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Medeivaltext

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Amirah Koniztera
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« on: February 10, 2009, 11:53:10 pm »

Jerusalem has been a special city for three religions- Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. For Jews, it was the city where King David ruled and where the great Temple had stood. For Christians, it was the city where Jesus had lived, preached, and been crucified. For followers of Islam (Muslims) it was where their leader, Mohammed, ascended into heaven for his "night flights with Allah". The city was full of people from all three religions who lived there in peace. Visitors came by the thousands from all over the western world to visit the holy places in Jerusalem.
    Suddenly, in 1071 AD, a group of Muslims ,called Seljuk Turks, stopped allowing Christian visitors to come into Jerusalem at all .


Many Christians complained to the church in Rome.
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Amirah Koniztera
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« Reply #1 on: February 10, 2009, 11:53:58 pm »


Twenty four years later, on November 27, 1095, Pope Urban II spoke to a Christian audience in Clermont, France urging his listeners to free the Holy Land (Jerusalem, Israel, and the areas around them) from the Muslim Turks. His words were strong and powerful : " Jerusalem is now held captive by the enemies of Christ, those who do not know God, the heathen (non Christians). Jerusalem wants to be free and begs you to come help! Who will take up this work, who will right these wrongs, who will recover this territory, if you won't ?"
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Amirah Koniztera
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« Reply #2 on: February 10, 2009, 11:54:14 pm »

After Pope Urban's speech a visiting monk reported that the crowd shouted out "God wills it! God wills it!" They began preparing for war, Holy war. 
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 This was actually the first of eight wars that Europeans fought to free the Holy Land from Muslims. These wars, called the Crusades, were fought in the period between 1096 and 1270. Four of the eight crusades involved Europeans in major warfare. 
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Amirah Koniztera
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« Reply #3 on: February 10, 2009, 11:54:43 pm »

Those who fought were called the crusaders, because they promised to, "Take up the cross" (which means that they would go to war wearing a cross on their armor or shield as warriors for Christ).
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Amirah Koniztera
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« Reply #4 on: February 10, 2009, 11:55:28 pm »


The Christians' Motives

    Pope Urban had two reasons for sending western Europeans to war. The first was that Christians in the Byzantine Empire needed extra protection against the Muslim Seljuk Turks.  But the more important reason for beginning the crusades was to free the Holy Land from the Muslim infidels ( people who did not believe in Christianity), who were preventing Christians from visiting the holy land.
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Amirah Koniztera
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« Reply #5 on: February 10, 2009, 11:55:47 pm »

Historians believe that 30,000 crusaders left Western Europe to fight in the first crusade. About 4,000 of those were knights, who were happy to try out their fighting skills. The rest of the crusaders were foot soldiers, archers (soldiers with bows and arrows), and cooks. Women and priests also traveled with the men in the army.
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Amirah Koniztera
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« Reply #6 on: February 10, 2009, 11:55:53 pm »

Peasants had several good reasons for going on the crusade. One reason was that the church promised immediate salvation in heaven to anyone killed while helping to recover the Holy Land for Christians. A second reason was that a peasant would not have to pay his rent to his lord while on a crusade. Third, the crusades also offered peasants an adventure.
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Amirah Koniztera
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« Reply #7 on: February 10, 2009, 11:56:09 pm »

The March to Jerusalem
    Traveling by foot and on horseback, the crusaders first went to the important city of Constantinople 
(the capital of the Byzantine Empire) .
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Amirah Koniztera
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« Reply #8 on: February 10, 2009, 11:56:26 pm »

The Byzantine emperor's daughter saw the thousands of crusaders who arrived in her city and wrote that they were " full of enthusiasm and they filled every highway…like streams from all directions, joining a river, they flowed forward at us in full force."
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Amirah Koniztera
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« Reply #9 on: February 10, 2009, 11:56:38 pm »

From Constantinople the crusaders marched to Nicaea, the Muslim Seljuk Turk capitol,conquering it in June 1097. Then they went eastward across Turkey.  In 1098, they established the first of their crusader states.
The Crusader States
    Crusader states were small areas of land that were ruled like their countries in Europe. The crusaders chose Kings of these states, though these kings had no more power than a  lord.
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Amirah Koniztera
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« Reply #10 on: February 10, 2009, 11:57:01 pm »

The crusades continued towards the Holy Land. In July 1099, the crusaders reached Jerusalem.
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Amirah Koniztera
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« Reply #11 on: February 10, 2009, 11:57:26 pm »


After a long and difficult seige, the crusaders entered the city and slaughtered its Muslim and Jewish inhabitants and made the city the capital of another crusader state.
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Amirah Koniztera
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« Reply #12 on: February 10, 2009, 11:57:40 pm »

Now the crusaders controlled a narrow strip of land about 500 miles long but only about 50 miles wide. This left them open to continued attacks from Muslim forces along the outer strip . They built huge castles on the eastern border to better defend against these attacks. Knights lived in these castles.
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Amirah Koniztera
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« Reply #13 on: February 10, 2009, 11:58:31 pm »

The Christians had regained the Holy Land. Visitors coming to worship at the holy places (called pilgrims) could come again to Jerusalem.
    Many crusaders stayed in Israel (called Palestine) as well as in the nearby land of Syria, enjoying their power as well as the climate, the tasty foods and spices, and the artistic culture and learning . Many crusaders married eastern women and raised families . There was a great deal to appreciate about this eastern part of their world. 
A Christian bishop, Fulcher of Chartres, wrote: "Now we who were westerners have become easterners. He who was Italian or French has in this land become a Galilean or Palestinian."
 
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Amirah Koniztera
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« Reply #14 on: February 10, 2009, 11:59:13 pm »

MUSLIMS REGAIN THE HOLY LAND
But Christian crusaders could not hold on to their power. During the 1140s, about 40 years after the first crusade, the Muslims began to overpower the crusader states.
The Christian church urged the people to start the battle again.


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