the Dark Ages

yes. There were lines of kings. But what occurred was the development of clear and coherent nations which exist in Europe today. These were formed at that time. We saw the formation and standardization of french, spanish, german and italian. We saw the emergence of a scholarly class that was not beholden to a local king. We saw all of Europe united in its efforts to repel the Moors. This was the first time Europe was able to repel an Asian threat in thousands of years. In a short 600 years, Europe transformed itself despite unbelievable trials to ready itself for even greater transformations, that is the birth of the Modern Age in which we are now today. This happened in the Dark Ages. The Sumerians didn't achieve this. The Chinese didn't the Incans didn't the Persians didn't the greeks didn't and the Romans didn't. But Europe did!

Thank you for your nice comments Sun Goddess!

Shawnadithit (Google my alter ego ShaNaWdithit when you have a chance!)