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News: Underwater caves off Yucatan yield three old skeletons—remains date to 11,000 B.C.
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Plato as Prehistorian

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Helios
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« on: February 11, 2007, 03:10:53 am »

9,000 B.C. - Lunar Calendar / Uganda - "The Ishango bone from modern Uganda in equatorial east Africa was identified by Marshak as a Lunar Calendar, dated about 9,000 B.C."

9,000 B.C. - Wheat Cultivation / Turkey - "The wild progenitor of einkorn wheat, one of the first crops to be domesticated (ca. 9000 B.C.), has been identified genetically in southeastern Turkey, according to a report in the journal Science. Manfred Heun of the Agricultural University of Norway, along with Norwegian, German, and Italian colleagues, examined the DNA of 68 lines of cultivated einkorn (Triticum monococcum monococcum), 194 lines of wild einkorn (T. m. boeoticum) from nine geographical regions within the Fertile Crescent, and nine lines of a weedy einkorn (T. m. aegilopoides) found in the Balkans."

9,000 B.C. - Tools / North America - "The Wenachee site, dated to 11,000 B.P. and located in the Inner Columbia River Basin, presents evidence of a new assemblage of stone tools in the Americas at their earliest known horizon." [link 5]

8,810 B.C. - Equinox at Cancer - "About this time, the Vernal Equinox was at Cancer."

8,600 B.C. - Irish Elk - "Until this time, Irish Elk [Megaloceros giganteus] lived in temperate climates throughout Europe and western Asia."

8,500 B.C. - Cities / Middle East - "According to popular history, this was the date when the first cities were established in the Middle East. One of the leading contenders is Jericho."

8,466 - Neptune-Pluto Conjunction - "There are five major planets with average cycles of motion relevant to the study of history. These are: Pluto [250 years], Neptune [165 years], Uranus [84 years], Saturn [28 years] and Jupiter [12 years]."

8,451 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction -

8,000 B.C. - Neolithic Age  - "According to popular history, this period [10,000 - 8,000 B.C.] in which herding and agriculture came into use, is called the 'New Stone Age' or [in Latin] the 'Neolithic Age.' "

8,000 B.C. - Glacial Decline / Northern Hemisphere - "Popular Belief: By 8,000 B.C. the Wisconsin Glaciation and the European Wurm Glaciation had withdrawn completely.

8,000 B.C. - Vedas - "Reportedly, the Vedas have been passed down through oral tradition for over 10,000 years, appearing in written form between 2,000 - 4,000 B.C."

8,000 B.C. - Ancient Ruins / India - "At Poompuhur, facing the Bay of Bengal, Indian divers found a horseshoe-shaped object, measuring 85 metres in length, in water more than 23 metres deep. According to one scientist, the land on which this structure was built last stood above water more than 11,000 years ago. In January [2002], Indian marine scientists discovered what may be the more extensive remains of two ancient cities in the Gulf of Cambay. The site spans an area of about 25 square kilometres, 35 metres deep, which, until as late as 6,900 years ago, was entirely above water. About 2,000 possibly man-made artifacts have been dredged and carbon-dated from 8,500 to 9,500 years old."

8,000 B.C. - Civilization / Ur - "The Ur culture developed during the Neolithic Age and became global in expanse by 8,000 B.C. According to popular belief: 'Where the Sumerians came from is still disputed. Typologically, the language of Sumer resembles Chinese, which suggests an eastern origin. Some scholars have proposed that the Sumerians came by ship, landing on the north shore of the Persian Gulf.' "

8,000 B.C. - Writing - "Clay tokens have been used since as early as 8,000 B.C. in Mesopotamia for some form of record-keeping."

8,000 B.C. - European Inscriptions - "Epigraphers remain perplexed concerning such ancient European inscriptions as the Azillian signary c.8000 B.C.E. from southern France."

8,000 B.C. - Stonehenge - "Stonehenge was for a long while thought to have built slowly - over about 1000 years between 2,100 and 1,100 BC. This chronology was called into question in 1996 by new archaeological evidence. Following a two-year study commisioned by the English Heritage Foundation, researchers concluded that  the great circles of blustones and sarsens had in fact been put up between 2,600 BC and 2,030 BC. Less than a year after these results were published another study showed that the stone circles had been preceded by wooden circles of 6-metre pine 'totem poles' dated to 8,000 BC. [Heaven's Mirror, Quest For The Lost Civilization, by Graham Hancock and Santha Faiia, p. xiii]

8,000 B.C. - Geography / Ireland - "The shape and landscape of present-day Ireland—an island of 27,100 square miles [70,200 square kilometers]—were formed 10,000 years ago when Atlantic Ocean glaciers slowly began their retreat. The event left the country rich with the soil that has nurtured Ireland's flora and fauna for centuries, and which offered a hospitable environment for migrating people to settle and plant seeds."

8,000 B.C. - Bog Bodies - "Over the past centuries, remains of many hundreds of people - men, women, and children - have come to light during peat cutting activities in northwestern Europe, especially in Ireland, Great Britain, the Netherlands, northern Germany, and Denmark. These are the "bog bodies." The individual bog bodies show a great degree of variation in their state of preservation, from skeletons, to well-preserved complete bodies, to isolated heads and limbs. They range in date from 8,000 B.C. to the early medieval period. Most date from the centuries around the beginning of our era. We do not know exactly how many bog bodies have been found--many have disappeared since their discovery."

8,000 B.C. - Florida Indians - "Florida's Aucilla River is yielding evidence of the adaptability of Paleoindians to their changing environment at the end of the Pleistocene, 10,000 years ago. For a decade, researchers from the Florida Museum of Natural History have been excavating the Page-Ladson site, and this past fall [1996] they uncovered the ground surface of a Paleoindian habitation at a depth of 15 feet. Radiocarbon dates place the beginning of the occupation at ca. 10,000 years ago. At the time, the site, now only five miles from the Gulf Coast near Tallahassee, was nearly 100 miles inland, and Florida's landscape resembled Africa's savannahs. Within 100 years, however, rising water at the end of the last glaciation flooded the site, sealing it with deposits that contain shells of freshwater molluscs."

8,000 B.C. - Human Occupation / South America - "The altiplano of Peru and Bolivia appears at first sight to be a very inhospitable land. Its high mountains, windswept plains, and icy waters of Lake Titicaca make it a stark, yet beautiful landscape. This 'high plain' (literally!) at a base elevation of 12,600 feet above sea level, is the ancestral home to the famous Andean animals (llamas and alpacas) and plants (potatoes and quiñoa). These creatures evolved in this harsh environment through natural selection. However, the highly successful human occupation of the area that began approximately 10,000 years ago depended largely on cultural adaptations, rather than biological ones. These cultural developments from the Archaic (ca.9,500- 4000 years ago) through the Formative Period (ca. 3200-2000 years ago) attest to a long period of economic and social intensification, a trend that is common throughout the world. In this 7,000 year span, we see the first colonization of the altiplano, the settling of permanent villages, and the rise of chiefly societies that formed the basis of Tiwanaku, one of the high civilizations of the New World. Dating of squash seeds from a cave in Oaxaca, Mexico, has confirmed that plant domestication in the Americas began some 10,000 years ago. The new finding, reported by Smithsonian archaeologist Bruce Smith in the journal Science, indicates that planting began in the New World about the same time as in the Near East and China."

7,422 B.C. - Copper Age - "Theoretical date for the beginning of the Copper Age based on computations using the number 2,160 years for the length of Kali Yuga."

7,420 B.C. - Mummy / Nevada - "A mummy excavated in 1940 and stored at the Nevada State Museum in Carson City was recently dated to ca. 7,420 B.C., making it the oldest mummy ever discovered in North America.

7,300 B.C. - Kennewick Man - "A skeleton was found in July, 1996 A.D. by the Columbia River in Kennewick, Washington. It was named the 'Richland Man.' The 9,300 year old bones were later studied and determined to be most closely related to Asian people, particularly the Ainu of northern Japan. It was concluded in 2,000 A.D. that he was an American Indian. The bones were dated to 7514-7324 B.C. Most intriguing is that the mummy was wearing moccasins and shrouds of woven marsh plants. The weave of the shrouds indicates that it was made on a loom. 'Kennewick Man' represents the best-preserved - human remains yet found in this part of the world, among the oldest anywhere in North America."

7,300 B.C. - Neolithic Surgery - "New accelerator radiocarbon dating of the Dnieper Rapids cemeteries near Kiev in Ukraine by the Oxford Radiocarbon Laboratory has produced evidence that trepanation, the surgical removal of bone from the cranial vault, was performed during the Mesolithic period. During a study of 14 individuals at the Vasilyevka II cemetery, Malcolm C. Lillie, a geoarchaeologist and palaeoenvironmentalist at the University of Hull, found one skeleton [no. 6285-9] to have evidence of trepanation. The cemetery, excavated in 1953 by A.D. Stolyar, has been dated to 7,300-6,220 B.C., making the trepanned cranium the oldest known example of a healed trepanation yet discovered. The skull, which was originally reported in Russian by I.I. Gokhman in 1966, has a depression on its left side with a raised border of bone and 'stepping' in the center showing stages of healing during life. The complete closure indicates the survival of the patient, a man who was more than 50 years old at his death. The dates for the individual are 1,000-2,000 years earlier than those of the skull at Ensisheim in France, recently reported by Kurt Alt to be the earliest evidence for trepanation [see Neolithic Surgery, September/October 1997]."

7,000 B.C. - Chinese Flute - "Archaeologists discover a 9,000 year old playable Flute in China. The 8.6 inch instrument in pristine condition has seven holes and was made from a hollow bone of a bird, the red-crowned crane. It is one of six flutes and 30 fragments recovered from the Jiahu arcaeological site in henan province."

7,000 B.C. - Human Skeleton / England - "In 1903 A.D. a skeleton of a man, 9,000 years old, was discovered in the underground caves at Cheddar, 130 miles west of London, England."

7,000 B.C. - Human Occupation / Alaska - "The Discovery Channel's latest archaeological offering takes mummy-mania to an unpublicized corner of the known mummy world - Alaska's Aleutian Islands. The Unangan, seafaring ancestors of today's Aleut, made their home in the barren archipelago for some 9,000 years, honing techniques for hunting large sea mammals, building sturdy houses, and, perhaps surprisingly, perfecting ritual mummification in a hostile, wet climate."

7,000 B.C.

6,800 B.C. - Jarmo Settlement / Iraq - "Reportedly, the settlement of Jarmo, in the foothills of northern Iraq, dates to about 6,800 B,C."

6,500 B.C. - Equinox at Gemini - "About this time, the Vernal Equinox was at Gemini."

6,500 B.C. - Catalhuyuk - "A prehistoric city located in Anatolia, or modern day Turkey where a number of artifacts appear to support evidence for the widespread practice of Goddess worship. Reportedly, 'the oldest layer of Catal Huyuk yet excavated [virgin soil has not yet been reached] is reliably carbon dated to 6,500 B.C.' "

6,500 B.C. - Mexican Step Pyramid - "Just south of the university campus of Mexico City, off the main road connecting the capital to Cuernavaca, stands a circular step pyramid of great complexity [with four galleries and a central staircase]. It was partially excavated in the 1920's from beneath a mantle of lava. Geologists were called to the site to help date the lava, and carried out a detailed examination. To everyone's surprise, they concluded that the volcanic eruption which had completely buried three sides of this pyramid [and had then gone on to cover about sixty square miles of the surrounding territory] must have taken place at least seven thousand years ago. It is worth noting, however that Byron Cummings, the American Archaeologist who origianally excavated the site for the national geographic Society, was convinced by clearly demarcated stratification layers above and below the pyramid [laid down both before and after the volcanic eruption] that it was 'the oldest temple yet uncovered on the American continent.' He went further than the geologists and stated categorically that this temple 'fell into ruins some 8,500 years ago.' "

6,200 B.C. - Domesticated Cattle - "The archeological record shows traces of domesticated cattle back to this time."

6,001 - Neptune-Pluto conjunction -

6,000 B.C. - Ocean-Going Vessels / Mesopotamia - "By 6,000 BC, the people of the Mesopotamian Near East were using ships on the open sea."

6,000 B.C. - Flax Cultivation -  "Flax was being cultivated well before 6,000 B.C."

6,000 B.C. - Pottery Established -  "By 6,000 B.C. pottery was a well established product."

6,000 B.C. - City / Ugarit - "Ugarit experienced a very long history. A city was built on the site in the Neolithic period around 6,000 B.C. Since the discovery of the Ugaritic texts, the study of the Old Testament has never been the same."

6,000 B.C. - Ancient Structure / Japan - "The submerged structure near the isle of Yonaguni [Japan], that is approximately 75 ft under the sea level, which has an evident artificial origin; it is 600 ft wide and 90 ft high, and it's about 8,000 years old." Links: 1 [7th photo]

6,000 B.C.

5,500 B.C. - Cities Established / Mesopotamia - "Reportedly: "Cities, or settlements which became cities, existed in Mesopotamia from 5,500 B.C. The earlier cities lay in the northern part of Iraq, and in northeastern Syria. City living quickly spread down the Euphrates River and into the valley of the Tigris River, reaching the swamps at the head of the Persian Gulf before 4,000 B.C." Links: 1, 2

5,546 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction -

5,400 B.C. - Human Settlement / Eridu - "Mesopotamia is located on the fertile flood plain of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in a hot desert ecology. Human settlements based on irrigation agriculture first appeared coincident to the establishment of Eridu about 7,400 BP. A great stepped tower, a ziggurat, which culminated a series of 20 structures built one upon another during a span of 3,500 years evidences Eridu's importance. Public architectural monuments were the focus of early Mesopotamian community centers. By 6,500 BP. large scale canal systems and many towns with public architecture had been founded. Eridu was the largest."

5,508 B.C. - Neptune-Pluto Conjunction -

5,292 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Pluto conjunction."

5,149 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Pluto conjunction."

5,038 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Pluto conjunction."

5,015 B.C. - Neptune-Pluto Conjunction -

5,000 B.C. - Horus - "According to reports, many Egyptologists have endowed Horus with a grand old age. He commenced life at the time of Osiris 22,000 years ago and kept up his health and strength down to the time of Menes 5,000 years ago. A grand old age of 17,000 years. This goes the Hindu mistranslation about Rama one better. Rama lasted only 10,000 years. From the commencement of Egyptian history, and apparently for thousands of years, Egypt was governed by the Church with a Horus. The last Horus as the Hieratic head of religion in Lower Egypt was the Horus that immediately preceded King Menes, according to Manetho [in the writings of Manetho there are references to six different Horuses as Hieratic heads]. The date of Mena, the first king of Egypt, is variously given B.C. 5,867 [Champollion], B.C. 5,004 [Mariette], B.C. 5,892 [Lepsius], and B.C. 4,455 [Brugsch]."

5,000 B.C. - Megaliths / Egypt - "Standing megaliths and a ring of stones were erected from 6,700 to 7,000 years ago in the southern Sahara desert. They are the oldest dated astronomical alignment discovered so far and bear a striking resemblance to Stonehenge and other megalithic sites constructed a millennium later in England, Brittany, and Europe."

5,000 B.C. - Sahara Ecology - "Dried-up riverbeds as well as cave paintings indicate that at this time the Sahara was a land of flowing rivers, lush green pastures, and forests."

5,000 B.C. - I Ching - "The I Ching, or Book of Changes, is the most widely read of the five Chinese Classics. The book was traditionally written by the legendary Chinese Emperor Fu Hsi [2953-2838 B.C.]. It is possible that the the I Ching originated from a prehistoric divination technique which dates back as far as 5,000 B.C. Futher commentaries were added by King Wen and the Duke of Chou in the eleventh century B.C."

5,000 B.C. - Trepanation - "A 7,000-year-old burial at Ensisheim, in the French region of Alsace, has yielded the earliest [1997] unequivocal evidence for trepanation, according to Kurt W. Alt of Freiburg University and his colleagues. Trepanation is a surgical operation that involves the removal of a rectangle or disk of bone from the cranial vault. Most previous claims to cases predating the Late Neolithic age have been shown to be untreated head injuries or the results of decomposition."

5,000 B.C. - Human Habitation / Lebanon - "Stone age farmers and fisherman inhabited the area around Byblos, Lebanon. Archeologists at Byblos found at least 12 layers of civilizations that dated back 7,000 years."

5,000 B.C.

4,900 B.C. - Abandonment / Catalhuyuk - "An estimated date when the Catalhuyuk area was abandoned."

4,895 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction -

4,784 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction -

4,700 B.C. - Megaliths / Carnac - " 'Prehistory' itself is just the name that  we give to the almost total amnesia  that our species has suffered concerning more than 40,000 years of our own past. This amnesia covers the entire period from the emergence of anatomically modern humans until the first 'historical records' began to be written down in Sumer and in Egypt in the third millenium BC.
   "Out of that long period of amnesia, and from its borders with history, a number of mighty monuments have come down to us. These include rock-hewn temples, circles of megaliths, and sacred sites arranged in dead straight lines over vast distances, such as the avenues of standing stones at Carnac in northern France. One earthern mound there, which contains a megalithic passageway orientated to the winter solstice sunrise, has been carbon-dated to 4.700 BC. [Heaven's Mirror, Quest For The Lost Civilization, by Graham Hancock and Santha Faiia, pp. x-xi]


4,641 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Pluto Conjunction -

4,530 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Pluto Conjunction -

4,522 - Neptune-Pluto Conjunction -

4,500 B.C. - Elephants / China - "A sacrificial dump [4,500 - 2,000 B.C.] in Guanghan, Sichuan Province, in China was uncovered in 1976. Large quantities of elephants tusks reveal that elephants roamed the area. Human figures, monster masks, and tree fragments made of bronze tubes were also found."

4,500 B.C. - Cities / Assyria -  "Between 4,500 and 2,400 B.C., complex societies appear in the form of cities, with craft specialization and writing. These features were associated with the Sumerians, but they quickly spread to other parts of Mesopotamia, including Assyria. In Assyria, settlements had become large and guarded by fortifications walls, which implies the risk of attack from outside, and hence the need for defense and warfare.

4,500 B.C. - Burial Cave / Galilee - "A 6,500-year-old burial cave full of clay ossuaries, ceramic and stone vessels, figurines thought to have been ritual objects, and piles of human skulls and bones has been discovered in Galilee in northern Israel. Until now, archaeologists believed that Chalcolithic cultures in different parts of Israel were more or less self-sufficient. But clay jugs found at the new site are similar to those uncovered in the Golan Heights, and bronze ax heads are like those from the Judean Desert, suggesting some interaction between cultures. The ossuaries, however, are unique. 'Decorated ossuary facades characteristic of this period that depict human faces are flat, with protruding noses,' says Zvi Gal, director of the Israel Antiquities Authority Northern Region. 'Here we found three-dimensional sculpted heads, with distinct eyes, noses, and ears, unlike any ever found.' "

4,468 B.C. - Narmer Plate - "The original sky chart of the remote Ancient Egyptians was incorporated into the Narmer Plate in 4,468 B.C."

4,387 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction"

4,380 B.C. - Equinox at Taurus - "The immediate predecessor of the Age of Aries was the Age of Taurus - the Bull - which spanned the period between 4,380  B.C. and 2,200 B.C. It was during this precessional epoch [when the sun on the vernal equinox rose in the constellation of Taurus] that the Bull-cult of Minoan Crete flourished. It is interesting to note that at the very beginning of the dynastic period, the Egyptians were already venerating the Apis and Mnevis Bulls. Furthermore, the Sumerians represented the Bull of Heaven with human head and bull's body. The Greek representations of the Minotaur, depict him with human body and bull's head." Links: 1

4,276 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Pluto conjunction."

4,241 B.C. - Egyptian Calendar - "A date believed to indicate the earliest recorded date in the Egyptian calendar."

4,200 B.C. - Rise of Patriarchy - " The Great Cycle of the Mayan calendar definitely has relevance to something, but what? If we look back into the past we will rediscover that the event which coincides with the beginning of the Great Cycle is none other than the birth of written language. This time in the evolution of our species represents the commencement of history itself. The period from 4200 to 3000 BC also coincides with the rise of patriarchy which ended the peaceful goddess culture that existed before history during the Early Neolithic."   

4,133 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Pluto conjunction."

4,029 B.C. - Neptune-Pluto conjunction -   

4,022 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction -

*Interlude: "Did orthodox church dogma for many years suggest Earth was created about 4,000 B.C.? Apparently, it did. Unfortunately, this long-held popular paradigm has seriously warped our modern view of the ancient world by attributing post-4,000 B.C. dates to the oldest civilizations and world cultures on the planet today. If we believe that the world had not been created until 4,000 B.C., then we might also believe that no ancient civilizations or Earth history existed prior to that date. Knowing about this pathetic paradigm, however, will help us to understand why we find for ancient history - even today - many of the same retarded dates concocted hundreds of years ago by people who didn't know any better. Not only the first people, the first civilizations, the first languages, the first calendars, the first monuments, the first governments and religions, but after about 4,000 B.C. we find all of the Biblical events. We still find things this way, apparently because it was the way that some people once believed. Apparently, some still do!" [Etznab Mathers]

4,004 B.C. - Biblical Creation -  "Reported date for the creation of the world according to Bishop Ussher [1581-1656]. Based on O.T. Chronology, according to Ussher, Adam and Eve were driven from Paradise on Monday 10 November 4,004 B.C. Ussher was Archbishop of Armagh, Primate of All Ireland, and Vice-Chancellor of Trinity College in Dublin. According to John Lightfoot [1602-1675], Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge University and a contemporary of Ussher, man was created on October 23, 4,004 B.C., at nine o'clock in the morning. Other dates for the beginning of the world include: August 21st, 4004 B.C. and March 21st, 4004 B.C."


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