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THE PALERMO STONE: Egypt's First History Book

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Bianca
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« on: February 26, 2009, 09:04:40 am »










The Palermo Stone
The orbital period of Mars (its synodic period), as seen from Earth, was probably about one and a half years to two years. This implies a considerably different orbit for Mars that today, although even today Earth passes by Mars every two years. But in the period directly after 3114 BC, Earth was on considerably smaller orbit, and Mars on a larger orbit extending to the region of the asteroid belts. [note 9]

Since Mars is about twice the diameter of the Moon, to appear the same size as the full Moon, Mars would have to approach within 500,000 miles of the Earth -- 250,000 miles beyond the Moon. To appear as one half the size as the full Moon, Mars would have to approach only to within 1,000,000 miles of the Earth. Mars would show as a red disk in the south sky at night. After Earth passed Mars, Mars would have disappeared from view for most of the next two years. A similar display would have happened when Mars periodically approached closer to the Earth's orbit and sat on his mountain seat.


 
                                              T H E   P A L E R M O   S T O N E







The Palermo Stone records the yearly appearances and visits of Mars. The Palermo Stone is a carved basalt block from the Fifth Dynasty (ca 2550 BC) of the Old Kingdom, unfortunately shattered and badly worn, and reduced to seven small fragments. The Palermo Stone records the Gods, the "Followers of Horus," and the pharaohs of the first five dynasties, in that order. For each of the pharaohs there is a catalog of years, with each year named after an important event, for example, "The Year of the Cattle Count."

There are some six distinct events which are recorded repeatedly on the fragments we have -- plus military excursions into the region adjacent to the delta, the acquisition of desirable materials like honey or lumber, the building of ships, plans for new temples, and other mundane activities. The frequently recorded events (for which years are named) are..



"The Appearance of the King of Upper Egypt"

"The Appearance of the King of Lower Egypt"

"The Followers of Horus"

"Union of the Two Lands" followed by

"The Circumambulation of the Wall"

"The Counting of Cattle"

The "Counting of Cattle" at later dates is often recorded as "The 'nth' Counting of Cattle." The height of the Nile at flood time was also recorded for each year.



The year-names listed above should actually be translated somewhat differently, for archaeologists have rendered the original phrasing into terms more familiar to us. "The Appearance of the King of Upper Egypt" should read as "The Appearance of the King of the Upper Land" or even as "The Appearance of the Power of the Upper Land." The Egyptians called their country "The Land;" the Greeks called it "Egypt."

The "appearances" of the King of the Upper Land or the Lower Land happen regularly every two years, although not always at exactly two year intervals. At times we read of both events happening in the same year. Interspersed at two year intervals is the year-name "The Followers of Horus."

What exactly are these events? Archaeologists have suggested that the "appearances" were visitations of the pharaoh to the delta (Lower Egypt) and up-river (Upper Egypt), perhaps as celebrations or as gift giving opportunities. That is, "appearances" were made by the pharaoh to the two separate sections of the country. The pharaoh otherwise resided at Memphis, the city at the apex of the delta, and thus exactly between Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. Memphis had been founded by the first king of the First Dynasty. Memphis controlled traffic between Lower and Upper Egypt, and in effect constituted the 'unification' of Egypt.

Similarly the "Union of the Two Lands" was thought to be a celebration of peace (after another rebellion had been squashed), done with a walk (some original texts are translated to "race") around the outer walls of Memphis. Memphis had massive walls in antiquity to keep the Nile from flooding the city. Memphis was known as "White Walls."

The "Union of the Two Lands" with the "Circumambulation of the Wall" is always shown as the first year-label for a pharaoh. It might be suggested that the "circumambulation" is the Sed festival. It might also be suggested (and I suspect this) that the pharaoh was replaced when Mars again showed up near Earth.
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