which lies exceedingly far from South America, but somehow omit all references to a much closer continent like North America which is just next door and actually attached to 'Atlantis'.

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« Reply #23 on: November 25, 2014, 12:57:55 am »



Figure 3 - Jim Allen's interpretation of South America as Atlantis with the many islands of the Pacific highlighted to demonstrate a path to Eurasia which Allen considers to be the continent surrounding the 'true ocean'.

Of course each of these theories require us to make unlikely assumptions, that 1) Solon was directly conveying a description provided by an ancient people extraordinarily well traveled having a similar worldview to our own, and 2) Somehow a collection of multiple distinct landforms can be referred to as being a single unbroken, ‘boundless’ continent that entirely surrounds a large ocean of water.

It becomes clear that these two interpretations of Solon's 'boundless continent' are actually a bit over thought and contrived when you place Solon's description within the context of his era. Having a familiarity with ancient Greek maps, I came to realize that Solon was providing a slightly skewed description of the ancient Greek worldview. Greek maps were composed of two large bodies of water, 1) the Mediterranean Sea which is encircled by the three continents of Europe, Libya and Asia, and 2) Oceanus, the much larger 'true ocean', surrounding the three continents. (Fig. 4) The only link between these two seas was a small entrance into the Mediterranean known then as the Pillars of Hercules and known today as the Strait of Gibraltar.
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« Reply #24 on: November 25, 2014, 12:58:28 am »




Figure 4 - Reconstructions of Homer's (left) and Hecataeus’ (right) world maps, which demonstrate the ancient Greek worldview of two major bodies of water, the Mediterranean Sea and Oceanus separated only by the Pillars of Hercules, or the Strait of Gibraltar as we know it today.

The skewed portion of Solon's description was the inclusion of a continent which was unbroken or ‘boundless’ completely surrounding Oceanus. Solon’s comparison of the two known bodies of water makes it clear that the Mediterranean Sea “within the Straits of Heracles is only a harbour, having a narrow entrance, but that other is a real sea,” apparently not a harbor with any such opening or entrance and no large bodies of water beyond it, therefore “the surrounding land may be most truly called a boundless continent.”

As it turns out a contemporary of Solon, Anaximander, theorized that the world was cylindrical in nature and Europe, Libya and Asia sat atop one of its flat surfaces surrounded by Oceanus which in turn was contained by the outer lip of the cylinder, a “boundless” unbroken ring of land. (Fig. 5) Since there are no boundless continents surrounding an ocean in the real world and the only historical descriptions of such a landform lie in a theory formulated in Solon’s time and in an account of Atlantis also from Solon’s time, simple logic dictates that these two boundless continents surrounding a large 'true ocean' were one and the same.
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« Reply #25 on: November 25, 2014, 12:59:15 am »



Figure 5 - Anaximander's concept of the world as a cylinder. A view which Solon apparently adopted.

So it is almost certain that Solon was reconciling the Egyptian account of two large continents in the waters beyond the Mediterranean Sea to his limited worldview depicted in the image above. The problem with this limited view was that the Greeks believed Oceanus was an enormous river forming a continuous stream around the known world with only a few small islands scattered about, but there were no continental landmasses breaching its surface.

Solon could associate the Egyptian's inclusion of an opposite continent (North America) to the outer ring of land surrounding Oceanus, as this would have been the only other continent sized landmass known to be raised above the sea besides Europe, Libya and Asia—this mistaken association explaining the altered description of North America—but how could he reconcile the existence of a continent-sized Atlantis?

The Egyptians described the capital city as an island and they also related “in a single day and night” an island “disappeared in the depths of the sea.” I believe that the island that actually sank was the capital city; falling victim to quakes per the original account that likely brought about tsunamis while the unstable nature of a delta city would have seen catastrophic liquefaction and the rapid subsidence of structures and perhaps the entire island. Picture the slowly sinking city of New Orleans being suddenly hit by a large quake. The resulting cataclysm would likely replicate the destruction recounted in Plato’s dialogues with a massive city disappearing beneath the sea in a single day. This scenario is far more reasonable than the preposterous and mythical notion of an entire continent sinking beneath the sea in the space of a day.

So why would Solon claim instead that the whole of Atlantis sank beneath the sea? It appears that Solon, unwilling to accept the existence of another continental landmass in Oceanus, was finally forced to believe that the Egyptian account of a sinking island was not limited to the small island capital, but the entire island continent of Atlantis. By interpreting the Egyptian account in this way, Solon would be able to maintain the Greek worldview of an unimpeded ‘Ocean stream’ that now flowed over a submerged Atlantis as in the image above.

In reality, there are no island continents larger than the size of Libya and Asia combined lying beneath the world’s oceans, so if we are to accept that Solon’s account is based on fact and that it was the continent sized landmass described, it seems very reasonable that it was Solon himself who sank Atlantis to fit his preconceptions. If Atlantis truly existed as a continent, then the majority or all of it still sits above the sea and a string of islands likely still lay a path to 'the whole of the opposite continent'. (Fig. 6)
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« Reply #26 on: November 25, 2014, 12:59:49 am »




Figure 6 - Solon introduced not one, but TWO VERY LARGE CONTINENTS beyond the Pillars of Hercules with islands forming a path between. The two continents were the island continent of Atlantis and a larger continent lying at the opposite end of a path of islands. Today we know that there ARE two large and distinct continents beyond the Pillars which represent the limits of the Mediterranean Sea. They are North and South America, and they are accompanied by a set of islands, the Caribbean Islands, laying a very distinct pathway between them.
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« Reply #27 on: November 25, 2014, 01:00:02 am »

http://www.atlantismaps.com/comm_7a.html
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« Reply #28 on: December 23, 2014, 01:58:00 am »

     Hi Shana, you certainly have put a lot of stuff out here in one day. It's almost like a synopsis of this entire forum since it started in 2007. I have a lot of comments to make about many areas of what you've submitted but first of all something that is very close to my heart is Greece where I lived for many years. The shape of the Peloponnese according to some Greek visionarys is the hand of God and if you zoom in on Google Earth to the central península around the knuckle area or just below the knuckle you'll see there's a mountain called Mt. Taygetos and it has a pyramid on top which is bigger and older than the Great Pyramid of Egypt. This is the best kept secret  weapon of the Greeks, which has not yet been exploited by the tourism industry. They are in the process of building beautiful superhighways throughout the surrounding mountains of magestic pine forests up to the base of Mt Taygetos. [if one wonders why Greece is having even more financial problems after the 2004 Olympics, you now know why] They don't talk about this and it is not yet a tourist destination, but I spent 9 -12 months of 2002-03 in that region photographing and researching this pyramid. Some Greek scholars attribute this construction to Anaximander, while others believe it's the work of the Pleiadians going back many many thousands of years way WAY before Atlantis, which was merely a colony of the Pleiadians.

    Here is another fact to add to this mystery.

    Remember the Antikythera Device, an ancient computer found underwater in an ancient shipwreck off the island of Antikythera in the early 1900s? Well this location is just south and in line with the southeastern Peloponnese peninsula only about a mere 90 miles away from
 the Taygetos  pyramid. Go figure!    -dp-
« Last Edit: December 23, 2014, 02:52:40 am by pLANeT@LANTis » Report Spam   Logged
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« Reply #29 on: December 23, 2014, 03:15:32 am »



Figure 5 - Anaximander's concept of the world as a cylinder. A view which Solon apparently adopted.

So it is almost certain that Solon was reconciling the Egyptian account of two large continents in the waters beyond the Mediterranean Sea to his limited worldview depicted in the image above. The problem with this limited view was that the Greeks believed Oceanus was an enormous river forming a continuous stream around the known world with only a few small islands scattered about, but there were no continental landmasses breaching its surface.

Solon could associate the Egyptian's inclusion of an opposite continent (North America) to the outer ring of land surrounding Oceanus, as this would have been the only other continent sized landmass known to be raised above the sea besides Europe, Libya and Asia—this mistaken association explaining the altered description of North America—but how could he reconcile the existence of a continent-sized Atlantis?

The Egyptians described the capital city as an island and they also related “in a single day and night” an island “disappeared in the depths of the sea.” I believe that the island that actually sank was the capital city; falling victim to quakes per the original account that likely brought about tsunamis while the unstable nature of a delta city would have seen catastrophic liquefaction and the rapid subsidence of structures and perhaps the entire island. Picture the slowly sinking city of New Orleans being suddenly hit by a large quake. The resulting cataclysm would likely replicate the destruction recounted in Plato’s dialogues with a massive city disappearing beneath the sea in a single day. This scenario is far more reasonable than the preposterous and mythical notion of an entire continent sinking beneath the sea in the space of a day.

So why would Solon claim instead that the whole of Atlantis sank beneath the sea? It appears that Solon, unwilling to accept the existence of another continental landmass in Oceanus, was finally forced to believe that the Egyptian account of a sinking island was not limited to the small island capital, but the entire island continent of Atlantis. By interpreting the Egyptian account in this way, Solon would be able to maintain the Greek worldview of an unimpeded ‘Ocean stream’ that now flowed over a submerged Atlantis as in the image above.

In reality, there are no island continents larger than the size of Libya and Asia combined lying beneath the world’s oceans, so if we are to accept that Solon’s account is based on fact and that it was the continent sized landmass described, it seems very reasonable that it was Solon himself who sank Atlantis to fit his preconceptions. If Atlantis truly existed as a continent, then the majority or all of it still sits above the sea and a string of islands likely still lay a path to 'the whole of the opposite continent'. (Fig. 6)

      The center of this cylinder illustrated by Anaximander  happens to be the Taygetos Pyramid of the central peninsula of the Peloponnnese of Greece. What are the chances?    ©-dp-
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