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WTC Timeline

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Michelle Jahn
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« on: February 21, 2012, 10:32:50 pm »

WTC Timeline

Key  Dates
1946     

The New York State Legislature created the World Trade Corporation to develop the proposed World Trade Center in Downtown Manhattan. The original proposal was for only one 70-story building, not the final twin towers design. Winthrop Aldrich, chairman of Chase Bank, was appointed to explore the feasibility of the project. The New York State Legislature passed a bill authorizing Thomas E. Dewey to begin developing plans for the project.

 
 1958    

The World Trade Corporation nominated one of the nation's premier architectural partnerships, Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill (SOM) to develop a plan for a "new Lower Manhattan". SOM proposed a complete rebuilding and expansion of the financial district: the narrow streets would be closed while others would be widened, traffic would be redistributed and over 100 blocks razed. Various features of the SOM plan were implemented such as a Civic Center east of City Hall and a large marina on the East River that prefaced the South Street Seaport. SOM also suggested a World Trade Center. In 1958, Chase Manhattan Bank vice chair David Rockefeller announced plans to build a multi-million-square-foot complex on Lower Manhattan's east side. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey agreed to oversee the building project.

 
September 20, 1962    

 The Port Authority chose the current site for the World Trade Center bounded by West, Church, Liberty, and Vesey Streets. Minoru Yamasaki was selected to design the project.  Yamasaki was a second generation Japanese-American who studied architecture at the University of Washington and New York University. Yamasaki's designs often paid tribute to classical themes but his use of modern technology resulted in contemporary structures of glass and concrete. Yamasaki considered hundreds of different building configurations before deciding on the twin towers design and worked closely with the selected structural engineers of the project, Worthington, Skilling Helle and Jackson. Worthington, Skilling Helle and Jackson developed a tube-frame structural system which allowed for open floor plans without columns in the office spaces.  Less than two years and more than 100 design concepts later, the Port Authority unveiled the $525 million World Trade Center plan to the public.  It was a composite of six buildings comprised of 10 million square feet of office space. At its core were the Twin Towers, which at 110 stories (1,368 and 1,362 feet) each would be the world's tallest skyscrapers. Public sentiment ranged from astonishment at the sheer size of the towers, to both thrill and dismay at their monolithic, contemporary design.

 
 January 18, 1964    

Yamasaki's design for the World Trade Center was unveiled to the public. The design consisted of a square plan approximately 207 feet in dimension on each side. The buildings were designed with narrow office windows 18 inches wide, due to Yamasaki's fear of heights and his desire to make building tenants feel secure. The building facades were covered in aluminum-alloy. 

 
March 1965                                            

The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey began obtaining property at the World Trade Center site.

 
1966    

Demolition at the site began with the clearance of thirteen square blocks of low rise buildings for constru ction of the World Trade Center.  Groundbreaking for the construction began on August 5, 1966. Site preparations were vast and included an elaborate method of foundation work for which a "bathtub" had to be built 65 feet below grade. The bathtub was made of a bentonite (absorbent clay) slurry wall intended to keep out groundwater and the Hudson River. Tie-backs were inserted through the wall and anchored at an angle in the earth behind them. WTC 1, the North Tower, rose ahead of WTC 2.

 
February 1967    

Tishman Realty and Construction was hired to oversee the construction of the World Trade Center project.

 
August 1968     

Construction on the north tower began.

 
January 1969     

Construction on the south tower began.

 
December 23, 1970     

The topping out ceremony of the north tower took place. The first tenants moved into the north tower, 1 WTC, although the tower was not fully completed until 1972. 1 WTC featured many innovations masterminded by Yamasaki and his team. Among them were the Twin Towers' high-speed elevators, sky lobbies, and "hollow tube" building model that distributed weight from the inner core across floor trusses to the exterior's closely spaced steel columns. The load-bearing exterior also served to brace against wind. Some of the major tenants at 1 WTC included Marsh USA INC, Bank of America, Cantor Fitzgerald Securities, and Brown & Wood LLP.

 
July 19, 1971    

The topping out ceremony of the south tower at 1,362 feet occurred.

 
January 1972     

The first major tenants moved into the south tower. Some of the tenants in this building included Morgan Stanley; Verizon Communication; Thacher, Proffitt & Wood; New York Stock Exchange; Keefe, Bruyette & Woods; Fiduciary Trust Company International; and Dow Jones and Company.

 
 April 4, 1973    

The twin towers debut as the tallest buildings in the world -at 1,368 and 1,362 feet and 110 stories each-- surpassing the height of the Empire State Building until the Sears Tower in Chicago, providing 10 million sq ft of office space was built.  The ceremonial opening of the twin towers on this date marked seven years of construction, preceded by more than a decade's worth of planning that transformed 16 acres of Lower Manhattan into an international business hub. In addition to the twin towers, four smaller buildings and a hotel, all built nearby around a central landscaped plaza, completed the complex. The mall at the World Trade Center, which was located immediately below the plaza, was the largest shopping mall in lower Manhattan. The six basements housed two subway stations and a stop on the PATH trains to New Jersey. Some 50,000 people worked in the buildings, while another 200,000 visited or passed through each day.

 
August 7, 1974    

After six years of planning and research, Philippe Petit gained fame for his high-wire walk between the twin towers. The 24-year-old Petit made eight total crossings between the mostly finished towers, a quarter mile above the sidewalks of Manhattan, in an unexpected event that lasted about 45 minutes. Philippe Petit's high-wire walk is credited with bringing much needed popular attention and fondness to the Twin Towers.

 
February 13, 1975    

A fire broke out on the 11th floor of the north tower. The fire then spread from the 9th to 14th floors by igniting the insulation of telephone cables in a utility shaft that ran between the floors. Most of the damage was concentrated on the 11th floor. Fireproofing protected the steel from melting and there was no structural damage to the tower.

 
 December 1975     

 The Top of the World Observation Deck opens at Two World Trade Center (South Tower) on the 107th floor providing breathtaking views of Manhattan. On a clear day, visitors could see up to 50 miles in any direction.

 
 1976    

The world-famous restaurant, Windows on the World, opened on the top floors (106th and 107th) of the north tower. Developed by Joe Baum and initially designed by Warren Platner, it occupied 50,000 square feet of space and offered breathtaking views of Manhattan.  In its last year of operation (2000), Windows on the World reported its revenue as $37 million, making it the highest-grossing restaurant in the United States.

 
1987    

Developed by Silverstein Properties, the 47-story 7 World Trade Center was completed. The 610 foot 7 WTC was designed by Emery Roth & Sons with a red granite façade and a trapezoidal footprint. To supply power to the 10048 zip code, which was dedicated solely to the WTC site, Con Edison built an electrical substation located below 7 WTC in 1967. Tishman Realty & Construction managed construction of the building, which began in 1983. Some of the major tenants at 7 WTC were Salomon Smith Barney, American Express Bank International, ITT Hartford Insurance Group and Standard Chartered Bank.

 
February 26, 1993    

A van loaded with 1,500 pounds of explosives was planted by a group of terrorists in an underground parking garage of the north tower. Their goal was to knock the north tower into the south tower, bringing both towers down and killing thousands of people. The attack killed six people, including a pregnant woman, injured more than 1,000 people and created a five-story hole beneath the towers, resulting in hundreds of millions of dollars of damage.

 
July 24, 2001    

Larry Silverstein completed the largest real estate transaction in New York history by acquiring the World Trade Center for $3.2 billion, only to see it destroyed six weeks later in the terrorist attacks on 9/11. Previously, the World Trade Center site was under the control of the Port Authority of New York & New Jersey.

 
September 11, 2001    

The World Trade Center was destroyed in the September 11th terrorist attacks. Two commercial jet planes struck the Twin Towers, causing their collapse and the destruction of four other WTC buildings. The attack killed 2,750 people at the Trade Center, many of them emergency responders. The collapse of 7 WTC, which had already been evacuated, followed at 5:20 p.m. that day due to a fire in the building. Soon after the attacks, Larry Silverstein announced his intent to rebuild.

 
2001    

The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation was created in the aftermath of September 11th by then-Governor George Pataki and then-Mayor Rudy Giuliani to plan the reconstruction of Lower Manhattan and distribute nearly $10 billion in federal funds aimed toward rebuilding and revitalizing downtown Manhattan. The LMDC sponsored the international design competition for the World Trade Center Memorial. LMDC works in coordination with public and private sectors to coordinate long-term planning for the World Trade Center site and the neighboring downtown communities.

 
May 22, 2002    

The LMDC selected Beyer Blinder Belle and Parsons Brinkerhoff to develop a master plan for the reconstruction and transportation planning of the WTC site. Beyer Blinder Belle is best known for its restoration of Grand Central Terminal while Parsons Brinkerhoff is one of the oldest U.S. private engineering firms involved in energy, environment and facilities engineering.

 
 May 2002    

The Federal Emergency Management issued a report on the collapse of 7 WTC on 9/11 based on a preliminary investigation conducted with the Structural Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers confirming that the collapse was caused by fires on multiple stories ignited by debris from the other towers. These fires had continued due to lack of water for sprinklers or firefighting.

 
 May 30, 2002    

The WTC recovery operation came to a ceremonial end, marking the completion of the removal of more than 1 million tons of concrete and steel.

 
July 2002    

The 1st round of the design competition for the reconstruction of the World Trade Center site took place, known as the "Preliminary Design Contest". However, the designs submitted for rebuilding the WTC were criticized as being too boring and placing too much emphasis on office space.  This round of the design competition sparked debate about the future of the World Trade Center site.

 
August 2002     

New York Governor George Pataki and New Jersey Governor James McGreevey created a World Trade Center site viewing fence with heroes' names and other information panels for visitors. The first steel column was also erected at the WTC site for the temporary PATH station.

 
November 20, 2002      

The plans for the first major rebuilding project were announced by Larry Silverstein for 7 World Trade Center, a 52-story steel and glass skyscraper. Among its many building enhancements, 7 WTC included a reinforced concrete core and a steel superstructure. Safety systems exceeded New York City building code and are expected to form the model for future high-rise building codes. Construction on 7 WTC began soon after in 2002.

 
December 2002    

The 2nd round of competition for the design contest, known as the "Innovative Design Contest" included Daniel Libeskind's scheme as a submittal. There were 2,000 entries in total. The seven semifinalists of this round of competition presented their designs at the Winter Garden of the World Financial Center.

 
 February 2003    

The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey chose the design by Daniel Libeskind of Berlin, Germany to replace the 16-acre World Trade Center site.  Libeskind's design was judged based on 12 points of criteria including price, public response, vision, connectivity, public space, and how the victims of the September 11th attacks would be memorialized. 1 World Trade Center is already the most famous element of architect Daniel Libeskind's WTC Master Plan. Libeskind's plan proposed a descending spiral of towers beginning at the site's northwest corner and ending at the National 9/11 Memorial and Museum, where the Twin Towers' footprints will be memorialized.

 
April 1, 2003     

The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation announced the start of an international design competition for the WTC Memorial Site to commemorate those lost on September 11th and the 1993 bombings of the World Trade Center.

 
 July 2003    

Architect David Childs of Skidmore, Ownings & Merrill was selected to design 1 World Trade Center, planned to be the tallest of the five new WTC office towers.  Mr. Childs is a graduate of Yale College and the Yale School of Art and Architecture. He joined the Washington, DC office of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill in 1971 after having served as the design director of the Pennsylvania Avenue Commission. David Childs then relocated to SOM's New York office where he worked on the New York Mercantile Exchange, the arrivals building at JFK, and Worldwide Plaza, among others. Differences of opinion quickly arose between Libeskind and Childs regarding their visions for the site's final result.

 
 July 2003      

Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava was selected by the Port Authority of New York & New Jersey to design the World Trade Center Transportation Hub. Calatrava is best known for his designs of public buildings and bridges. Some of his more recent work includes the Sundial at Turtle Bay in Redding, California, the James Joyce in Dublin, and the Olympic sports complex in Athens.

 
 November 23, 2003    

A temporary PATH station opened. The station featured a canopy entrance along Church Street and a 118-by-12 foot mosaic mural, "Iridescent Lightning," by Giulio Candussio. The station was also ornamented with opaque panel walls inscribed with inspirational quotes attesting to the resilience of New York City.  The panels partially shielded the WTC site from view. Since reopening after 9/11, the station has reclaimed its status as the busiest station in the PATH system.

 
 December 19, 2003     

1 World Trade Center plans were unveiled to the public. The shimmering skyscraper of glass, steel, and cable would stand at 1,776 feet, invoking the symbolism of the building. The building was designed to sit at the northwest corner of the site. The design also called for 70 commercial stories with 2.6 million square feet of office space, plus an underground regional transportation hub, garages, and several shopping centers. A public observation deck and a rebuilt Windows on the World, the restaurant that once sat atop the north tower was also in the plan. The previous World Trade Center buildings each had 110 stories, but 1 World Trace Center will rise higher because of a large glass structure and 276-foot spire topping off the building.

 
January 2004     

Michael Arad and Peter Walker were selected as the designers of the Memorial ‘Reflecting Absence', honoring those lost in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 and February 26, 1993. 5,201 submissions were received and the World Trade Center Memorial Competition, launched by the LMDC, became the largest design competition in history.

 
 January 21, 2004    

Santiago Calatrava presented the design for the WTC Transportation Hub at the Winter Garden. The design evokes the image of a bird in flight. The building will be build with steel, glass, and light. To bring an even greater sense of open air and natural light to the station's concourse, mezzanine, and platform levels, Calatrava designed the hub's ceiling to retract-an innovative concept used mostly in sports arenas. Each level inside the station was designed to be column-free to create an open, bright space. Through this Transportation Hub, pedestrians will have access to Hudson River ferry terminals, PATH trains, 13 subway lines, and possibly a direct rail link to JFK International Airport.  The Hub will be positioned at the northeast corner of the WTC site at Church and Vessey Streets and is expected to form an underground connection between the World Financial Center and the Metropolitan Transportation Authority's Fulton Street Transit Center.

 
 July 4, 2004     

Honoring the "enduring spirit of freedom", Mayor Bloomberg laid the cornerstone of the Freedom Tower, a 20-ton piece of granite inscribed with those words. The ceremony also included remarks from Gov. McGreevey, musical performances by the Young People's Chorus of New York City, Metropolitan Opera singer Morris Robinson, and a reading from the Declaration of Independence by the 12-year-old son a Port Authority police officer killed on 9/11.

 
December 2004     

The final design of the WTC Memorial and museum was unveiled by Arad and Walker. The design included two large "voids"-cascading reflecting pools thirty feet into the footprints of the Twin Towers. The design allowed visitors to follow ramps angled down the side of each footprint to an underground chamber that allows views. Names of all the victims, including rescuers and those who died in the 1993 Trade Center bombing are inscribed on a wall between the chamber and the pool.  Extensive landscaping in the plaza featuring 400 swamp white oak and sweet gum trees will create a canopy over the plaza in the warmer months.

 
 June 29, 2005     

1 World Trade Center was redesigned due to security concerns by the NYPD and then-Governor George Pataki. Details such as the 1,776 height and the 276-foot spire remained the same. To comply with safety concerns, 1 World Trade Center would have no occupied space other than the lobby. It was also redesigned to be set back farther from West Street, a heavily trafficked highway. Many of the windows were planned to be tempered, laminated and multilayered for extra protection against explosions. The newly designed base has a smaller footprint and planned to be more of a square than a parallelogram.

 
September 6, 2005    

Construction on the World Trade Center Transportation Hub began. Designed by Santiago Calatrava, the PATH was intended to accommodate 250,000 pedestrians per day. One of the innovative features of the design is that natural light will reach 60 feet below street level.

 
December 15, 2005      

Silverstein Properties announced Lord Norman Foster to design Tower 2 at the World Trade Center.

 
March 13, 2006     

Workers began to remove remaining debris and started surveying work at the World Trade Center. This marked the start of construction on the National September 11 Memorial & Museum.

 
April 2006     

The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and Larry Silverstein reached an agreement in which Silverstein relinquished rights to develop the Freedom Tower and Tower 5 in exchange for financing with Liberty Bonds for Towers 2, 3, and 4.

 
 April 2006     

 Adamson Associates of Toronto was selected as the Executive Architect to lead a team of architects that would eventually included Foster & Partners, Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partnership (RSHP) and Maki and Associates.

 
 April 27, 2006    

Ground was broken for construction of 1 World Trade Center, the symbolic skyscraper designed to replace the destroyed World Trade Center. The tower will pay homage to the original twin towers, and will rise to 1,776 feet with its illuminated antenna.

 
 May 3, 2006    

Just days after construction began on 1 World Trade Center, Larry Silverstein announced that architects Richard Rogers and Fumihiko Maki would each design high-rise office towers at the World Trade Center site. Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partnership (RSHP) designed Tower 3 Fumihiko Maki designed Tower 4. These architects joined an impressive roster of architectural stars working at the site including site master planner Daniel Libeskin; David Childs of SOM designing the Freedom Tower; Santiago Calatrava, the architect for the transit hub; Michael Arad, who with Peter Walker, is responsible for the World Trade Center Memorial and Museum, and Lord Norman Foster for Tower 2.  Following the announcement, Silverstein Properties set up a WTC design studio at 7 World Trade Center with architects, engineers, and consultants working together in an unprecedented collaborative spirit on the designs for Towers 2, 3 and 4.

 
 June 29, 2006     David Childs of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill presented the final design for 1 World Trade Center. He unveiled several final drawings to an audience of 700 engineers and architects at the AIA New York Chapter's 2006 Design Awards held at 7 World Trade Center. The revised design for 1 World Trade Center featured a 186-foot-tall podium which was redesigned to be covered by a screen of glass prisms, veiling the concrete base that was originally criticized for being too brutalist.

 
 July 26, 2006    

 Production of the first steel was produced in Luxembourg to create the first 27 "extra-large" steel columns of 1 World Trade Center. Approximately 805 tons of steel was being produced to serve as part of the below-grade structure for the historic tower.

 
 September 7, 2006    

Silverstein Properties unveiled designs for Towers 2, 3 and 4 by architects Norman Foster, Richard Rogers, and Fumihiko Maki, respectively, along with a complete master plan for the entire east bathtub. For Tower 2, Foster designed a 78-story skyscraper that peaks with a slanted diamond-shaped top, recognizing the memorial below. Rogers' 71-story Tower 3 featured a slim glass box enclosed in an exterior steel frame of diagonal braces. Maki introduced a 61-story minimalist tower constructed in glass lined with perforated metal, intended to create a unique luster.  A fifth office tower on Liberty Street, the Santiago Calatrava-designed WTC Transportation Hub, performing arts center, memorial and museum will complete the vision for the site.

 
September 14, 2006    

Moody's Corporation signed a 20-year lease to occupy 15 floors of the 52-story 7 World Trade Center. At approximately 600,000 square feet on 15 floors, beginning with the 12th floor, the Moody's lease is the largest to date at the World Trade Center and the largest lease transaction in Manhattan in 2006.

 
September 20, 2006          

The entire Silverstein Properties team was given the go ahead to proceed with the design and construction of the East Bathtub. 2006 marked the start of heavy foundation construction for the east bathtub, the installation of 1 World Trade Center's first steel, and the construction of the memorial's footings.

 
December 19, 2006    

Governor George E. Pataki, Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg and Port Authority officials gathered to witness the placement of the first steel columns for 1 World Trade Center.

June 21, 2007    

The Board of Commissioners authorized The Port Authority to enter into a long-term sub-net lease with JPMorgan Chase & Co. to develop Tower 5 as a 1.3 million-square-foot skyscraper at The World Trade Center site.

 
September 2007    

WTC officials and architects joined Silverstein Properties to unveil final designs and construction plans for Tower 2, 3, and 4. Refinements to the plan included orienting the office lobbies westward, access to lower-level retail and the WTC Transportation Hub, and earning LEED gold certification. The three Greenwich Street Towers were planned to be models of life safety, cutting edge technology, and examples of environmental efficiency.

 February 2008    

 The Port Authority began turning over the southern portion of the East Bathtub to Silverstein Properties, allowing foundation work to begin for Tower 3 (175 Greenwich Street) and Tower 4 (150 Greenwich Street).

 
September 2008    

Designs for WTC Towers 2, 3 and 4 were completed.

 
December 4, 2008    

Mayor Michael Bloomberg and Larry Silverstein announce that West LB, a leading German financial institute, leased the top three floors of 7 World Trade Center, bringing the building's total occupancy to 85%.

 
 February 2009      

Construction on World Trade Center Tower 4 is well underway.  Tower 4 was designed by Japanese architect Fumihiko Maki. Maki's minimalist vision for this 64-story tower complements Daniel Libeskind's master plan, which uses the four WTC towers as an abstract spiral descending towards the National 9/11 Memorial.  At 975 feet, Tower 4 is the shortest of the east-side towers, distinctive for its sleek, glass façade and two distinctly shaped floor plates.

 
 March 27, 2009    

The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey changed the name of the Freedom Tower to 1 World Trade Center with the rationale that this would make the building more marketable for tenants and the public.

 May 11, 2009     

 The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey announced that they wanted to cancel construction on Tower 5 altogether to cut the amount of office space available in the reconstructed World Trade Center to 5 million square feet.

 
 May 21, 2009     

Mayor Michael Bloomberg invited leaders including Assembly Speaker Sheldon Silver, New Jersey Governor Jon Corzine, Governor David Patterson, Silverstein Properties and Port Authority officials to Gracie Mansion to discuss the future of the site and ended with a promise of another meeting. This meeting marked another step forward in the rebuilding process of the WTC.

 
 January 26, 2010                           

After a three-month long hearing, an arbitration panel ruled to give the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and Silverstien Properites 45 days to come up with a new development schedule for the Towers 2, 3 and 4.

 

 March 26, 2010

Summer 2010   
   

The States of New York and New Jersey, the City of New York, the Port Authority and Silverstein Properties announced the outline of a development plan for the east side of the World Trade Center site. The plan calls for the immediate restoration of the east side of the WTC site to at least street level, the completion of Tower 4 by 2013, possible completion of Tower 3 by 2015, and the phase-in of Tower 2 over time. Other projects at the site, including the 9/11 Memorial, One World Trade Center, the WTC Transportation Hub and other public infrastructure, will continue moving forward.  Negotiations were extended for 120 days for both sides to continue discussion and the new agreement is expected to be signed in the summer of 2010.

Foundation work begins for World Trade Center Towers 2 and 3  marking the first time every part of the site is under construction.

 

Sources: NY Times Magazine, PBS, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, Infoplease, Wikipedia.


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« Reply #1 on: February 22, 2012, 01:43:57 pm »

Loose Change Final Cut

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3719259008768610598&ei=3C3YSYvbKIKwrAKQqqzLAQ&q=Loose+Change+Final+Cut
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