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St. Catherines Island, Ga. - New Bead Cache Reflects Spanish Empire's Might

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Bianca
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« on: April 11, 2009, 05:59:40 pm »




             








                                       New Bead Cache Reflects Spanish Empire's Might   






April 10, 2009
THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC

--A cache of 70,000 beads from all over the 17th-century world have been unearthed from Saint Catherines Island, Georgia, a stop along a Spanish trade route between China and the Philippine capital of Manila.

The beads reflect a startling array of shapes, colors, sizes, and materials, hinting at the wide reach of the Spanish Empire in the 17th century, archaeologists report. So far, researchers with an ongoing project funded by the American Museum of Natural History have found roughly 130 different types of beads, some of which include as many as 20,000 samples.

"We also have found perhaps the first evidence of Spanish beadmaking, along with beads from the main centers of Italy, France, and the Netherlands," Lorann Pendleton, director of the museum's archaeology laboratory, said in a statement.

The beads above include a Chinese wound bead in green (top row, middle), a Spanish cross of manganese black glass with waves and dots (bottom right), a potentially French blown-glass bead with greenish-yellow dots (upper right), and a cut crystal specimen thought to be Spanish because of its inferior quality compared with the standard Venetian or French crystal beads of the period (top row, second from left).



—Photograph courtesy
American Museum of Natural History 
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Bianca
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« Reply #1 on: April 11, 2009, 06:01:03 pm »




             








The American Museum of Natural History's ongoing dig has focused on the island's mission of Santa Catalina de Guale, inhabited by Franciscan missionaries for much of the 17th century.

Excavating the church's cemetery has yielded most of the more than 70,000 beads found so far. Beaded items were placed in graves to accompany the dead in the early part of the mission's existence. Almost half the beads were found alongside a few individuals, some very young, buried near the church's altar.

"Saint Catherines was a frontier mission, but it also was a bread basket for the east-coast Spanish Empire," the museum's Lorann Pendleton said in a statement. "The missionaries at Saint Augustine [in what is now Florida] were always starving--you can read this in the letters written at the time--because that area was too humid and hot for corn to grow easily. Saint Catherines was able to trade corn for beads."




—Photograph courtesy
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« Reply #2 on: April 11, 2009, 06:02:55 pm »



             








Most of the beads found while excavating the 17th-century Spanish mission of Saint Catherines have been Venetian in origin, such as the cobalt seed bead (top row, left), of which 20,905 more were discovered.

But some more unique specimens have been unearthed, like the watermelon-shaped blue-green bead from China (top row, second from left), the gilded oval glass bead from Spain (top middle), or the five-layer chevron compound bead from the Netherlands (bottom row, left).

All in all, beads of apparent Chinese, Bohemian, Indian, and Baltic origin have been found on the island off the Georgia coast.



—Photograph courtesy
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« Reply #3 on: April 11, 2009, 06:05:05 pm »

 

THE COAST OF GEORGIA, U.S.A.
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« Reply #4 on: April 11, 2009, 06:06:20 pm »












                                                SANTA CATALINA DE GUALE






                                                      Santa Catalina de Guale






Santa Catalina de Guale (1602-1702) was a Spanish Franciscan mission and town in Spanish Florida.

Part of Spain's effort to convert the Native Americans to Catholicism, Santa Catalina served as the provincial headquarters of the Guale mission province. It also served various non-religious functions, such as providing food and labor for the colonial capital of St. Augustine. The mission was located on St. Catherines Island from 1602 to 1680, then on Sapelo Island from 1680 to 1684, and finally on Amelia Island from 1684 to 1702.






History



The mission Santa Catalina de Guale was founded in 1602 on St. Catherines Island, one of the Sea Islands of the present-day U.S. state of Georgia. It was probably associated with a Guale village known today as the archaeological site "Wamassee Head", on St. Catherines Island.

During the 17th century the Guale people experienced a dramatic population loss, mainly due to epidemic diseases. This resulted in the consolidation of mission settlements. By 1675 the Guale mission village of San Diego de Satuache was incorporated with Santa Catalina de Guale. Likewise the mission villages of Santa Clara de Tupiqui and San Joseph de Sapala were merged.

After two major slave raiding attacks in 1680, the Santa Catalina de Guale mission was moved south to Sapelo Island. The attacking force consisted of about 300 Westo Indians who had been armed, supplied, and encouraged to attack Spanish missions by English colonial authorities in South Carolina. Santa Catalina de Guale was the first to fall. Its defenses included a recently built stone fort, 6 Spanish soldiers, and about 40 Christian Indians. Other missions in the region quickly fell to the slave raiders.

Relocated to Sapelo Island, the four original mission villages of Tupiqui, Sapala, Satuache, and Santa Catalina were merged in one. Thus the old intervillage hierarchical political system of the Guale chiefdom was lost, although the chiefly lineages associated with each village were retained. As a result, the Santa Catalina de Guale population contained many titular leaders lacking actual roles as village headmen.

In 1683 the French pirate Michel de Grammont raided Spanish Florida settlements, including St. Augustine and the Mocama mission province, forcing further southward migrations. In 1684 the Santa Catalina de Guale mission was moved to Amelia Island in present-day Florida. The appearance of other pirates in 1684 prevented the nearby missions of Santo Domingo de Asao and San Buenaventura de Guadalquini from moving south. Both were burned. Their inhabitants fled to the mainland.

By 1685 the Guale peoples had either fled inland, joining unconverted groups such as the Yamasee, or had relocated to Amelia Island's three settlement of Santa Catalina de Guale, San Felipe, and Santa Clara de Tupiqui.

In 1702 the English colonial governor of South Carolina, James Moore, launched an invasion of Spanish Florida. In the process the settlements on Amelia Island, including Santa Catalina de Guale, were destroyed. The surviving inhabitants who remained under the Spanish mission system moved to the vicinity of St. Augustine.






See also


Spanish missions in Florida
Spanish missions in Georgia





References


Milanich, Jerald T. (2000). "The Timucua Indians of Northern Florida and Southern Georgia". in Bonnie G. McEwan (ed.). Indians of the Greater Southeast: Historical Archaeology and Ethnohistory. University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1778-5. 

Oatis, Steven J. (2004). A Colonial Complex: South Carolina's Frontiers in the Era of the Yamasee War, 1680-1730. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-3575-5. 




Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Catalina_de_Guale"



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| Georgia (U.S. state) missions
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