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History of Humanity

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Helios
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« Reply #60 on: August 28, 2009, 05:30:34 pm »

1,000 B.C. - Old Testament - "More than two hundred years of detailed study of the Hebrew text of the Bible and ever more wide-ranging exploration in all the lands between the Nile and the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers have enabled us to begin to understand when, why, and how the Bible came to be. Detailed analysis of the language and literary geners of the Bible has led scholars to identify oral and written sources on which the present biblical text was based. At the same time, archaeology has produced a stunning, almost encyclopedic knowledge of the material conditions, languages, societies, and historical developments of the centuries during which the traditions of ancient Israel gradually crystalized, spanning roughly six hundred years - from about 1000 to 400 BCE. Most important of all, the textual insights and the archeological evidence has combined to help us to distinguish between the power and poetry of biblical saga and the more dpwn-to-earth events and processes of ancient Near Eastern history." [The Bible Unearthed, Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, p. 5]

1,000 B.C. - Aramaic Script - "While Aramaic was displacing Akkadian in the course of the first millennium B.C., it absorbed a host of Sumerian words from Akkadian and transmitted them to the rest of the Near East. Some got into Arabic and have been carried to the ends of the eastern hemisphere by Islam. Of older date are the Sumerian loanwords in biblical Hebrew. According to popular belief: Originally Aramaic was spoken [and written] only in the region whose modern name is Syria. However, during the late Assyrian empire, and subsequently during the Babylonian and Persian empires, Aramaic became an international language, written and spoken in Anatolia, the Levantine coast, Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Persia where it was adopted by many local groups. In Israel, it became the 'Jewish' alphabet, the direct descendant of which is the modern Hebrew alphabet. It also became much more cursive as time goes on, such as the Nabatean alphabet, which eventually became Arabic."

1,000 B.C. - Luwian Script - "This script was originally mislabeled as Hieroglyphic Hittite, but the decipherment of the signs eventually led to the conclusion that the language recorded was not Hittite, but a related language called Luwian. Hittite and Luwian both belong to Anatolian subgroup of the Indo-European language family. Hieroglyphic Luwian was used in city-states of Southern Anatolia and Northern Syria, from 1000 BCE (?) to 700 BCE."

1,000 B.C. - Early Greek �Inscriptions - "The earliest Greek inscriptions known today belong to the eigth century B.C. Although we cannot demonstrate that Greek inscriptions existed earlier than the eigth century B.C., a comparative analysis of the characteristic traits of the West Semitic script and those of Archaic Greek writing, leads to the assumption that the Greek borrowing of the alphabet should be dated some three hundred years earlier than the earliest known Greek inscriptions."

1,000 B.C. - Greek Colonies / Cyprus - "Reportedly, 'Cyprus may never have belonged to Greece, although Greek colonies have been on the island for over 3,000 years.' "

1,000 B.C. - Etruscans - "Etruscan civilization existing by this time."

1,000 B.C.

1,000 B.C. - Jewish Calendar - "Present knowledge of the Jewish calendar in use before the period of the Babylonian Exile is both limited and uncertain. The Bible refers to calendar matters only incidentally, and the dating of components of Mosaic Law remains doubtful. The earliest datable source for the Hebrew calendar is the Gezer Calendar, written probably in the age of Solomon, in the late 10th century B.C. The inscription indicates the length of main agricultural tasks within the cycle of 12 lunations. The calendar term here is yereah, which in Hebrew denotes both 'moon' and 'month.' Thus, the Hebrew months were lunar. They are not named in pre-exilic sources except in the Biblical report of the building of Solomon's Temple in I Kings, where the names of three months, two of them also attested in the Phoenician calendar, are given; the months are usually numbered rather than named."
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