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FEB. 12, 2009 - THE BICENTENNIAL OF PRESIDENT ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S BIRTH

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Bianca
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« on: February 09, 2009, 02:40:39 pm »



             


             










                                                       16th President of the United States






In office



March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865

Vice President Hannibal Hamlin
(1861 – 1865)

Andrew Johnson
(1865)

Preceded by James Buchanan

Succeeded by Andrew Johnson






Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Illinois's 7th district



In office

March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849


Preceded by John Henry

In office
1835 – 1843





 
Born February 12, 1809(1809-02-12)



Hardin County,
Kentucky


Died April 15, 1865
(aged 56)

Washington, D.C.


Nationality

American






Political party Whig (1832-1854),

Republican (1854-1864),

National Union (1864-1865)






Spouse

Mary Todd Lincoln



Children


Robert Todd Lincoln,

Edward Lincoln,

Willie Lincoln,

Tad Lincoln






Occupation

Lawyer
« Last Edit: February 09, 2009, 02:50:05 pm by Bianca » Report Spam   Logged

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« Reply #1 on: February 09, 2009, 02:52:10 pm »




               

               Samuel Lincoln, first American ancestor of Abraham, worshipped at
               Old Ship Church,

               Hingham,
               Massachusetts
« Last Edit: February 09, 2009, 02:54:12 pm by Bianca » Report Spam   Logged

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« Reply #2 on: February 09, 2009, 02:55:37 pm »




             

              Symbolic log cabin at the Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historic Site








Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, to Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks, two uneducated farmers, in a one-room log cabin on the 348-acre (1.4 km2) Sinking Spring Farm, in southeast Hardin
County, Kentucky (now part of LaRue County), making him the first president born outside the original Thirteen Colonies.

Lincoln's ancestor Samuel Lincoln had arrived in Hingham, Massachusetts from England in the 17th century, but his descendants had gradually moved west, from Pennsylvania to Virginia and then westward to the frontier.

 
For some time, Thomas Lincoln, Abraham's father, was a respected and relatively affluent citizen of the Kentucky backcountry. He had purchased the Sinking Spring Farm in December 1808 for $200 cash ($2,689.00 today) and assumption of a debt. The family belonged to a Hardshell Baptist church, although Abraham himself never joined their church, or any other church for that matter.

In 1816, the Lincoln family was forced to make a new start in Perry County (now in Spencer County), Indiana. He later noted that this move was "partly on account of slavery," and partly because of difficulties with land deeds in Kentucky: Unlike land in the Northwest Territory, Kentucky never had a proper U.S. survey, and farmers often had difficulties proving title to their property.

When Lincoln was nine, his mother, then 34 years old, died of milk sickness. Soon afterwards, his father remarried to Sarah Bush Johnston. Lincoln was affectionate toward his stepmother, whom he would call "Mother" for the rest of his life, but he was distant from his father.

In 1830, after more economic and land-title difficulties in Indiana, the family settled on public land in Macon County, Illinois. The following winter was desolate and especially brutal, and the family considered moving back to Indiana. The following year, when his father relocated the family to a new homestead in Coles County, Illinois, 22-year-old Lincoln struck out on his own, canoeing down the Sangamon River to the village of New Salem in Sangamon County.  Later that year, hired by New Salem businessman Denton Offutt and accompanied by friends, he took goods from New Salem to New Orleans via flatboat on the Sangamon,
Illinois and Mississippi rivers.

Lincoln's formal education consisted of about 18 months of schooling, but he was largely self-educated and an avid reader. He was also a talented local wrestler and skilled with an axe.  Lincoln avoided hunting and fishing because he did not like killing animals, even for food.  At 6 foot 4 inches (1.93 m), he was unusually tall, as well as strong.
« Last Edit: February 09, 2009, 03:04:32 pm by Bianca » Report Spam   Logged

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« Reply #3 on: February 09, 2009, 03:11:14 pm »




               

               MARY TODD LINCOLN








On November 4, 1842 Lincoln married Mary Todd, daughter of a prominent slave-owning family from Kentucky. The couple had four sons. Robert Todd Lincoln was born in Springfield, Illinois on August 1, 1843. Their only child to survive into adulthood, young Robert attended Phillips Exeter Academy and Harvard College.

The other Lincoln children were born in Springfield, Illinois, and died either during childhood or their teen years. Edward Baker Lincoln was born on March 10, 1846, and died on February 1, 1850, also in Springfield. William "Willie" Wallace Lincoln was born on December 21, 1850, and died on February 20, 1862 in Washington, D.C., during President Lincoln's first term. Thomas "Tad" Lincoln was born on April 4, 1853, and died on July 16, 1871 in Chicago.
« Last Edit: February 09, 2009, 03:13:16 pm by Bianca » Report Spam   Logged

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« Reply #4 on: February 09, 2009, 03:22:08 pm »










"President Lincoln And Family Circle. Respectfully Dedicated To The People Of The United States."

Lithograph by A. Hohenstein.






Lincoln's assassination inspired the publication of many prints about Lincoln, including portraits,
scenes of the assassination, and images of earlier, happier times of Lincoln's life.

A surprisingly large number of the latter prints showed Lincoln and his family in a domestic setting,
giving the American public a glimpse of the private life of the martyred President, albeit one based
more on the imagination of the artist than on reality.

Modified from a painting by Francis Bicknell Carpenter (that J.C. Buttre made into an "official" print),
this portrait of the Lincoln family was drawn by Anton Hohenstein and published by John Smith of Philadelphia shortly after the assassination.

Lincoln's figure comes from the famous 1865 photograph of the President reading to Tad, here
reversed and altered to show Tad holding the book, instead of his father, as in the photograph.

Because Hohenstein wanted to show all three sons (including Willie who had died in 1862), Tad's
place in the photograph was taken by Willie in the print, and a figure of Tad as a younger boy was added standing next to Mary. Dressed in a sized-down soldier's outfit, Tad mirrors his older brother Robert, who appears here in uniform.

Overall, the image is an impossible construction by the artist, for there were only a very few times Robert was in Washington before Willie's death in 1862, and Robert didn't join the army until 1864.

Of primary importance, though, was the symbolism of a Victorian ideal family for the martyred
President, not verisimilitude, and this print well achieved its aim.

The rendering of the surrounding furniture is very well done, and the figures are less crude than many
of the other similar prints that were rushed to print after Lincoln was shot.

This is a fascinating reflection of its time and a most interesting and attractive graphic image of Lincoln and his family.
« Last Edit: February 09, 2009, 03:28:09 pm by Bianca » Report Spam   Logged

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« Reply #5 on: February 09, 2009, 03:35:47 pm »



               






                                  'WILLIE' WALLACE LINCOLN



                                  "Willie" Wallace Lincoln was born on December 21, 1850, 
                                   died on February 20, 1862






                                       





                                                                                          
« Last Edit: February 09, 2009, 03:45:21 pm by Bianca » Report Spam   Logged

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« Reply #6 on: February 09, 2009, 03:50:12 pm »





             

              PRESIDENT LINCOLN AND HIS SON TAD



               Thomas "Tad" Lincoln was born on April 4, 1853,

               and died on July 16, 1871 in Chicago.
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« Reply #7 on: February 09, 2009, 03:54:59 pm »

             



               

                ROBERT TODD LINCOLN



Robert Todd Lincoln was born in Springfield, Illinois on August 1, 1843.

The only child to survive into adulthood, young Robert attended Phillips Exeter Academy and Harvard College.

He died in 1926.



Please see:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln
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« Reply #8 on: February 09, 2009, 04:12:40 pm »




             

             Sketch of young Abe Lincoln







                                           Early political career and military service





 
Sketch of a younger Abraham LincolnLincoln began his political career in 1832, at age 23, with an unsuccessful campaign for the Illinois General Assembly, as a member of the Whig Party.

The centerpiece of his platform was the undertaking of navigational improvements on the Sangamon River.

In 1834, he won election to the state legislature, and, after coming across the Commentaries on the Laws of England, began to teach himself law. Admitted to the bar in 1837, he moved to Springfield, Illinois, that same year and began to practice law with John T. Stuart. With a reputation as a formidable adversary during cross-examinations and in his closing arguments, Lincoln became an able and successful lawyer.  In 1841 Lincoln entered the law practice with William Herndon, a fellow Whig.

He served four successive terms in the Illinois House of Representatives as a representative from Sangamon County, and became a leader of the Illinois Whig party. In 1837, he made his first protest against slavery in the Illinois House, stating that the institution was "founded on both injustice and bad policy."
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« Reply #9 on: February 09, 2009, 04:16:12 pm »




             

              Lincoln in 1846 or 1847In









Illinois Politics
 


In 1846 Lincoln was elected to one term in the U.S. House of Representatives. A staunch Whig, Lincoln often referred to party leader Henry Clay as his political idol. As a freshman House member, Lincoln was not a particularly powerful or influential figure in Congress. He used his office as an opportunity to speak out against the war with Mexico, which he attributed to President Polk's desire for "military glory — that attractive rainbow, that rises in showers of blood."

Lincoln was a key early supporter of Zachary Taylor's candidacy for the 1848 Whig Presidential nomination. When Lincoln's term ended, the incoming Taylor administration offered him the governorship of remote Oregon Territory. Acceptance would end his career in the fast-growing state of Illinois, so he declined. Returning instead to Springfield, Illinois he turned most of his energies to making a living at the bar, which involved extensive travel on horseback from county to county.

It was during this stage of his life, however, that Lincoln gave one of the most pivotal speeches[2] of his life - speaking not as a politician, but as a private citizen. Opposed to the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act, Lincoln spoke to a crowd in Peoria, Illinois, on October 16, 1854, outlining the moral, political and economic arguments against slavery that he would continue to uphold throughout his career. This speech marked his re-entry into public life.
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« Reply #10 on: February 09, 2009, 04:20:36 pm »









Prairie lawyer



By the mid-1850s, Lincoln faced competing transportation interests — both the river barges and the railroads. In 1849, he received a patent related to buoying vessels, achieved in by lessening the draft
of a river craft by pushing horizontal floats into the water alongside the hull when near shoal waters.

Lincoln represented the Alton & Sangamon Railroad in an 1851 dispute with one of its shareholders, James A. Barret. Barret had refused to pay the balance on his pledge to that corporation on the grounds that it had changed its originally planned route. Lincoln argued that as a matter of law a corporation is not bound by its original charter when that charter can be amended in the public interest, that the newer proposed Alton & Sangamon route was superior and less expensive, and that accordingly the corporation had a right to sue Mr. Barret for his delinquent payment. He won this case, and the decision by the Illinois Supreme Court was eventually cited by several other courts throughout the United States.

Lincoln's most notable criminal trial came in 1858 when he defended William "Duff" Armstrong, who was on trial for the murder of James Preston Metzker. The case is famous for Lincoln's use of judicial notice, a rare tactic at that time, to show an eyewitness had lied on the stand, claiming he witnessed the crime in the moonlight. Lincoln produced a Farmer's Almanac to show that the moon on that date was at such a low angle it could not have produced enough illumination to see anything clearly. Based upon this evidence, Armstrong was acquitted.
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« Reply #11 on: February 09, 2009, 04:23:07 pm »









Republican politics 1854–1860



Lincoln returned to politics in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), which expressly repealed the limits on slavery's extent as determined by the Missouri Compromise (1820). Illinois Democrat Stephen A. Douglas, the most powerful man in the Senate, proposed popular sovereignty as the solution to the slavery impasse, and incorporated it into the Kansas–Nebraska Act. Douglas argued that in a democracy the people should have the right to decide whether or not to allow slavery in their territory, rather than have such a decision imposed on them by Congress.

In the October 16, 1854, "Peoria Speech", Lincoln first stood out among the other free soil orators of the day:




[The Act has a] declared indifference, but as I must think, covert real zeal for the spread of slavery, I cannot but hate it. I hate it because of the monstrous injustice of slavery itself. I hate it because it deprives our republican example of its just influence in the world — enables the enemies of free institutions, with plausibility, to taunt us as hypocrites — causes the real friends of freedom to doubt our sincerity, and especially because it forces so many really good men amongst ourselves into an open war with the very fundamental principles of civil liberty — criticizing the Declaration of Independence, and insisting that there is no right principle of action but self-interest.

Drawing on remnants of the old Whig, Free Soil, Liberty and Democratic parties, he was instrumental in forming the new Republican Party. In a stirring campaign, the Republicans carried Illinois in 1854 and elected a senator. Lincoln was the obvious choice, but to keep the new party balanced he allowed the election to go to an ex-Democrat Lyman Trumbull. At the Republican convention in 1856, Lincoln placed second in the contest to become the party's candidate for Vice-President.

In 1857-58, Douglas broke with President Buchanan, leading to a fight for control of the Democratic Party. Some eastern Republicans even favored the reelection of Douglas in 1858, since he had led the opposition to the Lecompton Constitution, which would have admitted Kansas as a slave state. Accepting the Republican nomination for Senate in 1858, Lincoln delivered his famous speech:



"'A house divided against itself cannot stand.'(Mark 3:25) I believe this government cannot endure

permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved — I do not expect the

 house to fall — but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other."



The speech created an evocative image of the danger of disunion caused by the slavery debate, and rallied Republicans across the north.
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« Reply #12 on: February 09, 2009, 04:25:06 pm »









Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858



The 1858 campaign featured the Lincoln-Douglas debates, a famous contest on slavery.

Lincoln warned that "The Slave Power" was threatening the values of republicanism, while Douglas emphasized the supremacy of democracy, as set forth in his Freeport Doctrine, which said that local settlers should be free to choose whether to allow slavery or not.

Though the Republican legislative candidates won more popular votes, the Democrats won more seats, and the legislature reelected Douglas to the Senate.

Nevertheless, Lincoln's speeches on the issue transformed him into a national political star.

New York party leaders invited him to give a speech at Cooper Union in February 1860 to an elite audience that was startled by the poorly dressed, ugly man from the West. He stunned the audience with the most brilliant political speech they had ever heard.

Lincoln was emerging as the intellectual leader of the Republican party, and its best speaker.
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« Reply #13 on: February 09, 2009, 04:26:22 pm »



"The Rail Candidate"

- Lincoln's 1860 candidacy is held up by the slavery issue (slave on left) and party organization
  (New York Tribune editor Horace Greeley on right).









1860 Presidential Election
 


Lincoln was chosen as the Republican candidate for the 1860 election for several reasons. His expressed views on slavery were seen as more moderate than those of rivals William H. Seward and Salmon P. Chase.

His "Western" origins also appealed to the newer states: other contenders, especially those with more governmental experience, had acquired enemies within the party and were weak in the critical western states, while Lincoln was perceived as a moderate who could win the West.

Most Republicans agreed with Lincoln that the North was the aggrieved party as the Slave Power tightened its grasp on the national government. Throughout the 1850s he denied that there would ever be a civil war, and his supporters repeatedly rejected claims that his election would incite secession.

 On May 9-10, 1860, the Illinois Republican State Convention was held in Decatur.

At this convention, Lincoln received his first endorsement to run for the presidency.
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« Reply #14 on: February 09, 2009, 04:31:14 pm »



Electoral College 1860








Lincoln did not campaign on the road.

Despite this, he had gained the majority of the popular vote due to the work of the local Republican Party
offices throughout the north. They produced tons of campaign posters and leaflets, and thousands of news-
paper editorials. There thousands of Republican speakers who focused first on the party platform, and second
on Lincoln's life story, making an emphasis on his childhood poverty. The goal was to emphasize the superior power of "free labor," whereby a common farm boy could work his way to the top by his own efforts. In the South, Lincoln did not appear on a majority of the ballots come the time of the election.

On November 6, 1860, Lincoln was elected as the 16th President of the United States, beating Democrat Stephen A. Douglas, John C. Breckinridge of the Southern Democrats, and John Bell of the new Constitutional Union Party.

He was the first Republican president, winning entirely on the strength of his support in the North: he was not even on the ballot in nine states in the South, and won only 2 of 996 counties in all of the Southern states.

There were fusion tickets in some states, but even if his opponents had combined in every state, Lincoln had
a majority vote in all but two of the states in which he won the electoral votes and would still have won the electoral college and the election.

Lincoln was the first U. S. President elected from Illinois.
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