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Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities
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Jennifer Murdoch
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Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities
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on:
February 04, 2010, 01:17:15 pm »
Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities
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THE ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF
THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE ATLANTIC
Volume 5, Number 5 - December 1993
The Electronic Journal of the Astronomical Society of the Atlantic
(EJASA) is published monthly by the Astronomical Society of the
Atlantic, Incorporated. The ASA is a non-profit organization
dedicated to the advancement of amateur and professional astronomy
and space exploration, as well as the social and educational needs
of its members.
DETECTABILITY OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL TECHNOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES
Guillermo A. Lemarchand [1]
Center for Radiophysics and Space Research
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853
1 - Visiting Fellow under ICSC World Laboratory scholarship
Present address: University of Buenos Aires,
C.C.8-Suc.25,
1425 - Buenos Aires,
Argentina
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Jennifer Murdoch
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Re: Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities
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Reply #1
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February 04, 2010, 01:17:29 pm »
This paper was originally presented at the Second United
Nations/European Space Agency Workshop on Basic Space Science
Co-organized by The Planetary Society in cooperation with
the Governments of Costa Rica and Colombia, 2-13 November 1992,
San Jose, Costa Rica - Bogota, Colombia
Introduction
If we want to find evidence for the existence of extraterrestrial
civilizations (ETC), we must work out an observational strategy for
detecting this evidence in order to establish the various physical
quantities in which it involves. This information must be carefully
analyzed so that it is neither over-interpreted nor overlooked and
can be checked by independent researchers.
Page 1
The physical laws that govern the Universe are the same everywhere,
so we can use our knowledge of these laws to search for evidence
that would finally lead us to an ETC. In general, the
experimentalist studies a system by imposing constraints and
observing the system's response to a controlled stimulus.
The variety of these constraints and stimuli may be extended at
will, and experiments can become arbitrarily complex. In the
problem of the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), as
well as in conventional astronomy, the mean distances are so huge
that the "researcher" can only observe what is received. He or she
is entirely dependent on the carriers of information that transmit
to him or her all he or she may learn about the Universe.
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Jennifer Murdoch
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Re: Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities
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Reply #2
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February 04, 2010, 01:17:39 pm »
Information carriers, however, are not infinite in variety. All
information we currently have about the Universe beyond our solar
system has been transmitted to us by means of electromagnetic
radiation (radio, infrared, optical, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma
rays), cosmic ray particles (electrons and atomic nuclei), and more
recently by neutrinos.
There is another possible physical carrier, gravitational waves, but
they are extremely difficult to detect.
For the long future of humanity, there have also been speculations
about interstellar automatic probes that could be sent for the
detection of extrasolar life forms around the nearby stars.
Another set of possibilities could be the detection of
extraterrestrial artifacts in our solar system, left here by alien
intelligences that want to reveal their visits to us.
Table 1 summarizes the possible "information carriers" that may let
us find the evidence of an extraterrestrial civilization, according
to our knowledge of the laws of physics. The classification of
techniques in Table 1 is not intended to be complete in all
respects.
Thus, only a few fundamental particles have been listed. No attempt
has been made to include any antiparticles. This classification,
like any such scheme, is also quite arbitrary. Groupings could be
made into different "astronomies".
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Jennifer Murdoch
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Re: Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities
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Reply #3
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February 04, 2010, 01:18:01 pm »
Page 2
TABLE 1: Information Carriers
|-
| Radio Waves
| Infrared Rays
|- | Optical Rays
| Photon Astronomy| Ultraviolet Rays
| | X-Rays
Boson | | Gamma Rays
Astronomy | |-
| Graviton Astronomy: Gravity Waves
|- |-
| Neutrinos
|- |- Fermions| Electrons |-
| Atomic | | Protons | Cosmic
| Microscopic| |- | Rays
| Particles | Heavy Particles |-
Particle | |-
Astronomy | |-
| Macroscopic Particles| Meteors, meteorites,
| or objects | meteoritic dust
|- |-
|-
| Space Probes
Direct | Manned Exploration
Techniques | ET Astroengineering Activities in the Solar
System
|-
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Jennifer Murdoch
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Re: Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities
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Reply #4
on:
February 04, 2010, 01:18:13 pm »
The methods of collecting this information as it arrives at the
planet Earth make it immediately obvious that it is impossible to
gather all of it and measure all its components. Each observation
technique acts as an information filter. Only a fraction (usually
small) of the complete information can be gathered. The diversity
of these filters is considerable. They strongly depend on the
available technology at the time.
In this paper a review of the advantages and disadvantages of each
"physical carrier" is examined, including the case that the possible
ETCs are using them for interstellar communication purposes, as well
as the possibility of detection activities of extraterrestrial
technologies.
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Jennifer Murdoch
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Re: Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities
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Reply #5
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February 04, 2010, 01:18:29 pm »
Classification of Extraterrestrial Civilizations
The analysis of the use of each information carrier are deeply
connected with the assumption of the level of technology of the
other civilization.
Kardashev (1964) established a general criteria regarding the types
of activities of extraterrestrial civilizations which can be
detected at the present level of development. The most general
parameters of these activities are apparently ultra-powerful energy
sources, harnessing of enormous solid masses, and the transmission
of large quantities of information of different kinds through space.
According to Kardashev, the first two parameters are a prerequisite
for any activity of a supercivilization. In this way, he suggested
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Jennifer Murdoch
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Re: Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities
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Reply #6
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February 04, 2010, 01:18:41 pm »
Page 3
the following classification of energetically extravagant
civilizations:
TYPE I: A level "near" contemporary terrestrial civilization
with an energy capability equivalent to the solar
insolation on Earth, between 10exp16 and 10exp17 Watts.
TYPE II: A civilization capable of utilizing and channeling the
entire radiation output of its star. The energy
utilization would then be comparable to the luminosity
of our Sun, about 4x1026 Watts.
TYPE III: A civilization with access to the power comparable
to the luminosity of the entire Milky Way galaxy,
about 4x10exp37 Watts.
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Jennifer Murdoch
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Re: Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities
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Reply #7
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February 04, 2010, 01:18:51 pm »
Kardashev also examined the possibilities in cosmic communication
which attend the investment of most of the available power into
communication. A Type II civilization could transmit the contents
of one hundred thousand average-sized books across the galaxy, a
distance of one hundred thousand light years, in a total
transmitting time of one hundred seconds. The transmission of the
same information intended for a target ten million light years
distant, a typical intergalactic distance, would take a transmission
time of a few weeks.
A Type III civilization could transmit the same information over a
distance of ten billion light years, approximately the radius of the
observable Universe, with a transmission time of just three seconds.
Kardashev and Zhuravlev (1992) considered that the highest level of
development corresponds to the highest level of utilization of solid
space structures and the highest level of energy consumption.
For this assumption, they considered the temperature of solid space
structures in the range 3 Kelvin s T s 300 K, the consumption of
energy in the range 1 Luminosity (Sun) s L s 10exp12 L(Sun),
structures with sizes up to 100 kiloparsecs (kpc), and distances up
to Dw 1000 mega-parsecs (mpc). One parsec equals 3.26 light years.
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Jennifer Murdoch
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Re: Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities
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Reply #8
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February 04, 2010, 01:19:07 pm »
Searching for these structures is the domain of millimeter wave
astronomy. For the 300 Kelvin technology, the maximum emission
occurs in the infrared region (15-20 micrometers) and searching is
accomplished with infrared observations from Earth and space. The
existing radio surveys of the sky (lambda = 6 centimeters (cm) on
the ground and lambda = 3 millimeters (mm) for the Cosmic Background
Explorer (COBE) satellite) place an essential limit on the abundance
of ETC 3 Kelvin technology. The analyzes of the Infrared
Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) catalog of infrared sources sets
limitations on the abundance of 300 Kelvin technology.
Information Carriers and the Manifestations of Advanced
Technological Civilizations
Boson and Photon Astronomy
Electromagnetic radiation carries virtually all the information on
which modern astrophysics is built. The production of
electromagnetic radiation is directly related to the physical
Page 4
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Jennifer Murdoch
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Re: Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities
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Reply #9
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February 04, 2010, 01:19:24 pm »
conditions prevailing in the emitter. The propagation of the
information carried by electromagnetic waves (photons) is affected
by the conditions along its path. The trajectories it follows
depend on the local curvature of the Universe, and thus on the local
distribution of matter (gravitational lenses), extinction affecting
different wavelengths unequally, neutral hydrogen absorbing all
radiation below the Lyman limit (91.3 mm), and absorption and
scattering by interstellar dust, which is more severe at short
wavelengths.
Interstellar plasma absorbs radio wavelengths of kilometers and
above, while the scintillations caused by them become a very
important effect for the case of ETC radio messages (Cordes and
Lazio, 1991).
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Jennifer Murdoch
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Re: Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities
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Reply #10
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February 04, 2010, 01:19:35 pm »
The inverse Compton effect lifts low-energy photons to high energies
in collisions with relativistic electrons, while gamma and X-ray
photons lose energy by the direct Compton effect. The radiation
reaching the observer thus bears the imprint of both the source and
the accidents of its passage though space.
The Universe observable with electromagnetic radiation is five-
dimensional. Within this phase, four dimensions - frequency
coverage plus spatial, spectral, and temporal resolutions - should
properly be measured logarithmically with each unit corresponding to
one decade (Tarter, 1984). The fifth dimension is polarization,
which has four possible states: Circular, linear, elliptical, and
unpolarized.
This increases the volume of logarithmic phase space fourfold.
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Jennifer Murdoch
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Re: Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities
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Reply #11
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February 04, 2010, 01:19:49 pm »
It is useful to attempt to estimate the volume of the search space
which may need to be explored to detect an ETC signal. For the case
of electromagnetic waves, we have a "Cosmic Haystack" with an eight-
dimensional phase space. Three spatial dimensions (coordinates of
the source), one dimension for the frequency of emission, two
dimensions for the polarization, one temporal dimension to
synchronize transmissions with receptions, and one dimension for the
sensitivity of the receiver or the transmission power.
If we consider only the microwave region of the spectrum (300
megahertz (MHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz)), it is easy to show that
this Cosmic Haystack has roughly 10exp29 cells, each of 0.1 Hz
bandwidth, per the number of directions in the sky in which an
Arecibo (305-meter) radio telescope would need to be pointed to
conduct an all-sky survey, per a sensitivity between 10exp(-20) and
10exp(-30) [W m-2], per two polarizations. The temporal dimension
(synchronization between transmission and reception) was not
considered in the calculation. The number of cells increase
dramatically if we expand our search to other regions of the
electromagnetic spectrum. Until now, only a small fraction of the
whole Haystack has been explored (w 10exp(-15) - 10exp(-16)).
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Jennifer Murdoch
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Re: Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities
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Reply #12
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February 04, 2010, 01:20:04 pm »
Page 5
TABLE 2: Characteristics of the Electromagnetic Spectrum
(All the numbers that follows each 10 are exponents.)
==================================================================
Spectrum Frequency Wavelength Minimum Energy
Region Region [Hz] Region [m] per photon [eV]
==================================================================
Radio 3x106-3x1010 100-0.01 10-8 - 10-6
Millimeter 3x1010-3x1012 0.01-10-4 10-6 - 10-4
Infrared 3x1012-3x1014 10-4-10-6 10-4 - 10-2
Optical 3x1014-1015 10-6-3x10-7 10-2 - 5
Ultraviolet 1015-3x1016 3x10-7-10-8 5 - 102
X-rays 3x1016-3x1019 10-8-10-11 102 - 105
Gamma-rays r3x1019 s10-11 r105
==================================================================
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Jennifer Murdoch
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Re: Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities
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Reply #13
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February 04, 2010, 01:20:16 pm »
Radio Waves
In the last thirty years, most of the SETI projects have been
developed in the radio region of the electromagnetic spectrum. A
complete description of the techniques that all the present and
near-future SETI programs are using for detecting extraterrestrial
intelligence radio beacons can be found elsewhere (e.g., Horowitz
and Sagan, 1993). The general hypothesis for this kind of search is
that there are several civilizations in the galaxy that are
transmitting omnidirectional radio signals (civilization Type II),
or that these civilizations are beaming these kind of messages to
Earth. In this section we will discuss only the detectability of
extraterrestrial technological manifestations in the radio spectrum.
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Jennifer Murdoch
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Re: Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities
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Reply #14
on:
February 04, 2010, 01:20:29 pm »
Domestic Radio Signals
Sullivan et al (1978) and Sullivan (1981) considered the possibility
of eavesdropping on radio emissions inadvertently "leaking" from
other technical civilizations. To better understand the information
which might be derived from radio leakage, the case of our planet
Earth was analyzed. As an example, they showed that the United
States Naval Space Surveillance System (Breetz, 1968) has an
effective radiated power of 1.4x10exp (10) watts into a bandwidth of
only 0.1 Hz. Its beam is such that any eavesdropper in the
declination range of zero to 33 degrees (28 percent of the sky) will
be illuminated daily for a period of roughly seven seconds. This
radar has a detectability range of leaking terrestrial signals to
sixty light years for an Arecibo-type (305-meter) antenna at the
receiving end, or six hundred light years for a Cyclops array (one
thousand dishes of 100-meter size each).
Recently Billingham and Tarter (1992) estimated the maximum range at
which radar signals from Earth could be detected by a search similar
to the NASA High Resolution Microwave Survey (HRMS) assumed to be
operating somewhere in the Milky Way galaxy. They examined the
transmission of the planetary radar of Arecibo and the ballistic
missile early warning systems (BMEWS). For the calculation of
maximum range R, the standard range equation is:
R=(EIRP/(4PI PHImin))exp(1/2)
Page 6
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