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News: Plato's Atlantis: Fact, Fiction or Prophecy?
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Plato as Prehistorian

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Helios
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« on: February 11, 2007, 03:26:28 am »

1,700 B.C. - New Year Festival / Babylon - "Like other people in the ancient world, the Babylonians attributed their cultural achievements to the gods, who had revealed their own lifestyle to their mythical ancestors. Thus Babylon itself was supposed to be an image of heaven, with each of its temples a replica of a celestial palace. This link with the divine world was celebrated and perpetuated annually in the great New Year Festival, which had been firmly established by the seventeenth century BCE. Celebrated in the holy city of Babylon during the month of Nisan - our April - the Festival solemnly enthroned the king and established his reign for another year. Yet this political stability could only endure insofar as it participated in the more enduring and effective government of the gods, who had brought order out of chaos when they had created the world. The eleven sacred days of the Festival thus projected the participants outside profane time and into the sacred eternal world of the gods by means of ritual gestures. A scapegoat was killed to cancel the old, dying year; the public humiliation of the king and the enthronement of a carnival king in his place reproduced the original chaos; a mock battle reenacted the struggle of the gods against the forces of destruction.
   "These symbolic actions thus had a sacramental value; they enabled the people of Babylon to immerse themselves in the sacred power of mana on which their own great civilization depended. Culture was felt to be a fragile achievement, which could always fall pray to the forces of disorder and disintegration. On the afternoon of the fourth day of the Festival, priests and choristers filed into the Holy of Holies to recite the Enuma Elish, the epic poem whic celebrated the victory of the gods over chaos. The story was not a factual account of the physical origins of life upon earth, but was a deliberately symbolic attempt to suggest a great mystery and to release its sacred power." [A History of God, Karen Armstrong, pp. 6-7]
1,700 B.C. - Aryan Invasion? / Indus Valley - "In the seventeenth century BCE, Aryans from what is now Iran had invaded the Indus valley and subdued the indigenous population. They had imposed their religious ideas, which we find expressed in the collection of odes known as the Rig-Veda. There we find a multitude of Gods, expressing many of the same values as the deities of the Middle East presenting the forces of nature as instinct with power, life and personality." [A History of God, Karen Armstrong, p. 28]

1,680 B.C. - Labarnas I / Hatti - "Labarnas I rules the kingdom of Hatti from 1,680-1,650 B.C." Links: 1

1,670 B.C. - Hyksos Invasion? / Egypt - "Manetho described a massive, brutal invasion of Egypt by foreigners from the east, whom he called Hyksos, an enigmatic Greek form of an Egyptian word that he translated as 'shepard kings' but that actually means 'rulers of foreign lands.' Manetho reported that the Hyksos established themselves in the delta at a city named Avaris. And they founded a dynasty there that ruled Egypt with great cruelty for more than 500 years. In the early years of modern research, scholars identified the Hyksos with the kings of the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt, who ruled from about 1670 to 1570 BCE. The early scholars accepted Mantheo's report quite literally and sought evidence for a powerful foreign nation or ethnic group that came from afar to invade and conquer Egypt. Subsequent studies showed that inscriptions and seals bearing the names of Hyksos rulers were West Semitic - in other words, Canaanite. Recent archaeological excavations in the eastern Nile delta have confirmed that conclusion and indicate that the Hyksos 'invasion' was a gradual process of immigration from Canaan to Egypt, rather than a lightning military campaign." [The Bible Unearthed, Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, pp. 54-55.] 

1,650 B.C. - Israelites? / Egypt  - "According to one report, this was the time when the Israelites were in Egypt [Jacob, Joseph]."

1,640 B.C. - 14th Egyptian Dynasty - "1640 B.C. - 1540 B.C. encompasses the 14th, 15th, 16th, and 17th Egyptian Dynasties."

1,628 B.C. - Volcanic Eruption / Thera  - "New data about climatically-effective volcanic eruptions during the past several thousand years may be contained in frost-damage zones in the annual rings of [pine] trees. There is good agreement in the timing of frost events and recent eruptions, and the damage can be plausibly linked to climatic effects of stratospheric aerosol veils on hemispheric and global scales. The cataclysmic proto-historic eruption of Santorini [Thera], in the Aegean, is tentatively dated to 1,628-1,626 B.C. from frost-ring evidence. Other dates attributed to the eruption of Thera include: 1,645, 1,503, and 1,470 B.C."

1,602 B.C. - Uranus-Neptune Conjunction -

1,600 B.C. - Early Vedic Period - "According to popular history, this was the beginning of the Early Vedic period [1,600-1,000 B.C.] of Indian civilization. Reportedly, the Vedas have been passed down through oral tradition for over 10,000 years, appearing in written form between 2,000 - 4,000 B.C."

1,600 B.C. - Hittite Invasion / Babylon - "The Hittites Empire stretched from Mesopotamia to Syria and Palestine. Their invasion spelled the end of the Old Babylonian Empire in Mesopotamia. The Hittite civilization dominated Mesopotamia from 1,600 B.C. to 1,200 B.C. The Bible mentions the Hittites among the early inhabitants of Palestine, and that intermarriage between Hebrews and Hittites took place. Ezekiel 16:3 goes so far as to tell the Jerusalemites that they are a hybrid people; their father, so to speak, is Amorite, and their mother, Hittite."

1,600 B.C. - Hellens / Greece - "By 1,600 B.C., invading tribes from the north invaded the land we now call Greece, and they were the people we call Greeks [They themselves called the land Hellas, and themselves Hellenes. The name 'Greece' was first used by the Romans]."

1,600 B.C. - Nebra Sky Disk / Mittelberg Germany - "The recent discovery of an astronomical artifact that is probably about 3600 years old just goes to show how little we really know about our our ancestors. The location? Atop the Mittelberg, a 252m hill in the Ziegelroda Forest, 180km south-west of Berlin, in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. The place of discovery, on the mountain's summit, has been compared to the Stonehenge ritual site in Britain. The artifact? Archaeologists are investigating a 32cm bronze-and-gold disc that maps 32 stars, including the Pleiades. The stars are shown as they appear in reference to a local mountain on the horizon, the Brocken. The Brocken is fabled in northern European mythology as the place where witches gather for a coven every April 3. The artifact was discovered within a pit inside a Bronze Age ringwall. The ringwall was built in such a way that the sun seemed to disappear every equinox behind the Brocken. Since the Mittelberg is near the German town of Nebra, the star map has been dubbed the 'Nebra Disc.' Experts believe the map and site formed an observatory, which was used to set the calendar for planting and harvesting crops. The nearby forest contains 1000 barrows or princely graves from the period. The identity of the Bronze Age people of Europe has been lost in the mists of time. They are not mentioned in ancient Greek or other Mediterranean sources. Only their hut sites, graves and treasures are left. It is impossible to guess the language they spoke."

1,600 B.C.


1,595 B.C. - Kassites / Babylon - "The Hittites captured Babylon and retreated. They left the city open to Kassite domination which lasted about 300 years. The Kassites maintained the Sumerian/Babylonian culture without innovations of their own."

1,593 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction -

1,570 B.C. - Hyksos Expulsion / Egypt - "By 1,570 B.C., a century and a half after the Hyksos had made their appearance, the Egyptians, under Ahmose, who ruled from 1,570 - 1,546 B.C., drove them out of the land. The Egyptians followed them across the Sinai Peninsula and annexed Canaan, hoping it would serve as a buffer against future invasions." [Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, p. 40]

*Trivia: "Manetho suggested that after the Hyksos were driven from Egypt, they founded the city of Jerusalem and constructed a temple there. Far more trustworthy is an Egyptian source of the sixteenth century B.C.E. that recounts the exploits of Pharoah Ahmose, of the Eighteenth Dynasty, who sacked Avaris and chased the remnants of the Hyksos to their main citadel in southern Canaan - Sharuhen, near Gaza - which he stormed after a long siege. And indeed, around the middle of the sixteenth century BCE, Tell ed-Daba was abandoned, marking the sudden end of the Canaanite influence there." [The Bible Unearthed, Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, pp. 55-56]

*Trivia: "Beginning after the expulsion of the Hyksos, the Egyptians tightened their control over the flow of immigrants from Canaan into the delta. They established a system of forts along the delta's eastern border and manned them with garrison troops and administrators. Incidentally, no mention of the name Israel has been found in any of the inscriptions or documents connected with the Hyksos period." [The Bible Unearthed, Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman]

1,564 B.C. - Neptune-Pluto Conjunction - "Neptune-Pluto cycles last about 495 years - half a millennium. They characterise an underlying driving-force behind history, an undertow of reality which marries the inevitable ram-force of Pluto with the imaginal, ideational power of Neptune. This combined force helps us define our underlying historical reality on a collective-unconscious level - this world-view and body of collective experience being a combination of actualities and perceptions." 

Note: "Configuration dates on this timeline prior to the 6th century B.C. represent estimated projections only. In most cases they are off by several years." [Etznab Mathers]

1,550 B.C. - 18th Egyptian Dynasty  - "Beginning of Egyptian New Kingdom [1550 B.C.-1070 B.C.] period. This was also the 'Egyptian Empire,' because it ruled over Asians as well as Egyptians. 1,540 B.C. represents a traditional date for the 18th Egyptian Dynasty  [1540 B.C.-1514 B.C.]."

1,550 - Palestine - "The Canaanites lived in small cities on the costal plains of Palestine and Syria under the rule of the Semites Hyksos until Amasis I [Ahmose] about 1550 B.C. liberated Egypt from the Hyksos and formed the New Kingdom." Links: 1

1,550 B.C. - Destruction / Indus Valley Civilization - "In India writing disappeared for a time with the destruction of the Indus Valley civilization."

1,530 B.C. - Kassites / Mesopotamia - "About 1,530 B.C., a century and a half after the death of Hammurabi, Babylonia and Assyria alike were conquered by charioteers from the north, a group called 'Kassites' by the later histories. Under the Assyrian king, Ashur-Dan, the last Kassite king was driven from the Babylonian throne in the twelfth century B.C." Links: 1

1,525 B.C. - Birth / Hatshepsut - "In Egypt Queen Hatshepsut, one of the XVIII Dynasty rulers, was born. Her name translates as 'The Foremost of Noble Ladies'."

1,504 B.C. - Tuthmosis III Rules Egypt - "Tuthmosis III [1587 - 1375 B.C.] was one of the most significant Egyptian rulers during the 18th Dynasty. As a young man he was co-regent to Queen Hatshepsut, his sister, and when she died in 1,480 B.C. Thothmes, whose name means 'born of Thoth,' ruled on his own as supreme Pharoah. There were rumours that the young man had murdered his sister to gain the crown but there is no proof to support this allegation. "

1,503 B.C. - Deluge of Deucalion - "A traditional date for the deluge of Deucalion in Thessaly, a country of Greece. Reportedly, the island of Thera [actually the top of a volcano sticking out of the sea] exploded. A rain of ashes fell on Crete, and tidal waves struck its shores, and also the shores of Greece, which may have given rise to Greek legends concerning a great flood. Crete was greatly weakened by this explosion and the Minoan civilization tottered to its end, thereafter. Other dates attributed to the Thera eruption include: 1,628 B.C."

1,500 B.C. - Independent Assyria  - "According to popular history, Assyria becomes an independant kingdom."

1,500 B.C. - Aryan Invasion? / India - "According to popular history, by 1,500 B.C. charioteers invaded Asia and put an end to the Indus Valley region. The invaders of India called themselves 'Aryans,' from their word for 'noble.' They spoke an Indo-European language known as 'Sanskrit.' It is because they brought this language into India, while other charioteers spread related languages westward into Europe, that we call the language-family Indo European. In 1999 researchers reported that gene patterns confirmed that Caucasoid invaders entered India between 1,000 and 2,000 BC."

1,500 B.C. - Heroic Age - "A traditional date for the 'Heroic Age' [1,500 B.C. - 1,000 B.C.] of Greece and Israel. Reportedly, the customs of both Greeks and Hebrews in the 'Heroic Age' were often alien to their descendants in the classical periods."

1,500 B.C. - Byblos Script - "Byblos is an ancient Phoenician city along the coast of modern day Lebanon. Its name was the origin of the Greek word 'biblion' which means 'book', hence 'bibliography' and 'Bible'. In short Byblos is nearly synonymous with writing. Ironically, Byblos was also home to a still poorly understood script during roughly the middle of the second millenium BCE. There are only a few short examples of this script, mainly on stone or metal. This script contains roughly 100 signs, which fits with the number of signs necessary for a syllabary."

1,500 B.C. - Linear B - "With such a non-descriptive name, Linear B proved to be the oldest surviving record of a Greek dialect, known as Mycenaean, named after the great site of Mycenae where the legendary Agamemnon ruled. Its usage spanned the time period between 1,500 B.C. and 1,200 B.C. approximately, and geographically covered the island of Crete as well as the southern part of the Greek Mainland."

1,500 B.C. - Olmecs - "According to popular belief, the Olmecs were a culture of ancient peoples of the East Mexico lowlands. Other reports suggest a much older culture was responsible for the ancient sites which the Olmecs ['their descendants'] later inherited. It was at San Lorenzo that the earliest carbon-dates for an Olmec site [around 1,500 B.C.] had been recorded by archaeologists. However, Olmec culture appeared to have been fully evolved by that epoch and there was no evidence that the evolution had taken place in the vicinity of San Lorenzo. Not a single, solitary  sign of anything that could be described as the 'developmental phase' of Olmec society had been unearthed anywhere in Mexico [or, for that matter, anywhere in the New World]." More Links: 1 [number 12]

*Trivia: "A four-tonne 'Olmec' head bearing African features located in La Venta, Gulf of Mexico, has been approximately dated to 1,500 BC.

*Trivia: "The roots of the Mayan civilization can be traced back thousands of years to the Olmecs, an earlier civilization that inhabited an area along the Gulf of Mexico. The Olmec, which means 'rubber people,' date back to at least 4000 BC. They began their rise to civilization around 1500 BC, and are considered to have reached the first advanced stages of high civilization around 550 BC."   

1,500 B.C. - Biblical Exodus - "Reportedly, Moses led the Israelites out of Egypt and established a calendar with Egyptian features but based on a seven day week. The later 8-day Sukkot festival commemorates the fall harvest and the wandering of the Hebrews in the Sinai desert after the Exodus. In 1998 Jonathan Kirsch authored 'Moses: A Life'. Miriam was the sister of Moses and led the celebration following the crossing of the Red Sea."

1,500 B.C. - Kush / Southern Egypt - "By this time the kingdom of Kush was established south of Egypt. The Kushites were dark-complexioned Negroids."


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