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Erika Zimney
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* Naogeorgus, 111, 217, 353
* Naples, zampognari at, 112;
o presepio at, 113;
o Christmas plays at, 150;
o Epiphany at, 343
* Natalis Invicti, 23, 165
* New Year's Day, in Roman Empire, 24, 167, 276;
o opposed in character to Christmas, 25;
o Teutonic and Celtic, 25, 171, 189, 202;
o Slav, 173;
o January 1 made a fast, 101, 170;
o customs attracted to January 1, 173, 189, 200, 321;
o fire not given out, 170, 257;
o charms, omens, and other customs, 182, 321;
o presents, 168, 276;
o mistletoe connected with, 276
* Nicea, Council of, 22
* Nicholas, St., his Day related to Martinmas, 173, 207, 277;
o as patron of boys, 218, 220,
o of sailors, 218, 221;
o his festival, 218;
o on Christmas Eve, 229
* Noël, origin of the name, 22;
o the French carol, 55
* Normandy, “star-singing” in, 151;
o Innocents’ Day in, 316;
o Epiphany in, 349
* Northamptonshire, St. Catherine's and St. Andrew's Days in, 213;
o Dyzemas in, 315
* Northumberland, holly in, 275
* Norway, Christmas established in, 21;
o “star-singing” in, 151;
o pre-Christian Yule festival in, 172;
o animal masks in, 202;
o Christmas Eve superstitions in, 235;
o Yule candles in, 259
* Notker, 32
* Nottinghamshire, Hallowe'en customs in, 196;
o Christmas cake and wassail-bowl in, 285
* Nuremberg, Epiphany at, 342
* Nuts, customs with, 195, 207
* “O's,” Great, 92
* Oak as a sacred tree, 254
* Oberufer, Christmas play at, 143, 272
* Ocaña, F. de, 65
* Oesel, “Yule Boar” in, 288
* Old Hob, 199p. 398
* Otfrid of Weissenburg, 42
* Oxford, boars head at, 284
* Palmer, Mr. F. H. E., 104
* Parcae, 181
* Paris, Christmas in, 98;
o All Souls’ Eve in, 191;
o St. Catherine's Day in, 213;
o Christmas-tree in, 267;
o New Year in, 277;
o Feast of Fools in, 302
* Paschal, Françoise, 61
* Pasquier, Étienne, 339
* Pearson, Dr. Karl, 161
* Pellegrin, Abbé, 63
* Pelzmärte, 206, 217
* Perchta, 181, 241, 342
* Perun, 254
* Peterborough, St. Catherine's Day at, 213
* Philocalian Calendar, 20
* Pifferari, 112
* Pillersee, Advent mummeries at, 218
* Pliny, 273
* Plough Monday, 300
* Plum-pudding, 284
* Plygain, 99
* Poland, the “star” in, 152;
o puppet-shows in, 153;
o werewolves in, 246;
o Christmas straw in, 276;
o Christmas wafers in, 291
* Polaznik, 231, 252, 323
* Presents, at the Roman Kalends, 168, 276;
o on All Souls’ Eve, 192;
o at Martinmas, 205;
o on St. Nicholas's Day, 218;
o at Christmas, 183, 230, 277;
o at New Year and other seasons, 277;
o at Epiphany, 343
* Presepio. See Crib
* “Prophetae,” 127
* Protestantism, effects of, on Christmas, 27, 70, 111, 138, 141, 185, 229
* Provence, remains of Christmas drama in, 141, 154;
o Christmas log in, 255;
o Magi in, 344
* Prudentius, 32
* Puppet-plays, 153 f.
* Purification, feast of the. See Candlemas
* Puritans, their attitude towards Christmas, 77, 180, 184, 298
* Pyramids, 266
* Quainton, blossoming thorn at, 268
* “Raging host,” 240, 242
* Ragusa, Christmas log customs at, 252
* Ramsgate, hodening at, 200
* Rauchnächte, 225, 327
* Rhys, Sir John, 189, 321, 325
* Ripon, St. Clement's Day at, 212;
o Yule candles at, 259;
o Candlemas at, 354
* Risano, Christmas log customs at, 252
* Rolle, Richard, 48
* Rome, Christmas established in, 20;
o pagan winter festivals in, 23, 165;
o Christmas services and customs in, 95, 112, 289;
o mediaeval New Year quête in, 331
* Rossetti, Christina, 85
* Rouen, religious plays at, 124, 138
* Roumania, the “star” in, 152;
o Christmas drama in, 153;
o St. Andrew's Eve in, 215;
o Christmas songs in, 238;
o Christmas fare in, 287, 291;
o New Year in, 330;
o Epiphany in, 342
* Russia, Epiphany ceremonies in, 104, 246;
o the “star” in, 152;
o Christmas Eve in, 232, 237;
o fire superstitions in, 253;
o Christmas fare in, 287, 291;
o Christmas games in, 294;
o mummers in, 302;
o New Year in, 333
* Saboly, 62
* Sacrifice, theories of, 174;
o connected with festivals, 178;
o survivals of, 199, 283, 292, 328, 347
* Salers, Christmas king at, 340
* Samhain, 172, 204
* Sant’ Andrea della Valle, Rome, 102
* Santa Klaus, 220
* Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, 95, 107, 114
* Saturnalia, 24, 113, 165, 180, 359
* Schiller, 266
* Schimmel and Schimmelreiter, 199, 206, 231
* Schoolboys’ festival, 223.
o See also Boy Bishop
* Scotland, Christmas carols in, 70;
o Hallowe'en customs in, 197;
o sowens eaten in, 285;
o “first-foot” in, 325;
o other New Year customs in, 326, 332;
o Candlemas in, 354p. 399
* Sedulius, Coelius, 32
* Sequences, 32
* Serao, Matilde, 113
* Serbs, Christmas customs of, 251, 341
* Shakespeare, 239, 298
* Shepherds in Christmas drama, 123, 132, 139
* Shropshire, soul-cakes in, 192;
o Guy Fawkes Day at Ludlow, 199;
o Twelve Days superstitions in, 240, 258;
o Christmas Brand in, 258;
o Christmas decorations in, 275, 355;
o “wigs” in, 285;
o cattle specially fed at Christmas, 289;
o morris-dancers in, 299;
o New Year in, 324;
o Candlemas in, 355
* Sicily, Midnight Mass in, 98;
o Christmas novena in, 112;
o Christmas procession at Messina, 113;
o Christmas plays in, 150;
o All Souls’ Eve in, 192;
o Martinmas in, 204;
o St. Lucia's Eve in, 222;
o presents in, 278;
o Candlemas candles in, 353
* Sidgwick, Mr. F., 6, 77
* Sidgwick, Mrs. Alfred, 264
* Silesia, Schimmel in, 200;
o Martinmas in, 206;
o Christmas Eve in, 232;
o animals specially fed at Christmas, 289
* Slav New Year, 172;
o Christmas songs and customs, 237, 251, 290, 341.
o See also Bohemia, Crivoscia, Poland, Russia
* Smith, W. Robertson, 164, 175, 178
* Somersetshire wassailing, 345
* Soul cakes, 192
* South America, Christmas in, 98
* Southwell, 79
* Sowens eaten, 285, 325
* Spain, Christmas poetry in, 65;
o Midnight Mass in, 97, 117;
o the crib in, 117;
o Christmas drama in, 128, 148, 153;
o turron in, 291;
o Epiphany in, 343
* Spervogel, 42
* Spinning, during Twelve Days, 240
* Staffordshire, St. Clement's Day in, 211
* “Star-singing,” 151
* “Stella,” 125, 129
* Stephen, St., his festival, 292, 302, 311
* Stephens, Dean, 35
* Stow's “Survay,” 272
* Strasburg, early Christmas-trees at, 265
* Strenae, 168, 277
* Stubbes, Philip, 184, 298
* Styles, Old and New, 268
* Styria, Habergaiss in, 201;
o Perchta in, 243;
o St. John's wine in, 315
* Sun, the, December 25 as festival of, 23;
o Yule not connected with, 171;
o sun-charms, 182, 198, 252, 254
* Suso, 44
* Sussex, squirrel-hunting in, 214;
o tipteerers in, 298;
o wassailing fruit-trees in, 345
* Swabia, Pelzmärte in, 206, 217
* Sweden, Christmas service in, 99;
o “star-singing” in, 151;
o animal masks in, 202;
o St. Lucia's Day in, 221;
o Christmas Eve superstitions in, 235;
o Yule log in, 257;
o Yule candles in, 259;
o Christmas-trees in, 267, 270;
o Yule straw in, 276;
o Christmas presents in, 278;
o pig's head eaten in, 286;
o dances in, 293;
o St. Stephen's Day in, 312, 315;
o “St. Knut's Day” in, 351
* Swinburne, 84
* Swine as sacrificial animal, 284, 286
* Switzerland, St. Nicholas in, 218;
o Christmas-tree in, 267;
o birds fed at Christmas, 289
* Sword-dance, 294, 299
* Sylvesterabend, 274, 322
* Tacitus, 200, 299
* Tate, Nahum, 84
* Tauler, 43
* Teme valley, “first-footing” in, 324
* Tenby, Plygain at, 99;
o St. Clement's Day at, 212
* Tersteegen, Gerhard, 75
* Tertullian, 269
* Teutonic New Year, 171, 189, 202
* Thomas of Celano, 38
* Thomas, Mr. N. W., 293
* Thomas, St., his festival, 223
* “Thomassin’,” 226
* Thurston, Mr. Edgar, 322
* Tieck, 266p. 400
* Tille, Dr. A., 5, 110, 169, 172, 231, 268
* Tipteerers, 298
* Tolstoy's “War and Peace,” 302
* Tomte Gubbe, 236
* Tonquin, feast of the dead in, 195
* Totemism, 175
* Tours, Council of, 21, 101, 239
* Towneley plays, 128, 134
* Trees, sacred, 177, 254, 269;
o flowering at Christmas, 268;
o Christian symbols, 271
* Trest, Epiphany at, 344
* Trolls on Christmas Eve, 235
* Troppau, Christmas Eve at, 232
* Troubadours, 36
* Tübingen, cradle-rocking at, 111
* Tuscany, Christmas log in, 256
* Tutilo of St. Gall, 123
* Twelfth Night. See Epiphany
* Twelve Days, declared a festal tide, 21, 239;
o variously reckoned, 239;
o supernatural visitors on, 239
* Tylor, Dr. E. B., 191
* Tynan, Katharine, 85
* Tyrol, Midnight Mass in, 97;
o the crib in, 107;
o cradle-rocking in, 111;
o Christmas drama in, 143;
o “star-singing” in, 152;
o All Souls in, 191, 194;
o Klöpfelnächte in, 218;
o St. Nicholas in, 220;
o St. Lucia in, 223;
o Christmas Eve in, 236, 346;
o Berchta in, 243;
o customs with fruit-trees in, 268;
o Christmas pie in, 290, 345;
o St. Stephen's Day in, 311;
o St. John's Day in, 314;
o Epiphany in, 337;
o Carnival in, 349;
o Purification candles in, 353
* Ubeda, J. L. de, 65
* Uist, South, “breast-strip” in, 328
* United States, Santa Klaus in, 220;
o New Year in, 323
* Usedom, 201
* Usener, H., 20, 107
* Valdivielso, J. de, 65
* Vampires, 215, 245
* Vaughan, Henry, 81
* Vega, Lope de, 149
* Vegetation-cults, 177
* Venetia, Martinmas in, 204, 207
* Vessel-cup, 118
* Villazopeque, 148
* Vosges mountains, All Souls’ Eve in, 191
* Wales, Christmas carols in, 69;
o Plygain in, 99;
o soul-cakes in, 193;
o Hallowe'en in, 189, 196;
o the “Mari Llwyd” in, 201;
o “new water” carol in, 333;
o Christmas football in, 349
* Warnsdorf, St. Nicholas play at, 220
* Wassail-bowl, 193, 285
* Water, New Year, 332
* Watts, Isaac, 83
* Weather, ideas about, 203, 332
* Weihnacht, origin of the name, 20
* Werewolves, 246
* Wesley, Charles, 84
* Westermarck, Dr. E., 176
* Westphalia, St. Thomas's Day in, 225
* Whipping customs, 207, 315, 330
* “Wild hunt,” 239
* Wine, Martinmas, 204;
o St. John's and St. Stephen's, 314
* “Wish hounds,” 240
* Wither, George, 83
* Woden, 200, 206, 208, 231, 240
* Women, their clothes worn by men at folk-festivals, 178, 301, 304;
o unlucky at New Year, 324
* Woolwich, St. Clement's and St. Catherine's Days at, 212
* Worcestershire. St. Clement's Day in, 212;
o New Year in, 324
* Wormesley, Holy Thorn at, 269
* Wren, hunting of, 292
* Wylie, Miss I. A. R., 263
* “Yeth hounds,” 240
* York Minster, mistletoe at, 273;
o Boy Bishop at, 307
* York plays, 128, 131
* Yorkshire, possible survival of the crib in, 118;
o frumenty, ale posset, and Yule cakes in, 285;
o “lucky bird” in, 325
* Ypres, St. Martin at, 206
* Yule, origin of the name, 25, 171
* “Yule Boar,” 288
* Yule log, 180, 245, 251, 344, 354
* Zacharias, Pope, 171
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