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Magic Songs of the West Finns, Vol. I

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Author Topic: Magic Songs of the West Finns, Vol. I  (Read 4880 times)
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Karissa Oleyanin
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« Reply #840 on: March 28, 2010, 03:15:49 am »

The Ostiaks and Voguls used al as a generic term, and to distinguish the sexes prefix 'male,' 'female,' while a lamb is a 'sheep's young one.' As a rule such a nomenclature is not that of a pastoral people, who generally have a special term for each sex and each age, though

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Karissa Oleyanin
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« Reply #841 on: March 28, 2010, 03:15:59 am »

it is true the sheep-breeding Turks use a compound of koi 'sheep' to denote a 'ewe.' The Čeremis seem to have borrowed all their words from a Čuvaš and Turkish source, and in Zịrian, with the one exception of iž, all the words have a Čuvaš, Iranian and Russian origin. The Mordvins have perhaps borrowed a word for 'lamb' from an Iranian people, and certainly for 'ram' from a Turkish and a
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Karissa Oleyanin
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« Reply #842 on: March 28, 2010, 03:16:09 am »

Russian source. The West Finns borrowed a term for 'ram' in the fourth or Lithuanian period, but they have two native words for 'lamb,' one of which merely means a 'yearling,' and the other (karitsa) is evidently formed from kari, a call-word used for attracting lambs, so neither of these terms is necessarily of any great age. It is clear then that sheep-breeding at first was on a very small scale, and the Finns could in no sense be called a pastoral people. It is also to be noted that the West Finns borrowed a special term for wool' at the same time that they adopted a new term for 'ram.'
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Karissa Oleyanin
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« Reply #843 on: March 28, 2010, 03:16:18 am »

The terms for 'horse' have a much narrower range:—
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Karissa Oleyanin
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« Reply #844 on: March 28, 2010, 03:16:39 am »

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Karissa Oleyanin
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« Reply #845 on: March 28, 2010, 03:16:57 am »

Professor Setälä connects the Permian už with F. uveh, while Dr. Munkácsi equates the former with Os. urs, vurz, 'a stallion.' 1 The West Finns have another native word for 'stallion,' orih, as well as for 'mare' (tamma), and

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Karissa Oleyanin
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« Reply #846 on: March 28, 2010, 03:17:10 am »

'colt' (varsa), but they are not found in the Eastern branches. The origin of F. hevonen, 'a horse,' is not quite certain, though it is probably a loan word. As L. alddo could hardly have been borrowed from the Mordvins, I suspect it was really taken from the West Finns, who subsequently lost the word, and that the older meaning of F. lehmä was 'horse,' not 'cow.' The Mordvins have also a
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Karissa Oleyanin
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« Reply #847 on: March 28, 2010, 03:17:21 am »

native word for a 'foal,' vaše, vašenä. The Čeremis βül´o 'mare,' Vtk, val, Zịr. völ 'horse,' if not connected with M. äldä, L. alddo, might be compared with Tat. ulak, ulā, Čuv. vịlịχ, 'a draught animal, a post horse,' and if βül´o is really a loan word, as I suppose, then the Čeremis have no native word for a horse, for imne 'a horse,' jaβaga 'a foal,' are of Tatar origin and the Permian group have only one term, all the others being Turkish or Russian loan words. The Ugrian groups have a special word for 'horse' which never penetrated westwards:—

Ost.
   

Vog.
   

Magy.

ḷovi, ḷoχ, ḷau (ḷ = tl)
   

lu, lo, lį
   

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Karissa Oleyanin
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« Reply #848 on: March 28, 2010, 03:17:35 am »

 Perhaps these are remotely connected with Mong. tagi, 'a wild horse,' otherwise they stand alone. Dr. Munkácsi believes that the rich equine terminology of the Voguls and Ostiaks, their preference for horse-sacrifices and horseflesh shows that once they lived further south in the wilderness between the Urals, the Caspian and the Sea of Aral. 1 The northern limit of the extinct horse in Europe, is said to be a line drawn from the mouth of the Elbe, to where Lat. 50° N. cuts the Ural River. Where it has not been introduced, the northern limit of the horse is from near

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Karissa Oleyanin
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« Reply #849 on: March 28, 2010, 03:17:52 am »

the point where Lat. 44° N. cuts the Caspian Sea to the source of the Yenisei and then eastwards. 1 If this is correct it shows that, till they arrived in Europe, the Finns could never have seen a horse.
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« Reply #850 on: March 28, 2010, 03:18:01 am »

Though it is probable that horned cattle became known, at any rate to some of the Finnish peoples, as early as the horse, the terms for 'ox, cow' have only a limited extension.
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Karissa Oleyanin
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« Reply #851 on: March 28, 2010, 03:18:36 am »

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« Reply #852 on: March 28, 2010, 03:19:00 am »

Dr. Munkácsi compares Vog. Ost. mis with Zend maēši N.P. meš, 'a ewe,' but as he also compares Zịr. mež, 'a sheep' with the same Iranian forms, and the Zịrian term for 'cow' is mös, these two Zịrian words cannot have a common origin, unless Z. mös is a direct loan from the Ugrian mis. 2 Though Z. mež might easily be referred to a N.P. meš, with the same meaning, the difficulty of
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Karissa Oleyanin
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« Reply #853 on: March 28, 2010, 03:19:17 am »

comparing Ost. Vog. mis 'a cow' with N.P. meš is considerable, apart from the difference of meaning, and I suppose it has an independent origin, though borrowing may have taken place from Ugrian to Permian, or vice versâ. He also compares the Permian oš, öš, Vog. ūska, us´ka 'ox,' with a Kabardin vịš, 'young bull' and Znd.

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« Reply #854 on: March 28, 2010, 03:19:55 am »

ukhšan, Gth. aúhsa, 'ox, bull,' adding that these indo-European words agree with the common Turk. öküz, ögüs 'ox, bull.' 1 As Ost. ūges is certainly a loan from the Turk. ögüs, it is probable that Vog. ūska, us´ka has the same origin, either by metathesis or by contraction (ūs < ögüs) with a diminutive suffix—ka. In that case the Permian forms seems to be derived from the Ugrian and not vice-versâ, as the original final s is preserved in the latter, while the Permians have first borrowed a softened form us´ka and further changed it into oš, öš, öška. Another word for 'cow' is perhaps also of Turkish origin:—
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