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History of the Southern Levant

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Rebekkah
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« on: June 28, 2007, 02:59:37 am »



Tribal areas in the Land of Israel (1759 map, Terra Sancta sive Palζstina)

Paleolithic Period

The Mousterian Neanderthals were the earliest inhabitants of the area known to archaeologists, and have been dated to c. 200,000 BCE. The first anatomically modern humans to live in the area were the Kebarans (conventionally c. 18,000 - 10,500 BCE, but recent paleoanthropological evidence suggests that Kebarans may have arrived as early as 75,000 BCE and shared the region with the Neanderthals for millennia before the latter died out).


Epipalaeolithic Period

They were followed by the Natufian culture (c. 10,500 BCE - 8500 BCE). (This and the other prehistoric cultures are named after archaeological sites, in the absence of any indication of what they called themselves.)--


Neolithic Period 8500–4300 BCE

Yarmukians (c. 8500–4300 BCE). People began agriculture.


Chalcolithic Period 4300–3300 BCE

Ghassulians (carbon dated c. 4300–3300 BCE). People became urbanized and lived in city-states, including Jericho.


Biblical Period


The area's location at the center of routes linking three continents made it the meeting place for religious and cultural influences from Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, and Asia Minor. It was also the natural battleground for the great powers of the region and subject to domination by adjacent empires.


Canaanite Period (Bronze Age) 3300–1200 BCE

The use of the term Canaanite can be confusing. Archaeologists use it to refer to a long period of time (the entire Bronze Age) and a wide geographical region (ranging from modern Israel to the entire Levant). Thus all of the people in this time and place can be called Canaanites. However, Canaanites proper were a smaller ethnic group radiating out of modern day Lebanon, who are mentioned in the Bible and Ancient Egyptian texts, and who are only one among many ethnic groups in this area. Most of these ethnic groups assimilated to the same wider culture and are sometimes difficult to distinguish from each other.


Early Canaanite Period (Early Bronze Age) 3300–2300 BCE

There is cultural continuity within the local Semitic-speaking culture from the previous Chalcolithic Period, but now also intermingling with outside influences. The settlement patterns of this Period are still a matter of "guesswork". Some archaeologists suggest a group from the Arabian Peninsula[1] (who trade with Mesopotamia) settled among the indigenous peoples who had been there since the original Semitic emigration from Africa. Some archaeologists suggest a group from Syria. Other archaeologists suggest the cultural developments are indigenous, and the outside influences result from trade.[1] Of course, with trade routes come at least some immigration.


Middle Canaanite Period (Middle Bronze Age) 2300-1550 BCE
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Rebekkah
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« Reply #1 on: June 28, 2007, 03:01:06 am »

Late Canaanite Period (Late Bronze Age) 1550–1200 BCE
Israel enters History

During the Late Canaanite Period (Late Bronze Age), the Israelites appear in history, mentioned in the Merneptah Stele of Ancient Egypt in the 13th century BCE. Eventually, the twelve tribes of Israel will emerge as a dominant cultural presence during the Israelite Period (Iron Age).

During the Late Canaanite and Early Israelite Periods, the emerging Israelites are part of Canaanite culture in language and customs. They are virtually indistinguishable from their neighbors. Archaeologists have not yet reached a consensus about the precise origins of the Israelites. Some archaeologists regard them as an outgrowth of the Canaanite culture, who were perhaps displaced during the unusually turbulent [2] Late Canaanite Period, living as semi-nomads, until settling the hill areas of Samaria and Judah during the Early Israelite Period.

Alternatively, Israelites are ancient Aramean immigrants from Aram-Naharaim (around the Syro-Turkish area of Mesopotamia). Genetic testing has shown that, throughout the world, modern "Jews [are genetically] more closely related to groups from the north of the Fertile Crescent (Kurds, Turks and Armenians) than to their Arab neighbors." [3] These ancient immigrants from Aram-Naharaim to the Land of Israel lived a semi-nomadic life of commerce and herding with periodic stops for raising crops. [4] They lived on the fringes of the unstable Canaanite society for centuries, acquiring the Canaanite language and material culture, before finally urbanizing across the hill areas of modern Israel around the 13th century.

According to the tradition recorded in the Hebrew Bible's book of Genesis (composed in the 9th/10th centuries BC), the Israelites descended from Abraham who is called a "wandering Aramean", whose family is associated with Aram-Naharaim, including the ancient places there, such as Haran and Teran in Turkey. After Abraham, the Israelites are said to descend through Isaac, born in the land of Israel, and then through their eponymous ancestor Jacob who is also known as Israel. Israel's sons often took Canaanite wives, adopting Canaanite customs. The Bible also describes a time when the Israelites relocated to Egypt, and following the Exodus back from Egypt, a time when they conquered (sometimes exterminating and sometimes absorbing) the ethnic groups there, reclaiming the land God promised them.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Palestine

Israelite Period (Iron Age) 1200–539 BCE

The tribes of Israel emerge as the dominant culture of the Land of Palestine

Judges Period (Iron Age I) 1200–1000 BCE

Palestine urbanizes across the hill area of Judea and Samaria
Successive waves of migration brought other groups onto the scene. Around 1200 BCE the Hittite empire was conquered by allied tribes from the north. The Phoenicians (who are the Canaanites of Lebanon, not the ones conquered by the Israelites) were temporarily displaced, but returned when the invading tribes showed no inclination to settle. The Egyptians called the horde that swept across Asia Minor and the Mediterranean Sea the Sea Peoples. The Philistines (whose traces disappear before the 5th century BCE) are presently considered to have been among them, giving the name Philistia to the region in which they settled.

Monarchy Period (Iron Age II) 1000–586 BCE

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