Superman

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Superman returned to movie theatres in 1978, with director Richard Donner's Superman starring Christopher Reeve. The film spawned three sequels, Superman II (1980), Superman III (1983) and Superman IV: The Quest For Peace (1987).[126] In 1988 Superman returned to television in the Ruby Spears animated series Superman,[127] and also in Superboy, a live-action series which ran from 1988 until 1992.[128] In 1993 Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman premiered on television, starring Dean Cain as Superman and Teri Hatcher as Lois Lane. The series ran until 1997. Superman: The Animated Series was produced by Warner Bros. and ran from 1996 until 2000 on The WB Television Network.[129] In 2001, the Smallville television series launched, focussing on the adventures of Clark Kent as a teenager before he dons the mantle of Superman.[130] In 2006, Bryan Singer directed Superman Returns, starring Brandon Routh as Superman.[131]

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Musical references, parodies, and homages

Superman has also featured as an inspiration for musicians, with songs by numerous artists from several generations celebrating the character. Donovan's Billboard Hot 100 topping single "Sunshine Superman" utilised the character in both the title and the lyric, declaring "Superman and Green Lantern ain't got nothing on me".[132] Other tracks to reference the character include Genesis' "Land of Confusion",[133] the video to which featured a Spitting Image puppet of Ronald Reagan dressed as Superman,[134] "(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman" by The Kinks on their 1979 album Low Budget and "Superman" by The Clique, a track later covered by R.E.M. on its 1986 album Lifes Rich Pageant. This cover is referenced by Grant Morrison in Animal Man, in which Superman meets the character, and the track comes on Animal Man's walkman immediately after.[135]

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Parodies of Superman did not take long to appear, with Mighty Mouse introduced in "The Mouse of Tomorrow" animated short in 1942.[136] Whilst the character swiftly took on a life of its own, moving beyond parody, other animated characters soon took their turn to parody the character. In 1943 Bugs Bunny was featured in a short, Super-Rabbit, which sees the character gaining powers through eating fortified carrots. This short ends with Bugs stepping into a phone booth to change into a real "Superman", and emerging as a U.S. Marine.[137] In 1956 Daffy Duck assumes the mantle of "Cluck Trent" in the short "Stupor Duck", a role later reprised in various issues of the Looney Tunes comic book.[138][139] In the United Kingdom Monty Python created the character Bicycle Repairman, who fixes bicycles on a world full of Supermen, for a sketch in series of their BBC show.[140] Also on the BBC was the sit-com "My Hero", which presented Thermoman as a slightly dense Superman pastiche, attempting to save the world and pursue romantic aspirations.[141] In the United States, Saturday Night Live has often parodied the figure, with Margot Kidder reprising her role as Lois Lane in a 1979 episode.[142] Jerry Seinfeld, a noted Superman fan, filled his series Seinfeld with references to the character, and in 1997 asked for Superman to co-star with him in a commercial for American Express. The commercial aired during the 1998 NFL Playoffs and Super Bowl, Superman animated in the style of artist Curt Swan, again at the request of Seinfeld.[143]

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Superman has also been used as reference point for writers, with Steven T. Seagle's graphic novel Superman: It's a Bird exploring Seagle's feelings on his own mortality as he struggles to develop a story for a Superman tale.[144] Brad Fraser used the character as a reference point for his play Poor Super Man, with The Independent noting the central character, a gay man who has lost many friends to AIDS as someone who "identifies all the more keenly with Superman's alien-amid-deceptive-lookalikes status."[145]

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The 1941 theatrical cartoon Superman, produced by the Fleischer Studios.

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Literary analysis

Superman has been interpreted and discussed in many forms in the years since his debut. The character's status as the first costumed superhero has allowed him to be used in many studies discussing the genre, Umberto Eco noting that "he can be seen as the representative of all his similars".[146] Writing in Time Magazine in 1971, Gerald Clarke stated: "Superman's enormous popularity might be looked upon as signalling the beginning of the end for the Horatio Alger myth of the self-made man." Clarke viewed the comics characters as having to continuously update in order to maintain relevance, and thus representing the mood of the nation. He regarded Superman's character in the early seventies as a comment on the modern world, which he saw as a place in which "only the man with superpowers can survive and prosper."[147] Andrew Arnold, writing in the early 21st century, has noted Superman's partial role in exploring assimilation, the character's alien status allowing the reader to explore attempts to fit in on a somewhat superficial level.[148]

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A.C. Grayling, writing in The Spectator, traces Superman's stances through the decades, from his 1930s campaign against crime being relevant to a nation under the influence of Al Capone, through the 1940s and World War II, a period in which Superman helped sell war bonds,[149] and into the 1950s, where Superman explored the new technological threats. Grayling notes the period after the Cold War as being one where "matters become merely personal: the task of pitting his brawn against the brains of Lex Luthor and Brainiac appeared to be independent of bigger questions", and discusses events post 9/11, stating that as a nation "caught between the terrifying George W. Bush and the terrorist Osama bin Laden, America is in earnest need of a Saviour for everything from the minor inconveniences to the major horrors of world catastrophe. And here he is, the down-home clean-cut boy in the blue tights and red cape".[150]

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Scott Bukatman has discussed Superman, and the superhero in general, noting the ways in which they humanize large urban areas through their use of the space, especially in Superman's ability to soar over the large skyscrapers of Metropolis. He writes that the character "represented, in 1938, a kind of Corbusierian ideal. Superman has X-ray vision: walls become permeable, transparent. Through his benign, controlled authority, Superman renders the city open, modernist and democratic; he furthers a sense that Le Corbusier described in 1925, namely, that 'Everything is known to us'."[38]

Jules Feiffer has argued that Superman's real innovation lay in the creation of the Clark Kent persona, noting that what "made Superman extraordinary was his point of origin: Clark Kent." Feiffer develops the theme to establish Superman's popularity in simple wish fulfilment,[151] a point Siegel and Shuster themselves supported, Siegel commenting that "If you're interested in what made Superman what it is, here's one of the keys to what made it universally acceptable. Joe and I had certain inhibitions... which led to wish-fulfillment which we expressed through our interest in science fiction and our comic strip. That's where the dual-identity concept came from" and Shuster supporting that as being "why so many people could relate to it".[152]

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Superman's immigrant status is a key aspect of his appeal.[153][154][155] Jeff McLaughlin saw the character as pushing the boundaries of acceptance in America. The extraterrestrial origin was seen by McLaughlin as challenging the notion that Anglo-Saxon ancestry was the source of all might.[156] Gary Engle saw the "myth of Superman [asserting] with total confidence and a childlike innocence the value of the immigrant in American culture." He argues that Superman allowed the superhero genre to take over from the Western as the expression of immigrant sensibilities. Through the use of a dual identity, Superman allowed immigrants to identify with both their cultures. Clark Kent represents the assimilated individual, allowing Superman to express the immigrants cultural heritage for the greater good.[154] Timothy Aaron Pevey has argued other aspects of the story reinforce the acceptance of the American dream. He notes that "the only thing capable of harming Superman is Kryptonite, a piece of his old home world."[37] David Jenemann has offered a contrasting view. He argues that Superman's early stories portray a threat: "the possibility that the exile would overwhelm the country."[157]

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Clark Kent, argued by Jules Feiffer to be the most innovative feature of Superman.

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Critical reception and popularity

The character Superman and his various comic series have received various awards over the years. The Reign of the Supermen is one of many storylines or works to have received a Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Award, winning the Favorite Comic Book Story category in 1993.[158] Superman came at number 2 in VH1's Top Pop Culture Icons 2004.[159] In the same year British cinemagoers voted Superman as the greatest superhero of all time.[160] Works featuring the character have also garnered six Eisner Awards[161][162] and three Harvey Awards,[163] either for the works themselves or the creators of the works. The Superman films have, as of 2007, received a number of nominations and awards, with Christopher Reeve winning a BAFTA for his performance in Superman.[164] The Smallville television series has garnered Emmys for crew members and various other awards.[165] Superman as a character is still seen as being as relevant now as he has been in the seventy years of his existence.[166]

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Notes

   1. ^ a b Daniels (1998), p. 11.
   2. ^ Holt, Douglas B. (2004). How Brands Become Icons: The Principles of Cultural Branding. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. p. 1. ISBN 1578517745.
   3. ^ Koehler, Derek J., Harvey, Nigel. (eds.), ed (2004). Blackwell Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making. Blackwell. p. 519. ISBN 1405107464.
   4. ^ Dinerstein, Joel (2003). Swinging the machine: Modernity, technology, and African American culture between the wars. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 81. ISBN 1558493832.
   5. ^ a b c d e f Daniels (1998), p. 18.
   6. ^ Wallace, Daniel; Bryan Singer (2006). The Art of Superman Returns. Chronicle Books. pp. 22. ISBN 0811853446.
   7. ^ "Designing Man of Steel’s costume". Manila Standard (Philippines News). July 21, 2006. http://www.manilastandardtoday.com/?page=goodLife02_july21_2006. Retrieved on 2008-09-03.  Archived 2008-09-03.
   8. ^ Gormly, Kellie B. (June 28, 2006). "Briefs: Blige concert cancelled". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_459774.html. Retrieved on 2008-09-03.  [Archived http://www.webcitation.org/5aYbcuH9Z] on 2008-09-03.
   9. ^ McCollum, Charlie (June 2006). "Times change, but Superman endures as an American cultural icon" (Registration required). The Mercury News. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_kmtmn/is_200606/ai_n16560106. Retrieved on 2007-01-30.
  10. ^ Epstein, Daniel Robert (July 30, 2006). "4:11 with Bryan Singer". Newsarama. http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t=78755. Retrieved on 2007-01-30.
  11. ^ Niven, Larry (1971). "Man of Steel, Woman of Kleenex". All the Myriad Ways. Larry Niven. http://www.larryniven.org/stories/Man_of_Steel_Woman_of_Kleenex.shtml. Retrieved on 2007-01-30.
  12. ^ a b Daniels (1998), p. 13.
  13. ^ a b Roger Stern. Superman: Sunday Classics: 1939 - 1943 DC Comics/Kitchen Sink Press, Inc./Sterling Publishing; 2006; Page xii
  14. ^ a b Gross, John (December 15, 1987). "Books of the Times". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE3DC1F38F936A25751C1A961948260. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
  15. ^ Daniels (1998), p. 17.
  16. ^ a b c Jones, Gerard (2004). Men of Tomorrow: Geeks, Gangsters, and the Birth of the Comic Book. Basic Books. pp. 115. ISBN 0465036562.
  17. ^ Trexler, Jeff; Paul August (August 20, 2008). "Superman's Hidden History: The Other "First" Artist". Newsarama. Imaginova Corp.. http://www.newsarama.com/comics/080820-SupermanKeaton.html. Retrieved on 2008-08-26.  Archived August 26, 2008.
  18. ^ Petrou, David Michael (1978). The Making of Superman the Movie, New York: Warner Books ISBN 0-446-82565-4
  19. ^ Daniels (1998), p. 19.
  20. ^ Morrison, Grant (September 29, 1998). "Seriously, Perilously". The Herald. p. 14.
  21. ^ Engle, Gary (1987). ""What Makes Superman So Darned American?"". in Dennis Dooley and Gary Engle (eds.). Superman at Fifty: The Persistence of a Legend. Cleveland, OH: Octavia. ISBN 0020429010.
  22. ^ a b c Andrae, Nemo (online version): "Superman Through the Ages: The Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster Interview, Part 8 of 10" (1983).
  23. ^ Daniels (1998), pp. 25–31.
  24. ^ David Colton (2008-08-25). "The crime that created Superman: Did fatal robbery spawn Man of Steel?". USAToday.com. Archived from the original on 2008-08-26. http://www.webcitation.org/5aMwEGibC. Retrieved on 2008-08-26.

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# 26.
# ^ a b Daniels (1998), p. 44.
# ^ Fox, Gardner (w), Hibbard, Everett E. (p,i). "$1,000,000 for War Orphans" All Star Comics 1 (7) (October-November 1941), All-American Publications
# ^ Daniels (1998), p. 13
# ^ a b Daniels (1998), p. 69.
# ^ Eury (2006), p. 38.
# ^ Daniels (1995), p. 28.
# ^ Moore, Alan (w), Swan, Curt (p), Pérez, George & Schaffenberger, Kurt (i). Superman: Whatever Happened to the Man of Tomorrow?) ({{{date}}}), DC Comics, ISBN 1-56389-315-0
# ^ Daniels (1998), p. 150.
# ^ a b Daniels (1995), pp. 22–23.
# ^ a b Sabin, Roger (1996). Comics, Comix & Graphic Novels (4th paperback ed.). Phaidon. ISBN 0-7148-3993-0.
# ^ von Busack, Richard (July 2 – July 8, 1998). "Superman Versus the KKK". Metro. http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/07.02.98/comics-9826.html. Retrieved on 2007-01-28.
# ^ Dubner, Stephen J; Levitt, Steven D (January 8, 2006). "Hoodwinked?". The New York Times. p. F26. http://www.freakonomics.com/times0108col.php. Retrieved on 2007-01-28.
# ^ a b Pevey, Timothy Aaron ""From Superman to Superbland: The Man of Steel's Popular Decline Among Postmodern Youth"PDF (3.14 Mb). 2007-04-10 URN: etd-04172007-133407
# ^ a b Bukatman, Scott (2003). Matters of Gravity: Special Effects and Supermen in the 20th century. Duke University Press. ISBN 0822331322.
# ^ Feeley, Gregory (March 2005). "When World-views Collide: Philip Wylie in the Twenty-first Century". Science Fiction Studies 32 (95). ISSN 0091-7729. http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/review_essays/feeley95.htm. Retrieved on 2006-12-06.
# ^ a b Jacobson, Howard (March 5, 2005). "Up, up and oy vey". The Times. p. 5.
# ^ a b c The Mythology of Superman. [DVD]. Warner Bros.. 2006.
# ^ Weinstein, Simcha (2006). Up, Up, and Oy Vey! (1st ed.). Leviathan Press. ISBN 978-1-881927-32-7.
# ^ World Jewish Digest (Aug, 2006; posted online July 25, 2006): "Superman's Other Secret Identity", by Jeff Fleischer
# ^ "Semitic Roots." The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2000). 4th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Retrieved on 2007-02-08.
# ^ a b Waldman, Steven; Kress, Michael (June 19, 2006). "Beliefwatch: Good Fight". Newsweek (The Washington Post Company). http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13249146/site/newsweek/. Retrieved on 2007-01-28.
# ^ Skelton, Stephen. The Gospel According to the World's Greatest Superhero. Harvest House Publishers, 2006. ISBN 0-7369-1812-4.
# ^ McCue, Greg S., Bloom, Clive (February 1, 1993). Dark Knights, LPC Group. ISBN 0745306632.
# ^ Lawrence, John Shelton (March 2006). "Book Reviews: The Gospel According to Superheroes: Religion and Popular Culture". The Journal of American Culture 29 (1): 101. doi:10.1111/j.1542-734X.2006.00313.x. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1542-734X.2006.00313.x. Retrieved on 2007-01-28.
# ^ Andrae (1983), p.2.
# ^ Andrae (1983), p.4.
# ^ Andrae (1983), p.7.
# ^ Andrae (1983), p.5.
# ^ Hurwitt, Sam (January 16, 2005). "Comic Book Artist Populates Movies". San Francisco Chronicle. p. PK-24. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/chronicle/a/2005/01/16/PKGT6AJH9A1.DTL&type=movies. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
# ^ a b MacDonald, Heidi. "Inside the Superboy Copyright Decision.' PW Comics Week (April 11, 2006). Available online at Publishers Weekly, Retrieved on 2006-12-08. Archived 2009-02-12.
# ^ a b Dean (2004), p. 16.
# ^ Dean (2004), p. 13.
# ^ Daniels (1998), p. 73.
# ^ Dean (2004), pp. 14–15.
# ^ a b Dean (2004), p. 17.
# ^ Vosper, Robert (February 2005). "The Woman Of Steel". Inside Counsel. http://web.archive.org/web/20070506063326/http://www.insidecounsel.com/issues/insidecounsel/15_159/profiles/191-1.html. Retrieved on 2007-01-26. "DC isn't going to hand over its most valued asset without putting up one hell of a legal battle"
# ^ Brady, Matt (March 3, 2005). "Inside The Siegel/DC Battle For Superman". Newsarama. http://www.newsarama.com/DC/Superman/Intro.htm. Retrieved on 2007-01-26. "While the complaint, response and counterclaim has been filed, no one even remotely expects a slam-dunk win for either side. Issues such as those named in the complaint will, if it goes to trial, possibly allow for an unprecedented referendum on issues of copyright."
# ^ a b Ciepley, Michael. "Ruling Gives Heirs a Share of Superman Copyright" NY Times, March 29, 2008. Accessed on 2008-03-29. Archived on 2008-03-29.
# ^ Agency reporter, Bloomberg News, "Time Warner ordered to share Superman rights". LA Times, March 29, 2008. '"After 70 years, Jerome Siegel's heirs regain what he granted so long ago -- the copyright in the Superman material that was published in Action Comics," Larson wrote in his order Wednesday. The victory was "no

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# small feat indeed," he said.' Accessed on 2008-03-29. Archived on 2008-03-29.
# ^ Coyle, Marcia. "Pow! Zap! Comic Book Suits Abound". The National Law Journal, February 4, 2008. Retrieved on 2008-02-17. Archived on 2008-02-17.
# ^ Dean, Michael (June 2006). "Journal Datebook: Follow-Up: Superman Heirs Reclaim Superboy Copyright". The Comics Journal (276): 37.
# ^ "Case 2:04-cv-08776-SGL-RZ Document 151" (PDF). July 27, 2007. http://www.trexfiles.com/superboy_0727.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-12-23.
# ^ a b Friedrich, Otto (March 14, 1988). "Up, Up and Awaaay!!!". Time Magazine. p. 9. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,966978-9,00.html. Retrieved on 2007-01-28.
# ^ Daniels (1998), p. 67.
# ^ a b c d Daniels (1998), p. 42.
# ^ O'Neil, Dennis (w), Dillin, **** (p), Greene, Sid (i). "Star Light, Star Bright — Death Star I See Tonight!" Justice League of America 1 (73) (August, 1969), DC Comics
# ^ Byrne, John (w)(p), Giordano, **** (i). The Man of Steel Ed. Barry Marx. DC Comics, 1987. ISBN 0-930289-28-5.
# ^ Jurgens, Dan, Ordway, Jerry, Simonson, Louise et al. (w), Jurgens, Dan, Guice, Jackson, Bogdanove, Jon, et al. (p), Rodier, Denis, Janke, Dennis, Breeding, Brett et al. (i). The Death of Superman Ed. Mike Carlin. NY:DC Comics, April 14, 1993. ISBN 1-56389-097-6.
# ^ Jurgens, Dan, Kesel, Karl, Simonson, Louise et al. (w), Jurgens, Dan, Guice, Jackson, Bogdanove, Jon, et al. (p), Rodier, Denis, Janke, Dennis, Breeding, Brett et al. (i). The Return of Superman (Reign of the Supermen) Ed. Mike Carlin. NY:DC Comics, September 3, 1993. ISBN 1-56389-149-2.
# ^ Waid, Mark (w), Yu, Leinil Francis (a). Superman: Birthright. NY:DC Comics, October 1, 2005. ISBN 1-4012-0252-7.
# ^ Johns, Geoff (w), Jimenez, Phil, Pérez, George, Ordway, Jerry et al. (a). Infinite Crisis. NY:DC Comics, September 20, 2006. ISBN 1401209599 ISBN 978-1401209599
# ^ Johns, Geoff, Busiek, Kurt (w), Woods, Peter, Guedes, Renato (a). Superman: Up, Up and Away! NY:DC Comics, 2006. ISBN 1401209548 ISBN 978-1401209544.
# ^ Rucka, Greg (w), Lopez, David (p). "Affirmative Defense" Wonder Woman 2 (220) (October 2005), DC Comics
# ^ Johns, Geoff (w), Conner, Amanda (p), Palmiotti, Jimmy (i). "Power Trip" JSA: Classified 1 (1) (September 2005), DC Comics
# ^ Johns, Geoff Donner, Richard (w), Wight, Eric (p), Wight, Eric (i). "Who is Clark Kent's Big Brother?" Action Comics Annual 1 (10) (March 2007), DC Comics
# ^ Buskiek, Kurt, Nicieza, Fabian, Johns, Geoff (w), Guedes, Renato (p), Magalhaes, Jose Wilson (i). "Superman: Family" Action Comics 1 (850) (July 2007), DC Comics
# ^ Loeb, Jeph (w), McGuinness, Ed (p), Vines, Dexter (i). "Running Wild" Superman/Batman 1 (3) (December 2003), DC Comics
# ^ Johns, Geoff (w), Jimenez, Phil (p), Lanning, Andy (i). "Infinite Crisis" Infinite Crisis 1 (1) (December 2005), DC Comics
# ^ Jurgens et al.. The Return of Superman (1993).
# ^ Dooley, Dennis and Engle, Gary D. Superman at Fifty! (1988)
# ^ Interview with Roy Thomas and Jerry Bails in The Justice League Companion (2003) pp. 72–73
# ^ Wolf-Meyer, Matthew (January 2003). "The World Ozymandias Made: Utopias in the Superhero Comic, Subculture, and the Conservation of Difference". The Journal of Popular Culture 36 (3): 497–517. doi:10.1111/1540-5931.00019. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1540-5931.00019. Retrieved on 2008-01-13. ""... will fail to emerge). Hyperion, the Superman-clone of Squadron Supreme, begins the series when he vows, on behalf of the Squadron ... "".
# ^ Bainbridge, Jason (2007). "http://lch.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/3/3/455 "This is the Authority. This Planet is Under Our Protection" — An Exegesis of Superheroes' Interrogations of Law". Law, Culture and the Humanities 3 (3): 455–476. doi:10.1177/1743872107081431. http://lch.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/3/3/455 http://lch.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/3/3/455. Retrieved on 2008-01-13. ""The trend begins in 1985 when Mark Gruenwald’s Squadron Supreme (Marvel’s thinly veiled version of DC’s Justice League) take over their (parallel) Earth implementing a benign dictatorship to usher in..."".
# ^ Thomas, Roy. Bails, Jerry. The Justice League Companion (2003) pp. 72–73. (Roy Thomas discusses the creation of Squadron Supreme, his Justice League parody.
# ^ "Obituaries of note". St. Petersburg Times (Wire services). September 25, 2003. http://www.sptimes.com/2003/09/25/Worldandnation/Obituaries_of_note.shtml. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
# ^ a b c Daniels (1995), p. 80.
# ^ Siegel, Jerry (w), Shuster, Joe (p,i). "A Scientific Explanation of Superman's Amazing Strength--!" Superman 1 (1) (Summer 1939), National Periodical Publications
# ^ Cabarga, Leslie, Beck, Jerry, Fleischer, Richard (Interviewees). (2006). "First Flight: The Fleischer Superman Series" (supplementary DVD documentary). Superman II (Two-Disc Special Edition) [DVD]. Warner Bros..
# ^ Daniels (1998), p. 133.
# ^ a b Sanderson, Peter (June 1986). "The End of History". Amazing Heroes (96). ISSN 0745-6506.
# ^ Lundegaard, Erik (July 3, 2006). "Sex and the Superman". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13556951/. Retrieved on 2007-01-26. "Even his origin kept changing. Initially Krypton was populated by a race of supermen whose physical structure was millions of years more advanced than our own. Eventually the red sun/yellow sun dynamic was introduced, where Superman's level of power is dependent upon the amount of yellow solar radiation his cells have absorbed."
# ^ Daniels (1998), pp. 106–107.
# ^ Zeno, Eddy (December 25, 2006). "From Back Issue 20: Pro 2 Pro: A Clark Kent Roundtable" (excerpted from "The Clark Kent Roundtable". Back Issue (20). January 2007. ). newsarama.com. published on web by newsarama, in print by TwoMorrow. http://www.newsarama.com/TwoMorrows/BackIssue/20/BackIssue20.html. Retrieved on 2007-01-31.
# ^ a b Eury (2006), p. 119.
# ^ "Superman's LL's [Text page]" Superman (204) (February, 1968), DC Comics
# ^ Daniels (1998), p. 160.
# ^ , DeMatteis, J.M., Kelly, Joe, Loeb, Jeph et al. (w), McGuinness, Ed, Rouleau, Duncan, Medina, Paco (a). Superman: President Lex, NY:DC Comics, July 1, 2003. ISBN 1563899744, ISBN 978-1563899744
# ^ George, Richard (2006-06-22). "Superman's Dirty Dozen". IGN. 2. http://uk.comics.ign.com/articles/713/713953p2.html. Retrieved on 2007-01-11.
# ^ Magnussen, Anne; Hans-Christian Christiansen (2000). Comics & Culture: Analytical and Theoretical Approaches to Comics. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 8772895802. "a metaphor and cultural icon for the 21st century"
# ^ Postmes, Tom; Jolanda Jetten (2006). Individuality and the Group: Advances in Social Identity. Sage Publications. ISBN 1412903211. "American cultural icons (e.g., the American Flag, Superman, the Statue of Liberty)"
# ^ Soanes, C. and Stevenson, A. 2004. Electronic version of The Concise Oxford English Dictionary. Eleventh Edition. England: Oxford University Press.
# ^ Bizarro reference Reference to Bizzaro logic in FCC pleading.
# ^ Eury (2006), p. 116: "since Superman inspired so many different super-heroes".
# ^ Hatfield, Charles (2006) [2005]. Alternative Comics: an emerging literature. University Press of Mississippi. p. 10. ISBN 1578067197. "the various Superman-inspired "costume" comics"
# ^ Daniels (1995), p. 34.
# ^ Lloyd L. Rich. "Protection of Graphic Characters". Publishing Law Center. http://www.publaw.com/graphical.html. Retrieved on 2007-01-16. "the court found that the character Superman was infringed in a competing comic book publication featuring the character Wonderman"
# ^ Daniels (1995), pp. 46–47.
# ^ Singer, Marc (Spring 2002). ""Black Skins" and White Masks: Comic Books and the Secret of Race" (embedded image of first page). African

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# American Review 36 (1): 107–119. doi:10.2307/2903369. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1062-4783(200221)36%3A1%3C107%3A%22SAWMC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J.
# ^ South Carolina PACT Coach, English Language Arts Grade 5. Triumph Learning. 2006. ISBN 1598230778.
# ^ Staff writer. "Superman Struts In Macy Parade". New York Times, November 22, 1940. p.18
# ^ Staff writer (April 13, 1942). "Superman's Dilemma". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,766523,00.html. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
# ^ a b Daniels (1998), p. 50.
# ^ Karl Heitmueller (June 13, 2006). "The 'Superman' Fanboy Dilemma, Part 4: Come On Feel The Toyz" (Flash). MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1534100/20060612/story.jhtml. Retrieved on 2007-01-16. "Warner Bros. has "Superman Returns" licensing deals with Mattel, Pepsi, Burger King, Duracell, Samsung, EA Games and Quaker State Motor Oil, to name a few."
# ^ Lieberman, David (June 21, 2005). "Classics are back in licensed gear". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/money/advertising/2005-06-20-licensing_x.htm. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
# ^ Business Wire (June 16, 2005). Warner Bros. Consumer Products Flies High with DC's Superman at Licensing 2005 International; Franchise Set to Reach New Heights in 2005 Leading Up to Feature Film Release of Superman Returns in June 2006. Press release. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2005_June_16/ai_n13816862. Retrieved on 2007-01-16. "With a super hero that transcends all demographics" ... and ... "S-Shield, which continues to be a fashion symbol and hot trend"
# ^ Jones, Cary M. (Winter 2006). "Smallville and New Media mythmaking; Twenty-first century Superman". Jump Cut (48). http://web.archive.org/web/20070416235131/http://www.ejumpcut.org/currentissue/SmallvilleFans/index.html. Retrieved on 2008-07-04.
# ^ Juddery, Mark (October 2000). "Jacob 'Jack' Liebowitz". The Australian (Mark Juddery). http://www.markjuddery.com/html/tributes/2000_jacob_liebowitz.html. Retrieved on 2007-01-09. "Superman's popularity increased during the war years, spinning off into a comic strip"
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# ^ Daniels (1998), pp. 164–165.
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# ^ Taylor, Paul (September 21, 1994). "Theatre". The Independent (Independent News & Media).
# ^ Eco, Umberto (2004). "The Myth of Superman". in Jeet Heer & Kent Worcester. Arguing Comics. University Press of Mississippi. p. 162. ISBN 1-57806-687-5.
# ^ Clarke, Gerald (December 13, 1971). "The Comics On The Couch". Time (Time Warner): pp. 1–4. ISSN 0040-781X. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842864,00.html. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
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# ^ Daniels (1995), p. 64.
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# ^ Jules Feiffer The Great Comic Book Heroes, (2003). Fantagraphics. ISBN 1-56097-501-6
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# ^ Fingeroth, Danny Superman on the Couch (2004). Continuum International Publishing Group p53. ISBN 0826415393
# ^ a b Engle, Gary "What Makes Superman So Darned American?" reprinted in Popular Culture (1992) Popular Press p331-343. ISBN 0879725729
# ^ Wallace, Daniel; Bryan Singer (2006). The Art of Superman Returns. Chronicle Books. pp. 92. ISBN 0811853446.
# ^ McLaughlin, Jeff "Comics as Philosophy" (2005). Univ of Mississippi Press p92. ISBN 1578067944
# ^ Jenemann, David (2007). Adorno in America. U of Minnesota Press. pp. 180. ISBN 0816648093.
# ^ Miller, John Jackson (June 9, 2005). "CBG Fan Awards Archives". www.cbgxtra.com. Krause Publications. http://www.cbgxtra.com/default.aspx?tabid=42&view=topic&forumid=34&postid=147. Retrieved on 2007-01-29. "CBG Fan Award winners 1982–present"
# ^ "200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons List: The Folks that Have Impacted American Society". Arizona Reporter. October 27, 2003. http://www.azreporter.com/entertainment/television/news/200popicons.shtml. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.  Syndicated reprint of a Newsweek article
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# ^ Joel Hahn (2006). "Will Harvey Award Winners Summary". Comic Book Awards Almanac. Joel Hahn. http://users.rcn.com/aardy/comics/awards/harveysum.shtml. Retrieved on 2007-01-17.
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# ^ Wright, B. W. (2001). "Spider-Man at Ground Zero". Comic Book Nation: The Transformation of Youth Culture in America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University. p. 293. ISBN 0801874505.