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Magic Songs of the West Finns, Vol. I
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Karissa Oleyanin
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Magic Songs of the West Finns, Vol. I
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March 19, 2010, 01:10:04 pm »
Magic Songs of the West Finns, Vol. I
by John Abercromby
[1898]
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Karissa Oleyanin
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March 19, 2010, 01:10:32 pm »
This is the first volume of John Abercromby's extensive study of Finnish magic songs and their background. First he details the history, ethnography and linguistics of the Finns, indeed, constructs a century-long history of the entire Finno-ugric group from the evolution of vocabulary. Finally in the last (long) chapter he gets to the first part of the exposition of the 'magic songs.' This is a summary of the various characters in the songs including a whole range of Finnish gods, goddesses, heroes, wizards, nature-spirits, and so on. He also goes into detail about Finnish Shamanistic practices, including drumming, trance ceremonies, and guide spirits. This book is a treasure trove of Finnish lore, and invites repeated browsings.
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Karissa Oleyanin
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THE PRE- AND PROTO-HISTORIC FINNS
BOTH EASTERN AND WESTERN
WITH
The Magic Songs
OF THE WEST FINNS
By the Honourable
JOHN ABERCROMBY
COR. MEMBER OF THE FINNO-UGRIAN SOCIETY
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Karissa Oleyanin
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IN TWO VOLUMES
VOL. I.
Published by David Nutt in the Strand, London
[1898]
Edinburgh: T. and A. Constable, Printers to Her Majesty
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Karissa Oleyanin
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Re: Magic Songs of the West Finns, Vol. I
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p. v
PREFACE
In this country the term Finn is generally restricted to the natives of Finland, with perhaps those of Esthonia thrown in. But besides these Western Finns there are other small nationalities in Central and Northern Russia, such as the Erza and Mokša Mordvins, the Čeremis, Votiaks, Permians, and Zịrians, to whom the term is very properly applied, though with the qualifying adjective—Eastern. Except by Folklorists, little attention is paid in Great Britain to these peoples, and much that is written of them abroad finds no response here, the 'silver streak' acting, it would seem, as a non-conductor to such unsensational and feeble vibrations.
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Karissa Oleyanin
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March 19, 2010, 01:13:13 pm »
Although the languages of the Eastern and Western Finns differ as much perhaps among themselves as the various members of the Aryan group, the craniological and physical differences between any two Finnish groups is very much less than between the Latin and the Teutonic groups, for instance. All the Finns live nearly under the same latitudes, and in pre- and proto-historic times, which are not so very
p. vi
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Karissa Oleyanin
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March 19, 2010, 01:14:04 pm »
remote, the differences in customs, religious and other beliefs, could not have been very great. This is important; it allows us to supplement what is missing or defective in one Finnish group by what is more complete in another, with far greater certainty than when dealing under similar circumstances with the Aryan-speaking groups. In the first five chapters of the first volume I have tried, with the combined aid of craniology, archæology, ethnography, and philology, brought up to date, to sketch as succinctly as possible the pre- and proto-historic history of the Eastern and Western Finns, showing the various stages of civilisation to which they successively advanced after contact with higher civilisations, at different periods of their evolution from neolithic times to the middle ages. Chapters six and seven contain an analysis of the beliefs of the Western Finns, so far as they can be gathered from the text of the Magic Songs in the second volume; and a perusal of them will facilitate the comprehension of the Magic Songs themselves. The second volume, containing 639 magic songs, some of considerable length, classed under 233 headings, is a translation of a very large portion of the Suomen kansan muinaisia Loitsurunoja, edited and published by the late Dr. Lönnrot in 1880. As the translation was made for Folklorists it is as literal as possible,
p. vii
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Karissa Oleyanin
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without additions, without subtractions, and the vocabulary employed is in conformity with the subject, with the humble social status and homely surroundings of the original composers. The metre of the original is the same as in the Kalevala, which cannot be reproduced in a language like English, where the ictus of the metre has to coincide with the natural stress-accent of the words. But where it could be done without loss of exactness a certain rhythm, generally three beats to a line, is given in the translation, though to save space the lines are printed in prose form.
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Karissa Oleyanin
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March 19, 2010, 01:14:34 pm »
In the work of translating the Magic Songs I owe a debt of gratitude to Lektor Raitio, with whom I first began to study them a good many years ago, for much friendly assistance. Finally, I acknowledge with thanks the reproduction of four illustrations borrowed from Mr. J. R. Aspelin's Antiquités du Nord Finno-ougrien, four from Mr. Kudriavtsev, three from Mr. Inostrantsev, one from Mr. Spitsịn, and twelve from photographs given me by Mr. Novokreščennịkh. The six illustrations from sketches made by myself were made hurriedly, and are not absolutely correct, though adequate, I hope, for the purpose.
Edinburgh, August 1898.
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Karissa Oleyanin
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p. viii p. x p. ix
CONTENTS
PAGE
Value of Additional Letters of the Alphabet
xiii
Full Titles of Books consulted and referred to
xiv
Illustrations
xxiii
CHAPTER I
GEOGRAPHICAL, POSITION AND CRANIOLOGY OF THE FINNS
Geographical Position of the Western Finns
3
Geographical Position of the Eastern Finns
7
The Čudes
13
Physical Features of the Country
15
Physical and Mental Characteristics of the Finns
17
The Mordvins
21
The Čeremis
26
The Votiaks
28
Permians and Zịrians
29
Table I.
32
Finnish Crania
33
Tables II. and III.
34, 35
Crania from the Baltic Provinces
40
Table IV.
42
Table V.
45
Table VI.
47
p. x
CHAPTER II
PAGE
The Neolithic Age in Finland
53
Neolithic Man or the Shores of Lake Ladoga and Eastwards
58
Table VII.
59
The Station of Kolomtsị
65
Finds in Olónets
66
The Valley of the Oká
68
The Valley of the Volga
73
The Government of Viátka
76
The Government of Perm
78
Neolithic Period in the Baltic Provinces
80
General Conclusions
84
The Bronze Age in Finland
87
The Bronze Age in Northern Russia
89
Fatianovo Crania
92
The Bronze Age in the Baltic Provinces
95
The Transition from Bronze to Iron
96
The Earlier Iron Age in Finland
101
The Earlier Iron Age in the Baltic Provinces
103
Table VIII. facing
109
The Earlier Iron Age in Eastern Russia
117
CHAPTER III
Historical Notices of Classical Authors, etc.
126
CHAPTER IV
THE PREHISTORIC CIVILISATION OF THE FINNS
The Gods and Divinities
150
Clan Gods
162
Beliefs, Wizards
168
Ancestral Worship
176
p. xi
PAGE
The Family
179
Classifactory System of Relationship
185
Mutual Avoidance
194
Personal Names
195
The House, Domestic Occupations, etc.
197
The Metals
204
Domestic Animals
213
Tree-Names
222
Reasons for supposing that the Finns have been in Europe since the beginning of the Neolithic Period in North Central Russia
224
Table IX., showing the Range of forty-nine Culture-Words
225
CHAPTER V
The Third or Iranian Period
228
The Volga, the old Trade Route
239
The Fourth or Lithuanian Period
242
The Fifth or Proto-Scandinavian Period
249
Geographical Position of the West Finns at this time
255
The Sixth or Early Slav Period
257
The Seventh or Tatar Period
260
Loan-Words of the Mordvins
261
Loan Words of the Čeremis
264
Loan-Words of the Votiaks
266
CHAPTER VI
BELIEFS OF THE WEST FINNS AS EXHIBITED IN THE MAGIC SONGS
Spirits
271
Ukko
273
Ilmarinen
278
p. xii
Väinämöinen
280
Tapio and the Divinities of the Forest
285
Hiisi
292
Lempo
299
Water-Spirits—Ahti, Vellamo, etc.
300
Earth-Spirits, Sämpsä Pellervoinen
302
Luonto (Nature)—Luonnotar
306
Maidens of the Air, of Springs, etc.
309
Pohjola
314
Lapland, Turja
318
Personifications of Death—Kalma, Tuoni, Mana
320
Sun, Moon, Great Bear
323
Elves, Brownies
326
Giants—Tursas, Turilas
328
Rahkoi
329
Perkele, Piru
329
God, the Creator
331
Jesus, Mary
335
Saints
339
Kaleva
341
Wizards, Sorcerers, etc.
344
Disease
348
Inducements to depart
349
Places whither Diseases are conjured
351
Instruments
353
Defensive Precautions
354
Helpers
355
Precedents
358
Blessing and Cursing
359
Offerings, Worship
362
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Karissa Oleyanin
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Re: Magic Songs of the West Finns, Vol. I
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March 19, 2010, 01:15:10 pm »
p. xiii
THE VALUE OF ADDITIONAL LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET
c in East Finnish = ts.
č = Eng. ch in choose.
ḷ = tl.
ǰ = Eng. j in joke.
ṅ, ñ̇ = Eng. ng in bring.
š = Eng. sh in shall.
ž = French j in jour.
χ =kh or ch in Sc. loch.
Consonants with a dash over or beside them, e.g. b´, c´, d´, are soft and followed by a slight y sound.
ị is a thick guttural i, the Russian yerŭ.
y in Finnish words= ü.
i before another vowel in Russian words = y in yam, yield.
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March 19, 2010, 01:15:28 pm »
p. xiv
FULL TITLES OF BOOKS CONSULTED AND REFERRED TO
Abou-el-Cassim, Voyage d’, par M. C. D’Ohsson. Paris, 1828.
Ahlqvist, A. (1) Unter Vogulen u. Ostjaken. Helsingfors, 1883.
„ (2) Muistelmia matkoilta Venäjällä vuosina 1854–58. Helsingissä, 1859.
„ (3) Journ. de la Société Finno-ougrienne viii. Helsingfors, 1890.
Akiander, M. Utdrag ur Ryska annaler. Suomi, 1848. Helsingfors, 1849.
Appelgren, H. Muinaisjäännöksiä. . . Kemin kihlakunnan. Suomen muinaismuisto-yhdistyksen aikakaus kirja V. Helsingissä, 1882.
Arvoituksia (Suomen Kansan). Helsingissä, 1851.
Aspelin, J. R. (1) Suomi, 1883.
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„ (2) Antiquités du nord Finno-ougrien. Helsingfors, 1877–1884.
„ (3) Suomalais-ugralaisen muinaistutkinnon alkeita. Helsingissä, 1875.
„ (4) Du groupe arctique et les Lapons. Congrès intern. d’anthrop. et d’archéol. préhist. Budapest, 1876.
„ (5) Sur l’âge de la pierre, etc. Congrès intern. d’anthrop. et d’archéol. Stockholm, 1874.
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Bielenstein, Dr. A. Die Grenzen des Lettischen Volkstammes in d. Gegenwart u. in 13 Jahrhund. St. Petersburg, 1892.
Bogdanov, A. Congrès internat. d’archéol. préhist. et d’anthropologie à Moscou. 1892, vol. i. pp. 1–23 (Supplément).
Böhtlingk, O. Ueber d. Sprache der Jakuten. St. Petersburg, 1848.
p. xv
Brennsohn, Is. Zur anthropologie der Litauer. Dorpat, 1883.
Buch, Dr. Max. Die Votjäken, eine ethnolog. Studie. Helsingfors, 1882.
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