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ANCIENT ATOMIC KNOWLEDGE?

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Author Topic: ANCIENT ATOMIC KNOWLEDGE?  (Read 10225 times)
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Bianca
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« Reply #120 on: June 24, 2008, 08:14:11 pm »









One of the fields in which Alexandria became famous was medicine. An early medical scientist to study there was Herophilus of Chalcedon (335--280 BC), the founder of the basic science of anatomy, who carried out systematic dissections of the human body, accurately describing the brain, eye, and circulatory, digestive, glandular and genital systems. He also studied the nervous system. His pupil, Erasistratus (302-250 BC), pioneered the science of physiology, or study of the normal function of the bodily organs. Other leaders in medicine were Sallus and Syrabios the Alexandrian, whose career was sparked off when he studied the drugs the Ancient Egyptians had used. Galen was in Alexandria for only eight years (152- 158 AD), but he did some seminal work there and his anatomical studies, though not definitive, remained unchallenged for 13 centuries.

But by Galen's time Alexandria's golden age under Ptolemaic Greek rule was over. In 30 BC Egypt lost its autonomy and was thenceforth ruled from Rome, where the imperial exchequer tended to allocate its funds to military campaigns, not scholarship. These resources became less plentiful as the empire shrank. One of the most significant facts about the Roman empire was that as soon as it reached its zenith, under Trajan and Hadrian between 110 and 130 AD, it began to decline. However, it took a long time to die, and its death throes reverberated around the Mediterranean for the next few centuries.

What was happening, then, to Alexandria, and to its library? The historian Strabo, who came to do research at the Mouseion, left us a description of the city as it was towards the end of the first century BC. He described the view as one sailed into the harbour: of the royal palace, the temples of Serapis, Saturn and Poseidon, the Mouseion, the hippodrome, the brand new Caesareum and Timonium built respectively by Caesar and Antony -- the former fronted by two obelisks Caesar brought from Heliopolis, one of which now stands in London, the other in New York -- the shops and docks and the Pharos towering over them all.

The study of sciences and the Mysteries continued. By now there was not one library, but two. West of the city, on a hill probably inhabited from the Late Kingdom, was a town and a temple dedicated to a pre-classical god, Rhakotis. Under the Ptolemies, who prudently took on the religion of the Egyptians and many of the customs, including the title Pharaoh (though none until the last, Cleopatra VII, troubled to learn the language) Rhakotis became a centre for the new Graeco-Egyptian cult of Serapis. It also grew into a populous suburb, inhabited mostly by native Egyptians.
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Bianca
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« Reply #121 on: June 24, 2008, 08:15:23 pm »








At Rhakotis, Ptolemy III Evergetes I built a temple to Serapis, the Serapeum, and in catacombs beneath he installed a library, smaller than the Great Library in the Brucheum, but no less important. This was probably used as an overspill from the Mouseion, and it was here that the 200,000 volumes from the Pergamum library were kept after Mark Antony presented them to the scholarly Cleopatra.

If we look at the political map of Europe, Asia Minor and North Africa in the first centuries of the Christian era, we can see that the Roman Empire had pushed its borders beyond what its central administration could feasibly govern. Insurrections were springing up all over the empire, and belligerent neighbours were constantly trying to encroach on or pillage its territories.

Egypt, as throughout its history, had no shortage of political and religious activists. The list of insurrections makes Palestine and Northern Ireland look like peace havens. During the Jewish revolt, the worst of the Jewish insurrections, which began in 115 AD and went on for three years, the Serapeum was sacked and the contents of its library destroyed. The temple complex was rebuilt, but these manuscripts, at least, were gone.

They were not the only books to be lost. In 48 BC Caesar, partly to aid his paramour, the 20-year-old Queen Cleopatra, but mostly because of his power struggle with Pompey, torched the fleet of her husband and younger brother Ptolemy XIII who, backed by Pompey, was determined to oust her.

Unfortunately the young Pharaoh's fleet was not the only victim of the fire. The sea wind fanned the flames, and a consignment of books on the docks bound for the library -- which library is not clear -- was consumed.

Plutarch, who was not born until 90 years after this event, claims the fire also destroyed the royal palace and the Mouseion, and this tale is repeated in the fifth century by the Christian apologist Paulus Orosius. As we have seen, however, Strabo, who was in Alexandria only a few decades after the fire, described what was far from a ruin. The complex may have been rebuilt in the intervening years, but Plutarch does not reveal his sources, nor does he mention how flames can rip through marble buildings. One has only to visit the numerous mediaeval towns in continental Europe and compare them with Britain, where hardly any complete mediaeval streets survive, to see the advantage of building in brick and stone rather then in timber as the British did.
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« Reply #122 on: June 24, 2008, 08:17:48 pm »

We know, then, or have fairly reliable evidence, that Caesar accidentally set fire to a stock of books in the harbour and that the library at the Serapeum was probably destroyed in the Jewish Revolt about 170 years later. We know, too, that in the intervening years and in the centuries to come there were many more civil disturbances. The city was pillaged and its inhabitants forcefully defeated when Rome annexed Egypt in 30 BC, and uprisings by the inhabitants did not stop there. As Christianity took a foothold in Egypt there were waves of terrible violence, with official persecution of the Christians under orders from Rome, especially under the Emperors Maximinus and Diocletian, giving way to the destruction of the temples by mobs of Christian monks. In 391, incited by the patriarch Theophilus, angry monks dismantled the second Serapeum stone by stone and probably set fire to it, almost certainly destroying the replenished library in the process. After that, travellers reported seeing only empty shelves in the Serapeum.

Two martyrs stand out: St Catherine, supposedly put to death on a wheel by Maximinus in about 320, and Hypatia, seized from her chariot and torn to shreds by a rabble of frenzied Christians in 415. Hypatia, an astronomer and mathmetician, was the daughter of Theon, the last director of the Great Library. With these events the Mysteries gave way to Christian theology, and the doors closed on the Mouseion.

So, was that the end of it all? There is still a further chapter to refute. In the middle ages another fire legend sprung up, but this one contains as much propaganda as Shakespeare's pro-Tudor historical plays. Nevertheless, like Shakespeare, it has endured, despite being debunked as far back as the early 1800s. This episode concerned an order alleged to have been given in 641 to Amr Ibn Al-As by the Caliph Omar to the effect that, after invading Egypt, he was to destroy any written material he found that did not agree with the Qur'an. Whether or not his troops used biblical texts as fire- lighters to annoy the Egyptians we shall never know, but the story of a bonfire has long been exposed as a political fabrication invented 500 years later.

Even if there was no fire in the Great Library, that does not mean to say that books were not destroyed. Certainly iconoclastic Jews and Christians burned pagan books, and probably Arabs burned Christian books, and vice-versa. But in all this, there is one central point. We must look at the manuscripts themselves. In the early days, these were of papyrus, as were most of the documents produced in ancient and classical Egypt. But later on fine skin parchment, or vellum, came into use. Most of the volumes in the Pergamum library were of parchment, since Egypt had stopped exporting papyrus to prevent the Seleucids from making books. In Roman times, scrolls were replaced by codices, which were in book form.
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« Reply #123 on: June 24, 2008, 08:19:11 pm »






Let us now take the first known fire, Caesar's accidental immolation of the harbour. Had the fire indeed spread to the Great Library, the volumes held there would by then have been up to 300 years old. The Ptolemies, though, would have paid to have them copied, and these copies might have been in good condition. However, we don't have any proof that the fire spread that far. When we look at the next fire, at the Serapeum in 115 AD, the books in the libraries, which were now funded by public money, are beginning to look a bit tatty. By 391 they have been handled so much they are probably in shreds. The Mouseion is now only a shadow of its former self. While teachers are still paid by their students, there are no salaries for clerks: little is probably being written, and even less copied. Not only that, but law and order has long since broken down. There is no money to pay soldiers to patrol the streets, let alone guard the library. The papyrus scrolls have lost their cases, the parchment has dried and cracked. Books are stolen, borrowed or lost.

Not so long ago a German archaeologist examining a mummy cartonnage found a letter signed by Cleopatra VII herself squidged into the papyrus maché. It is not hard to see what happened to the original plays of Aeschylus and Euripides. Even had they survived the 900 years until Amr Ibn Al-As arrived, they would have been small piles of dust, not even fit for spills.

The Romans considered the Vandals their main threat in the West, and the Persians their main threat in Asia Minor. They paid little attention to Egypt, which they used as a bread basket, helping themselves to its grain and other produce but giving next to nothing in return. The last Roman Emperor of Egypt, Heraclius, was not a bad leader, but he was a military man and in poor health: he needed to expend all his effort in consolidating his campaign against Persia. He failed to protect Egypt. In 619 the Persians invaded, sacked Alexandria, massacred or abducted thousands of the inhabitants and razed half the city. The trail of destruction they left along the coast across North Africa was still visible when the Arabs arrived 20 years later.

In all this, was there any time left for books?



http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2001/540/feature.htm



http://www.peter-thomson.co.uk/anomalies/ancientwriting.html
« Last Edit: June 24, 2008, 08:26:47 pm by Bianca » Report Spam   Logged

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« Reply #124 on: June 24, 2008, 08:23:39 pm »







Speculation



Development of science in our society has been hindered by beliefs in magic, astrology, alchemy, religion and the scientific establishment. The key developments have been made by a few individuals prepared to accept the evidence of their own senses, and to devise experiments to explore further, and a willingness to create new hypotheses and discard any that do not match the evidence. There is no reason why small groups of individuals working to explore how the world works, could not have achieved much of todays macro science in a period of 1000 years. There are many aspects of todays science that they may not have investigated, such as our computers and electronic systems. We do not need to give them any superhuman characteristics ar achievements.
They may also have developed their own religious belief systems. They need not have been any better or any worse than any of ours today.

Science may have developed in a very small group of people living in a small geographical area. They may have had no interest in teaching the scattered stone age tribes of the rest of the world.

After their holocaust, the people who understood the science may have been destroyed. What was passed on was a few artefacts, and a verbal history of their race with an injunction to preserve the history as carefully as possible.

This knowledge, a little of which could be understood and a few artefacts, gave great power and religious significance to those who held it and passed it on. It was passed on because it gave such power. It became the esoteric knowledge of secret societies, garbled and missunderstood.

The secrecy made the knowledge vunerable to destruction as stronger fighting forces sacked the ancient cities.

With the passing of time artefacts would stop working and fusion power sources would fail. A mercury fusion engine is described as being used to frighten elephants with its noise!

Many documents may have survived as far as the great library of Egypt. Solon certainly indicated this was true. He may not have been able to read scientific texts, but maps would be understood, and mathematical texts could also probably be understood.

Many of our myths and legends may be the garbled history of a brief civilisation that flowered in the Dryas period before destroying itself.



This information is copyright Peter Thomson 2001-2004


http://www.peter-thomson.co.uk/anomalies/ancientwriting.html
« Last Edit: June 24, 2008, 08:27:32 pm by Bianca » Report Spam   Logged

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« Reply #125 on: October 07, 2008, 07:24:28 pm »










                               Ancient Nuclear Blasts and Levitating Stones of Shivapur






August 30, 2004

The great ancient Indian epic, the Mahabharata, contains numerous legends about the powerful force of a mysterious weapon

The archaeological expedition, which carried out excavations near the Indian settlement of Mohenjo-Daro in the beginning of the 1900s, uncovered the ruins of a big ancient town. The town belonged to one of the most developed civilizations in the world. The ancient civilization existed for two or three thousand years. However, scientists were a lot more interested in the death of the town, rather than in its prosperity.

Researchers tried to explain the reason of the town's destruction with various theories. However, scientists did not find any indications of a monstrous flood, skeletons were not numerous, there were no fragments of weapons, or anything else that could testify either to a natural disaster or a war. Archaeologists were perplexed: according to their analysis the catastrophe in the town had occurred very unexpectedly and it did hot last long.

Scientists Davneport and Vincenti put forward an amazing theory. They stated the ancient town had been ruined with a nuclear blast. They found big stratums of clay and green glass. Apparently, archaeologists supposed, high temperature melted clay and sand and they hardened immediately afterwards. Similar stratums of green glass can also found in Nevada deserts after every nuclear explosion.

A hundred years have passed since the excavations in Mohenjo-Daro. The modern analysis showed, the fragments of the ancient town had been melted with extremely high temperature - not less than 1,500 degrees centigrade. Researchers also found the strictly outlined epicenter, where all houses were leveled. Destructions lessened towards the outskirts. Dozens of skeletons were found in the area of Mohenjo-Daro - their radioactivity exceeded the norm almost 50 times.

The great ancient Indian epic, the Mahabharata, contains numerous legends about the powerful force of a mysterious weapon. One of the chapters tells of a shell, which sparkled like fire, but had no smoke. "When the shell hit the ground, the darkness covered the sky, twisters and storms leveled the towns. A horrible blast burnt thousands of animals and people to ashes. Peasants, townspeople and warriors dived in the river to wash away the poisonous dust."

Astounding mysteries of India's ancient times can be found in the town of Shivapur. There are two enigmatic stones resting opposite the local shrine. One of them weighs 55 kilograms, the other one is 41 kilograms. If eleven men touch the bigger stone, and nine men touch the smaller stone, if they all chant the magic phrase, which is carved on one of the walls of the shrine, the two stones will raise two meters up in the air and will hang there for two seconds, as if there is no gravitation at all. A lot of European and Asian scientists and researchers have studied the phenomenon of levitating stones of Shivapur.

Modern people divide the day into 24 hours, the hour - into 60 minutes, the minute - into 60 seconds. Ancient Hindus divided the day in 60 periods, lasting 24 minutes each, and so on and so forth. The shortest time period of ancient Hindus made up one-three-hundred-millionth of a second.




Alexander Pechersky


http://english.pravda.ru/science/19/94/377/13920_stones.html
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« Reply #126 on: June 18, 2009, 04:54:54 pm »


« Last Edit: June 18, 2009, 04:59:42 pm by Bianca » Report Spam   Logged

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« Reply #127 on: June 18, 2009, 05:14:09 pm »










                                                    Ancient Nuclear War?






by Manuel Sancho

Ancient Nuclear War?

There is evidence that the Rama empire (now India) was devastated by nuclear war.

The Indus valley is now the Thar desert, and the site of the radioactive ash found west of Jodhpur is around there.

Consider these verses from the ancient (6500 BC at the latest) Mahabharata:



"...a single projectile Charged with all the power of the Universe.

An incandescent column of smoke and flame

As bright as the thousand suns Rose in all its splendour...

a perpendicular explosion with its billowing smoke clouds...

...the cloud of smoke rising after its first explosion formed into expanding round circles like the opening of giant parasols...

..it was an unknown weapon, An iron thunderbolt, A gigantic messenger of death, Which reduced to ashes The entire race of the Vrishnis and the Andhakas.

...The corpses were so burned As to be unrecognisable. The hair and nails fell out; Pottery broke without apparent cause, And the birds turned white. After a few hours All foodstuffs were infected...

...to escape from this fire The soldiers threw themselves in streams To wash themselves and their equipment."



Until the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, modern mankind could not imagine any weapon as horrible and devastating as those described in the ancient Indian texts. Yet they very accurately described the effects of an atomic explosion. Radioactive poisoning will make hair and nails fall out. Immersing oneself in water gives some respite, though it is not a cure.

When excavations of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro reached the street level, they discovered skeletons scattered about the cities, many holding hands and sprawling in the streets as if some instant, horrible doom had taken place. People were just lying, unburied, in the streets of the city. And these skeletons are thousands of years old, even by traditional archaeological standards.

These skeletons are among the most radioactive ever found, on par with those at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. At one site, Soviet scholars found a skeleton which had a radioactive level 50 times greater than normal.

Other cities have been found in northern India that show indications of explosions of great magnitude. One such city, found between the Ganges and the mountains of Rajmahal, seems to have been subjected to intense heat. Huge masses of walls and foundations of the ancient city are fused together, literally vitrified!

And since there is no indication of a volcanic eruption at Mohenjo-Daro or at the other cities, the intense heat to melt clay vessels can only be explained by an atomic blast or some other unknown weapon. The cities were wiped out entirely.

While the skeletons have been carbon-dated to 2500 BC, we must keep in mind that carbon-dating involves measuring the amount of radiation left. When atomic explosions are involved, that makes then seem much younger.

Manhattan Project chief scientist Dr J. Robert Oppenheimer was known to be familiar with ancient Sanskrit literature. In an interview conducted after he watched the first atomic test, he quoted from the Bhagavad Gita:



"'Now I am become Death, the Destroyer of Worlds.' I suppose we all felt that way."



When asked in an interview at Rochester University seven years after the Alamogordo nuclear test whether that was the first atomic bomb ever to be detonated, his reply was,

"Well, yes, in modern history."

Ancient cities whose brick and stonewalls have literally been vitrified, that is, fused together, can be found in India, Ireland, Scotland, France, Turkey and other places. There is no logical explanation for the vitrification of stone forts and cities, except from an atomic blast.

Another curious sign of an ancient nuclear war in India is a giant crater near Bombay. The nearly circular 2,154-metre-diameter Lonar crater, located 400 kilometres northeast of Bombay and aged at less than 50,000 years old, could be related to nuclear warfare of antiquity. No trace of any meteoric material, etc., has been found at the site or in the vicinity, and this is the world's only known "impact" crater in basalt. Indications of great shock (from a pressure exceeding 600,000 atmospheres) and intense, abrupt heat (indicated by basalt glass spherules) can be ascertained from the site.

The destruction of the Biblical cities Sodom and Gomorrah (a dense column of smoke rose rapidly, a cloud rained burning sulfur, the surrounding soil was turned into sulfur and salt so that not even a blade of grass could grow there, and anyone in the vicinity turned to salt) sounds like a nuclear blast. If the pillars of salt at the end of the Dead Sea (which are still there today) were ordinary salt, they would have disappeared with the periodic rains. Instead, these pillars are of a special, harder salt, only created in a nuclear reaction such as an atomic explosion.

Let's also look at Deuteronomy 32:32-33: "Their vine grows from the vine of Sodom, from the vineyards of Gomorrah. Their grapes are poison, and their clusters are bitter. Their wine is the venom of snakes, the deadly poison of vipers." Radioactive plants are known to be dangerous to eat.

Other cities have been similarly destroyed: Admah and Zeboiim (Deuteronomy 29:23), Edom and Teman (Jeremiah:49:7-22), and Moab and Amman (Zephanian 2:9).

(Why are these cities always destroyed in pairs?)

In each account, there are references to Sodom and Gomorrah. We now know what happened to Babylon: "Babylon, the most glorious of kingdoms, the flower of Chaldean culture, will be devastated like Sodom and Gomorrah when God destroyed them. Babylon will never rise again. Generation after generation will come and go, but the land will never again be lived in. Nomads will refuse to camp there, and shepherds will not allow their sheep to stay overnight." --Isaiah, 13:19-20.

The flood was the ending of the Ice Age, which meant the end of Atlantis.

But there is a direct correlation between areas 4,920 feet or higher above sea level and centers of agriculture. Apparently the tsunamis didn't get any higher than that.

Since there are very high mountains in the Rama Empire, it lasted until it was destroyed in nuclear war a thousand years after the "sinking" of Atlantis, so that would be 8600 BC.

Since Babylon was destroyed in nuclear war, it must be a lot older than we think.

The skeletons must appear younger to archaeologists, just like those in Mohenjo-Daro. 



http://www.zenzibar.com/news/article.asp?id=1768
« Last Edit: June 18, 2009, 05:15:07 pm by Bianca » Report Spam   Logged

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« Reply #128 on: September 04, 2010, 04:25:10 pm »

"... if one must believe Poseidonius, the ancient dogma about atoms originated with Mochus, a Sidonian, born before the Trojan times. However, let us dismiss things ancient." -- Strabo, geographer, 7

"At least those atoms whence derives their power
To throw forth fire and send out light from under
To shoot the sparks and scatter embers wide."
-- T. Lucretius Carus, philosopher poet, 54 B.C.
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