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Plato as Prehistorian

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Helios
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« on: February 11, 2007, 03:33:48 am »

800 B.C. - Axial Age - "The period 800-200 BCE has been termed the Axial Age. In all the main regions of the civilized world, people created new ideologies that have continued to be crucial and formative. The new religious systems reflected the changed economic and social conditions. For reasons that we do not entirely understand, all the cheif civilizations developed along parallel lines, even when there was no commercial contact [as between China and the European area]. There was a new prosperity that led to the rise of a merchant class. Power was shifting from king and priest, temple and palace, to the marketplace. The new wealth led to intellectual and cultural florescence and also to the development of the individual conscience. Inequality and exploitation became more apparent as the pace of change accelerated in the cities and people began to realize that their own behavior could affect the fate of future generations. Each region developed a distinctive ideology to address these problems and concerns: Taoism and Confucianism in China, Hinduism and Buddhism in India and philosophical rationalism in Europe. The Middle East did not produce a uniform solution, but in Iran and Israel, Zoroaster and the Hebrew prophets respectively evolved different versions of monotheism. Strange as it may seem, the idea of 'God,' like the other great religious insights of the period, developed in a market economy in a spirit of aggressive capitalism." [A History of God, Karen Armstrong, p. 27]
800 B.C. - J / Jahwist - "In Chapter 18 of Genesis, J tells us that God appeared to Abraham by the oak tree of Mamre, near Hebron. Abraham had looked up and and noticed three strangers approaching his tent during the hottest part of the day. With typical Middle Eastern courtesy, he insisted that they sit down and rest while he hurried to prepare food for them. In the course of conversation, it transpired, quite naturally, that one of these men was none other than his god, whom J always calls 'Yahweh.' The other two men turn out to be angels. Nobody seems particularly surprised by this revelation. By the time J was writing in the eighth century BCE, no Israelite would have expected to 'see' God in this way: most would have found it a shocking notion. J's contemporary, 'E,' finds the old stories about the patriarchs' intimacy with god unseemly: when E tells stories about Abraham's or Jacob's dealings with God, he prefers to distance the event and make the old legends less anthropomorphic. Thus he will say that god speaks to Abraham through an angel. J, however, does not share this squeamishness and preserves the ancient flavour of these primitive epiphanies in his account." [A History of God, Karen Armstrong, pp. 15-16]

800 B.C. - Inscriptions / Hebrew & Aramaic -   From the eigth century onward, the number of Hebrew and Aramaic inscriptions gradually increases, testifying to the spread of writing. Reportedly, the progress of literacy in Greece was probably very similar to that in the East."

798 B.C. - Amaziah Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Amaziah ruled in Judah 798-769 B.C."

788 B.C. - Jeroboam II  Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Jeroboam ruled in Israel 788-747 B.C."

785 B.C. - Azariah Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Azariah ruled in Judah 785-733 B.C."

776 B.C. - Olympics / Greece - "First recorded Olympic games."

770 B.C. - Zhou Dynasty / China - "The last Shang ruler, a despot according to standard Chinese accounts, was overthrown by a chieftain of a frontier tribe called Zhou, which had settled in the Wei Valley in modern Shaanxi Province. The Zhou dynasty had its capital at hao, near the city of Xi'an, or Chang'an, as it was known in its heydey in th imperial period. Sharing the language and culture of Shang, the Zhou rulers, through conquest and colonization, gradually sinicized, that is, extended Shang culture through much of China Proper north of the Chang jiang [Yangtze river]. In 771 B.C. the Zhou court was sacked, and its king was killed by invading barbarians who were allied with rebel lords. The capital was moved eastward to Luoyang in present-day Henan Province. Because of this shift, historians divide the Zhou era into Western Zhou [1027-771 B.C.] and Eastern Zhou [770-221 B.C.]. Reportedly, the Zhou dynasty lasted longer than any other."

770 B.C. - Lao Zi  / China - "Ancient Chinese sage [770 - 476 B.C.] who authored the Tao Te Ching."

762  B.C. - Solar Eclipse - "Assyrian Eclipse [June 15th]"

753 B.C. - Rome Founded -  "Legend has it that Rome was founded by Latin colonists in 753 B.C. [1 A.U.C. Anno Urbis Conditae, meaning, in Latin, 'the year of the founding of the city'], but archaeological evidence reveals settlements going back to at least 1000 B.C."

750 B.C. - Greek Mythology - "According to the History Channel, Greek Mythology was collected and written down [by Homer?] about this time."

750 B.C. - Greek Colonizing Expeditions - "First Greek colonizing expeditions." [Compact History Of The World, Geoffrey Parker, p. 32]

747 B.C. - Uranus-Neptune Conjunction -

747 B.C. - Zechariah Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Zechariah ruled in Israel 747 B.C."

747 B.C. - Shallum Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Shallum ruled in Israel 747 B.C."

747 B.C. - Menahem Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Menahem ruled in Israel 747-737 B.C."

745 B.C. - Tiglath-Pilesar III Rules Assyria - "A traditional date when Tiglath-Pilesar III ruled in Assyria 745-727 B.C."

743 B.C. - Jotham Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Jotham ruled in Judah 743-729 B.C."

743 B.C. - Ahaz Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Ahaz ruled in Judah 743-727 B.C."

740 B.C. - 23rd Egyptian Dynasty - "A traditional date for the 23rd Egyptian Dynasty  [740 B.C.- 725 B.C.]."

737 B.C. - Pekahiah Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Pekahiah [pqchyh] ruled in Israel 737-735 B.C."

735 B.C. - Pekah Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Pekah [pqch] ruled in Israel 735-732 B.C."

735 B.C. - Isaiah / Jerusalem - "In 735 B.C., when Jerusalem was under threat from Syria, the prophet Isaiah proclaimed to the troubled King Ahaz, 'Hear ye now, O house of David .... Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel' [Isaiah 7:13-14]."

732 B.C. - Assyrian Syria - "Traditional date when Assyria conquered Aramaic Syria."

732 B.C. - Hoshea Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Hoshea [hvsa] ruled in Israel 732-724 B.C."

727 B.C. - Hezekiah Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Hezekiah ruled in Judah 727-698 B.C."

727 B.C. - Shalmaneser V Rules Assyria - "A traditional date when Shalmaneser V ruled in Assyria 727-722 B.C."

725 B.C. - 24th Egyptian Dynasty  - "A traditional date for the 24th Egyptian Dynasty  [725 B.C.- 715 B.C.]."

722 B.C. - Sargon II / Assyria - "A traditional date when Sargon II ruled in Assyria 722-705 B.C."

722 B.C. - Assyrian Israel - "Sargon II attacked Israel and deported the aristocracy."

714 B.C. - Sargon II / Urartu - "Sargon II conquers Urartu."

712 B.C. - 25th Egyptian Dynasty  - "A traditional date for the 25th Egyptian Dynasty  [712 B.C.- 657 B.C.]."

705 B.C. - Sennacherib Rules Assyria - "A traditional date when Sennacherib ruled in Assyria 705-681 B.C."

701 B.C. - Assyrian Jerusalem - "Assyrians attack Judah and lays seige to Jerusalem. After the siege of Jerusalem, Judah remained a loyal Assyrian puppet. Under the rule of Menassah, from 692-639 B.C., Judah paid its tribute and enjoyed a half century of peace."

700 B.C. - Status / Assyrian Empire - "In 700 B.C., the Assyrian Empire included all the Tigris-Euphrates region and all the eastern shore of the Mediterranean. It was the most powerful political-military entity the world had yet seen. Reportedly, Assyrian records suggest that the route to the east of the plateau into India was well trodden by 700 B.C., to judge by the preponderance of Aryan names, but so many names did not appear in the west." Links: 1

700 B.C. - Hesiod / Greece - "According to the History Channel, Hesiod composed a history of the Greek Gods [Theogony] about this time."

700 B.C.

700 B.C. - Aramaic / Lingua Franca - "With the spread of Aramaic as the lingua franca of the Near East in the 7th and 6th centuries B.C., the increasing use of the Phoenician script, and the loss of political independence in Mesopotamia with the growth of the Persian Empire, cuneiform came to be used less and less, although it continued to be written by many conservative priests and scholars for several more centuries."

700 B.C. - Bible Chronology - "We now know that the early books of the Bible and their famous stories of Israelite history were first codified [and in key respects composed] at an identifiable place and time: Jerusalem in the seventh century BCE." [The Bible Unearthed, Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, p. 5]

700 B.C. - Assyrian Statehood / Edom - "Archaeological investigations indicate that Edom reached statehood only under Assyrian auspices in the seventh century BCE. Before that period it was a sparsely settled fringe area inhabited mainly by pastoral nomads. No less important, Edom was destroyed by the Babylonians in the sixth century BCE, and sedentary activity there recovered only in Hellenistic times." [Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, The Bible Unearthed, p. 68]

698 B.C. - Manasseh Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Manasseh ruled in Judah 698-642 B.C."

688 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction -

683 B.C. - Athenian Oligarchy / Greece - "Athenian monarchy abolished and placed itself under an oligarchy, from which an archon ['ruler'] was chosen each year."


681 B.C. - Esarhaddon Rules Assyria - "A traditional date when Esarhaddon ruled in Assyria 681-669 B.C."

671 B.C. - Assyrian Egypt - "Assyrians occupy northern portion of Egypt, as once the Hyksos had done nearly nine centuries earlier."

669 B.C. - Ashurbanipal Rules Assyria - "A traditional date when Ashurbanipal ruled in Assyria 669-627 B.C."

664 B.C. - Psammetichus Rules Egypt - "A traditional date when Psammetichus ruled in Egypt 664-610 B.C."

660 B.C. - Jimmu Tenno / Japan -  "Literally, Emperor Jimmu, Legendary first emperor of Japan, 660 B.C. His name before being titled Emperor was Kamu-Yamato-Ihare-Hiko-no-Mikoto."

660 B.C. - Byzantium Founded  - "Founding of Byzantium by Greeks. Building of Acropolis in Athens."

657 B.C. - 26th Egyptian Dynasty - "A traditional date for the 26th Egyptian Dynasty  [657 B.C.- 525 B.C.]."

650 B.C. - Status / Carthage - "By 650 B.C., Carthage had its own navy and, thanks to its flourishing commerce, could hire plenty of mercenary soldiers. It dominated and protected the other Phoenician colonies. It controlled virtually all the north African coast west of Egypt, together with western Sicily and the other western-Mediterranean islands: Sardinia, Corsica, and the Balearic islands. It had bases on the coast of Spain as well."

647 B.C. - Solar Eclipse - "Archilochus Eclipse [April 6th]"

641 B.C. - Amon Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Amon ruled in Judah 641-640 B.C."

640 B.C. - Egyptian Phoenicia - "Between 640 and 630 BCE, when the Assyrians withdrew their forces from Plilistia, Phoenicia, and the area of the former kingdom of Israel, Egypt took over most of those areas, and political domination by Egypt replaced the Assyrian yoke." [The Bible Unearthed, Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, p. 69]

639 B.C. - Josiah Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Josiah ruled in Judah 639-609 B.C."

639 B.C. - Monotheism / Judah - "In reaction to the pace and scope of the changes brought to Judah from the outside, the seventh-century leaders in Jerusalem, headed by king Josiah - a sixteenth-generation descendant of King David - declared all traces of foreign worship to be anthema, and indeed the cause of Judah's current misfortunes."[The Bible Unearthed, Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, p. 2]

628 B.C. - Zoroaster's Reformation - "Zoroaster was the greatest prophet among the ancient Iranians. He took his birth in order to establish the worship of Ahura Mazda, the Supreme Lord of the Universe and to fulfil the Divine Mission. In Old Persian he was called Zarathrustra or Zarthost. In a Greek transliteration he was known as Zoroaster. A biographical account of Zoroaster is tenuous at best or speculative at the other extreme. There are many conflicting versions as to when Zarathrustra lived. No one knows exactly the dates of his birth and death. Some researcher's date Zarathrustra's birth to anywhere between 1,500 B.C. and 1,000 B.C., or even earlier. Some say that Zoroaster lived about 6,000 B.C. Others maintain that he flourished in the middle of the seventh century B.C. Most versions date him to approximately 600 B.C. - also the time line for Buddha. According to tradition, his birth date was 628 B.C. In Persia Mithra was the protector God of the tribal society until Zoroaster's reformation of Persian polytheism [628-55B.C.]. Mithra like the rest of the gods and goddess of the Iranian Pantheon was stripped of his sovereignty, and all his powers and attributes were bestowed upon Zarathrustra. The stature of Ahura-Mazda was elevated to that of supreme god of goodness, whereas the god Ahriman became the ultimate embodiment of evil. In the same way that Ahkenaton, Abraham, Heliogabalus, and Mohammed later initiated henotheistic cults from the worship of their respective deities, Zarathustra created a henotheistic dualism with the gods Ahura-Mazda and Ahriman. As a result of the Babylonian captivity of the Jews [597 B.C.] and their later emancipation by King Cyrus the Great of Persia [538 B.C.], Zoroastrian dualism was to influence the Jewish belief in the existence of HaShatan, the malicious Adversary of the god Yahweh, and later permit the evolution of the Christian Satan-Jehovah dichotomy. Persian religious dualism became the foundation of an ethical system that has lasted until this day."

625 B.C. - Cyaxares Rules Medes - "About 625 B.C., the Medes were united under a vigorous king, Cyaxares [Uvakhshtra], who reigned from 625-585 B.C. In alliance, the Medes and Chaldaeans destroyed Assyria." Links: 1

609 B.C. - Jehoahaz  Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Jehoahaz ruled in Judah 609 B.C."

612 B.C. - Chaldean Victory / Nineveh   - "Nineveh destroyed by Chaldeans [Neo-Babylonians] and Medes."

612 B.C - Deuteronomy Rediscovered? - "As Assyria declined, Judah declared itself independent again, and, under Josiah, who reigned from 640-609 B.C., Yahwism won a temporary victory in Judah. Jerusalem was made the center of all worship, and all subsidiary cult centers were wiped out. A book of the law, our present Biblical book of Deuteronomy [Greek for - second law], centered on Yahwism, was prepared and was 'rediscovered' in the Temple with great publicity and attributed to the hand of Moses. The question arises, however, about how Moses could really have been the author of the Five Books of Moses, since the last book, Deuteronomy, describes in great detail the precise time and circumstances of Moses' own death. According to a noted archaeologist [Israel Finkelstein], we now know that the early books of the Bible and their famous stories of  early Israelite history were first codified [and in key respects composed] at an identifiable place and time: Jerusalem in the seventh century BCE."

*Trivia: "Some 800 years or so after the time of Moses, Deuteronomy was purposefully shaped as if it were coming directly from the mouth of Moses. It was not so much about ancestral record (as was more the case with Exodus), but about creating a framework of lore which was to become law. Its use of history was wholly manipulative in that a primary requirement was to justify the Israelites' violent invasion of Canaan by promoting it as having been God's will. In this regard, we have Moses stating that God is going to 'destroy these nations from before thee, and thou shalt possess them' (Deuteronomy 31:3). Other similar announcements include: 'Thou shalt utterly destroy them' (20:17) and 'Thou shalt make no covenant with them, nor show mercy unto them' (7:2). There is, of course, no record that Moses ever said such things, while prior to that (in Exodus) we have him delivering the thoroughly contrasting commandment, 'Thou shalt not kill.' " [Laurence Gardner, Lost Secrets of the Sacred Ark, pp. 63-64]

610 B.C. - Necho II Rules Egypt - "A tradititional date when Necho II ruled in Egypt 610-595 B.C."

608 B.C. - Jehoiakim Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Jehoiakim ruled in Judah 608-598 B.C."

604 B.C. - Birth / Lao-tse - "Chinese philosopher and founder of Taoism is born. Other dates attributed to Lao-tse [Lao Zi] include: 770 B.C."

604 B.C. - Nebuchadnezzar Rules Babylon - "The Old Testament book of 2-Kings tells of how, from 606-586 BC, Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon [King Nebuchadnezzar II from 604 BC] laid seige to Jerusalem. He captured king Jechoniah of Judah and carried him off to Babylon along with 'all of Jerusalem, and the princes, and all the mighty men of valour, even ten thousand captives, and all the craftsmen and smiths; none remained save the poorest sort of people of the land' [2-Kings 24:14]."

*Trivia: "The best-known biblical ziggurat was the Tower of Babel [Genesis 11:1-9], built on the Babylonian plain of Shinar - an alternative name for Sumer. This ziggurat fell into ruin long ago, but it was replaced by another, built by Nebuchadnezzar II [604-562 BC] who also constructed the famous Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Although also now long gone, the ground-plan of the second Babylon ziggurat shows that it was actually a large-scale replication of the ziggurat of Ur."

600 B.C. - Assyrian Decline - "By 600 B.C., Assyria had been thoroughly wiped out, and vanished from the pages of history."

600 B.C. - Chaldean Puppet / Judah - "By 600 B.C., Judah found itself a puppet again. Now it was the Chaldean Empire that was master."

600 B.C. - Birth / Mithra - "According to popular tradition, Mithras was born of a virgin on December 25th, around 600 B.C."

600 B.C. - Armenians / Urartu - "After Urartu had been destroyed by the Assyrians and the Cimmerians about 700 B.C., a group of people who came to be known as Armenians moved into the area about 600 B.C. They remained subject to the Persian Empire, then to Alexander, then to the Seleucid Empire."

600 B.C. - Demotic - "Demotic is a highly cursive Egyptian script that replaced hieratic as the script for everyday use from 600 BCE onward."

600 B.C. - Silver Scroll - "The oldest  known fragment of a Biblical text."

600 B.C. - Bible Saga - "The world in which the Bible was created was not a mythic realm of great cities and saintly heroes, but a tiny, down-to-earth kingdom where people struggled for their future against the all-too-human fears of war, poverty, injustice, disease,famine, and drought. The historical saga contained in the Bible - from Abraham's encounter with God and his journey to Canaan, to Moses' deliverance of the children of Israel from bondage, to the rise and fall of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah - was not a miraculous revelation, but a brilliant product of the human imagination. It was first conceived  - as recent archaeological findings suggest - during the span of two or three generations, about twenty-six hundred years ago. Its birthplace was the kingdom of Judah, a sparsely settled region of shepherds and farmers, ruled from an out-of-the-way royal city precariously perched in the heart of the hill country on a narrow ridge between steep, rocky ravines." [The Bible Unearthed, Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, p. 1]

*Commentary: "The Bible is not 'the word of God,' but stolen from pagan sources. Its Eden, Adam, and Eve were taken from the Babylonian account; its Flood or Deluge is but an epitome of some four hundred flood accounts; its Ark and Ararat have their equivalents in a score of Deluge myths; even the names of Noah's sons are copies, so also Isaac's sacrifice, Solomon's judgement, and Sampson's pillar act; its Moses is fashioned after the Syrian Mises; its laws after Hammurabi's code. Its Messiah is derived from the Egyptian Mahdi, Savior, certain verses are verbatim copies of Egyptian scriptures. Between Jesus and the Egyptian Horus, Gerald Massey found 137 similarities, and those between Christ and Krishna run into the hundreds. How then can the Bible be a revelation to the Jews?" [Deceptions and Myths Of The Bible, Lloyd M. Graham, p.5]

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