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Peking Man Lived 200,000 Years Earlier Than Thought
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Topic: Peking Man Lived 200,000 Years Earlier Than Thought (Read 191 times)
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Bianca
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Peking Man Lived 200,000 Years Earlier Than Thought
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March 12, 2009, 03:59:00 pm »
The early human species Homo erectus (represented here by a skull found on the Indonesian island of Java) may have existed in its Peking man form in China 200,000 years earlier than previously thought, a March 2009 study says.
Photograph copyright
Russell L. Ciochon
/University of Iowa via Nature
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Last Edit: March 12, 2009, 04:12:36 pm by Bianca
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Bianca
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Peking Man Lived 200,000 Years Earlier Than Thought
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March 12, 2009, 04:03:59 pm »
Peking Man Lived 200,000 Years Earlier Than Thought
Brian Handwerk
for National Geographic News
March 12, 2009
Peking man—the group of early humans whose 1920s discovery gave a big boost to the theory of evolution—lived hundreds of thousands of years earlier than previously believed, a new study says.
Some researchers believe the discovery hints at two separate migrations of Homo erectus (of which Peking man is a subspecies) out of Africa: one into northeastern China and another into Southeast Asia.
The new dates would also place Peking man in a more hospitable, cooler time period in China's Zhoukoudian region, which today is the world's foremost source of Homo erectus fossils.
Obtained by measuring the decay of isotopes in buried quartz grains, the data suggest Peking man lived at Zhoukoudian about 750,000 years ago—200,000 years earlier than prior estimates, according to the study, led by Guanjun Shen of China's Nanjing Normal University.
(Related: "Ancestral Human Skull Found in China.")
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Bianca
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Re: Peking Man Lived 200,000 Years Earlier Than Thought
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March 12, 2009, 04:15:33 pm »
Fork in the Road
The findings could redraw the map of Homo erectus's journey out of Africa, suggests anthropologist Russell Ciochon, of the University of Iowa, who published an accompanying analysis of the study (both papers appear in today's issue of the journal Nature).
Based on the new research, Peking man likely inhabited China at roughly the same time as other Homo erectus groups, Ciochon said.
Ciochon hypothesizes that a prolonged mass migration of Homo erectus from Africa, which began about two million years ago, eventually came to something like a fork in the road.
Reaching southern China, the early humans would have come upon a subtropical forest, which would have proved uninviting to Homo erectus, who were accustomed to savanna and open woodlands, Ciochon suggests.
One group probably turned southeast and settled in Southeast Asia, he said.
A second group likely turned northeast and moved into what is now China. Part of the group settled the Zhoukoudian region and eventually evolved into the Peking man subspecies, Homo erectus pekinensis.
The Peking man subspecies is believed to have walked fully upright, used sophisticated stone tools, and sported a brain three-fourths the size of a modern human's.
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Bianca
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Re: Peking Man Lived 200,000 Years Earlier Than Thought
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March 12, 2009, 04:22:10 pm »
They Came for the Game?
In northeastern China during the newly suggested time period, Homo erectus would have likely found a food-rich region similar to the landscapes the species had been accustomed to.
Before Homo erectus' arrival in the Zhoukoudian region, "we think the climate got cooler and drier and maybe moved more toward grasslands, which would attract more game and, in turn, human hunters," Ciochon said.
"And there is every reason to believe that Peking man was eating meat." Telltale animal bones have been found at Peking man sites, for example.
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Bianca
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Re: Peking Man Lived 200,000 Years Earlier Than Thought
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March 12, 2009, 04:23:31 pm »
Mystery Solved?
New York University paleoanthropologist Susan Antón said she doesn't believe the new data provide evidence for two migrations into Asia.
"It's certainly possible that there were two migrations—or six or nine," said Antón, who was not involved in the new study.
"But in order to talk about that, you would really need to have some evidence along the routes of those pathways and also some sort of anchor point in Africa" that ties both migrations to a single origination region, she said.
Antón did suggest that, by shifting Peking man to the same, earlier time frame as fellow Homo erectus subspecies, the study helps solve a longstanding scientific mystery.
"It was always a bit puzzling as to why you'd have them persisting until relatively late in continental Asia," she said, "when you didn't really see them persisting, for example, in Africa."
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Bianca
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Re: Peking Man Lived 200,000 Years Earlier Than Thought
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March 13, 2009, 07:25:45 am »
Darryl Granger, a Purdue professor of earth and atmospheric sciences, stands with the accelerator mass spectrometer used in a study that determined the age of "Peking Man" was around 200,000 years older than previously thought.
Purdue is the only university in the nation with an accelerator mass spectrometer powerful enough to perform the type of testing used in this study.
(Credit:
Purdue News Service photo/
Andrew Hancock)
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Re: Peking Man Lived 200,000 Years Earlier Than Thought
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March 13, 2009, 07:30:11 am »
'Peking Man' Older Than Thought; Somehow Adapted To Cold
ScienceDaily
(Mar. 12, 2009)
— A new dating method has found that "Peking Man" is around 200,000 years older than previously thought, suggesting he somehow adapted to the cold of a mild glacial period.
A dating method developed by a Purdue University researcher allowed a more accurate determination of the age of the Zhoukoudian, China, site of remains of Homo erectus, commonly known as "Peking Man." The site was found to be 680,000-780,000 years old. Earlier estimates put the age at 230,000-500,000 years old.
Darryl Granger, the Purdue professor of earth and atmospheric sciences who developed the dating method, co-led the study with Guanjun Shen of China's Nanjing Normal University. They analyzed four stone tools and six sediment samples from the site.
"This was the first dating of this kind to be used in an early hominid site in China," Granger said. "Many of the existing data methods rely on the availability of volcanic rock, which the Zhoukoudian site does not have. This method provides a new tool to provide insight into places where dating was previously limited."
Susan C. Antón, associate professor in the Center for the Study of Human Origins at New York University said this discovery indicates "Peking Man" was somehow behaviorally able to cope with the cold environment.
"There is evidence that Homo erectus had physically adapted to the cold, but they probably also had to be doing something in terms of behavior to handle the cold of a glacial period in northern China," she said. "There isn't good evidence of fire or any kind of skins or clothing, but evidence of such things doesn't last long and wouldn't be recorded particularly well in the archeological record. It doesn't mean they didn't have them, but we don't have a definitive answer."
Homo erectus is considered to be the ancestor species to humans and the first species that left Africa and moved into Asia. The "Peking Man" site, discovered in the late 1920s, was among the first found for Homo erectus and shaped the thoughts on the age and behavior of the species, Antón said.
Granger used aluminum-26 and beryllium-10 radioisotopic dating, which is based on radioactive decay in the mineral quartz. As cosmic rays penetrate into rocks at the Earth's surface, chemical reactions produce these isotopes of aluminum and beryllium. If the rocks are then buried, the isotopes are no longer produced and those existing begin to decay. The rate of decay can tell researchers when the rocks were deposited in a site, he said.
Granger developed the method in 1997 and first used it for geomorphology work in caves in Virginia, but he recognized it could be used at hominid sites important to understanding human evolution. A colleague in China contacted Granger and asked him to examine the Zhoukoudian site.
The Purdue Rare Isotope Measurement Laboratory, which is funded by the National Science Foundation, is one of only two laboratories in the nation with equipment capable of performing this kind of dating. The facility contains an accelerator mass spectrometer that can perform ultra-sensitive analyses to measure low levels of trace elements in a sample.
Uranium-based methods of dating had been used at the site, but it appears the results had underestimated the ages, probably due to uranium dissolved in groundwater, Granger said.
Co-authors of the paper include Guanjun Shen and Bin Gao of the College of Geographical Sciences at Nanjing Normal University and Xing Gao of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology at the Academia Sinaca in Beijing.
The research team had difficulties in separating quartz from the sediment samples, and Shen and Gao got their entire department in on the work, Granger said. The sediment contained about 1 percent quartz, and the dating method requires pure white quartz.
"They ended up hand separating these bits of quartz the size of grains of sand," he said. "It took about eight hours to separate 2 grams of the pure white quartz needed, and each sample required 40 to 60 grams. Luckily the stone tools we analyzed were made only of white quartz."
Granger and Shen next plan to work on other poorly dated hominid sites in China.
This project was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Wenner-Gren Foundation. The Zhoukoudian Site Museum provided the stone tools used.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Journal reference:
Guanjun Shen, Xing Gao, Bin Gao & Darryl E. Granger. Age of Zhoukoudian Homo erectus Determined with Al/Be Burial Dating. Nature, March 12, 2009
Adapted from materials provided by Purdue University.
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MLA Purdue University (2009, March 12). 'Peking Man' Older Than Thought; Somehow Adapted To Cold. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 13, 2009, from
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