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Galileo's Astrology

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Bianca
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« on: October 17, 2008, 09:30:53 pm »



                               








Galileo, like Kepler, was a mathematicus, a term which had a threefold meaning as referring to mathematics, astrology and astronomy. In 1881 Favaro composed his essay, Galileo Astrologo, which concluded:


It seems to me impossible to have the slightest doubt that Galileo was involved with astrology, indeed, that he was famous for his great ability in that art, so that distinguished people consulted him with complete confidence, in many cases asking for horoscopes and predictions.[1]

The letters by Galileo to his astrological colleagues have been lost and we only have the replies, as likewise the most famous charts composed by him have been lost,[2] however some twenty-five charts drawn up by him do remain, plus several instances of his chart analyses. The book from which he learnt his astrology while at Pisa may have been Porphyry's Introductio in Ptolemaei opus de effectibus astrorum … of which a copy annotated in his hand remains at Florence.[3]

This vital dimension was entirely omitted in Brecht's play Galileo as it was in Koestler's classic, The Sleepwalkers. Giorgio de Santillana, in an otherwise sympathetic biography of Galileo, characterised the Chair (lectureship) at Padua University which he accepted in 1592 as follows:


the chair of 'mathematics' then covered the teaching of geometry, astronomy, military engineering, and fortification.[4]

Santillana has here brazenly omitted a major traditional function of the mathematicus, probably the most important at Padua, namely the teaching to medical students of how to cast a horoscope. The latter would be set up for the onset of a disease, to indicate the appropriate remedy. As Westman has observed in this context, "... astrology combined the predictive function of the astronomer with the explanatory role of the natural philosopher in the person of the academic physician..",[5] pointing out that the University of Padua had an especially strong tradition in this regard. We have letters of Galileo from this period, stating that the majority of his pupils were medical students.[6] Favaro has discussed this long tradition of medical astrology at Padua, one of Europe's oldest universities.[7] By way of comparison, Jean-Baptiste Morin at Paris university held the title Doctore Medico atque Regio Parisiis Mathematicum Professore, indicating the importance then attached to medical astrology. There is, in the whole of Santillana's opus, but one reference to the subject, made quite casually: that, late in Galileo's career, a slander was cast against him by his arch-enemies the Jesuits, averring that Galileo had astrologically predicted the death of the Pope in 1630, suggesting that he enjoyed some renown for his practice of the art.[8]
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« Reply #1 on: October 17, 2008, 09:34:29 pm »









Astral Compulsion

The year 1604 saw Galileo's first and little-known summons by the Inquisition: In April of 1604, a young man from the district of Venice, Signor Silvestro, was employed in Galileo's household as his ammanuensis. He made a deposition with the courier archivist of Padua, a three-point testimony against the 39-year old Galileo: that he kept quarreling with his mother, who was objecting to his keeping a mistress plus three children in Padua; that he was failing to attend mass, and that he was propounding a doctrine of astral determinism to his wealthy clients. No-one could escape the influence of the stars, he was alleged to be telling them, and it was therefore as well to know one's own future from a chart-reading.

Galileo was accused of undue fatalism in his forecasts. For example, Silvestro testified that one reading was for "a man who would live, he said, for another twenty years, and he maintained that his prediction was certain and would inevitably come to pass". Signor Silvestro testified that he never saw Galileo go to mass or confession, but instead "he would go to that Venetian **** of his, Marina". However, Silvestro denied that he had heard any heresy or unbelief from Galileo. This provoked the following recorded exchange:


Q: You said before that in the nativities that this Galileo makes, he calls his predictions certain; this is heresy. How then can you say that he is a believer in matters of faith?

A: I know that he said that and that he calls his predictions from the nativities certain, but I am not aware that this has been declared heresy.[9]

The Church was keenly opposed to such fatalism. On April 22nd, 1604, the Inquisition formulated its charge against Galileo Galilei, lecturer in mathematics, whereby he was accused of 'haver ragionato che le stelle, i pianeti at gl'influssi celesti necessitino [10] - he had reasoned that the stars, planets and celestial influences were able to determine the course of events. It also accused him of 'living as a heretic'. These were "charges of the utmost gravity". Although Galileo was interrogated at Padua as a heretic over this, the charge was not pursued, and never passed into the hands of the Holy Office in Rome: he was evidently protected by his holding the chair of mathematics at Padua. The Church did not wish for trouble with the university.

This summons was discovered by the Franciscan Friar Professor Antonio Poppi. He found these in the Sartori archives in Padua, and could hardly believe it. Then in 1990 he located two sworn denunciations in the Venetian State Archives (Padua being in the province of the Veneto), listing the chief points of the accusation, as supported the Padua documents.
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« Reply #2 on: October 17, 2008, 09:35:30 pm »









The Qualities of Jupiter

In 1609 Galileo moved to Florence. His revolutionary bestseller, Sidereus Nuncius, 'The Message of the Stars' appearing in March, 1610, opened with an eloquent account of the traditional qualities assigned to Jupiter:


So who does not know that clemency, kindness of heart, gentleness of manners, splendour of royal blood, nobleness in public functions, wide extent of influence and power over others, all of which have fixed their common abode and seat in your highness - who, I say, does not know that these qualities, according to the providence of God, from whom all good things do come, emanate from the most benign star of Jupiter? [11]

This indicates not merely that Galileo did not doubt the matter, but that he could hardly imagine anyone else doubting it. The text follows with an account of Jupiter's position at the top of the chart of his young patron, Cosimo de Medici, the Duke of Tuscany:


Jupiter, Jupiter I say, at the instant of Your highness's birth had already passed the slow, dull vapours of the horizon and was occupying the Midheaven, from which point it was illuminating the eastern angle, from that sublime throne saw the most happy delivery and all the splendour and magnificence of the newly-born diffused in the most pure air...

The Latin Orientalemque angulum sua Regia illustrans translates literally as "illuminating the Eastern angle of which he [Jupiter] is the ruler": it alludes to Cosimo de Medici's rising sign ('orient') Sagittarius, as traditionally belonging to Jupiter [12] (sua Regia i.e. under his rulership). Galileo's text continued:


...in order that your tender body and your mind might imbibe with their first breath that universal influence and power, ...

- alluding to the condition of the horoscope at that instant, as dominated by the planet Jupiter. This is Galileo's view of how astrology worked.

Upon his publication of Sidereus Nuncius Galileo released knowledge of his discovery of four new planets, the Moons of Jupiter which he named the 'Medici sidera'. A query was put to him by Piero Dini in Rome concerning how one could ascertain their influence upon mankind. Galileo replied on 21 May, 1611 with a letter occupying eleven pages of Favaro's Opere. His arguments for the reality of the Medici sidera appear as indissolubly linked with the question of their influence. It would not seem right to assert that "these Medician Planets lack all influence, wherein the other stars abound". He drew a comparison with different plant species which have their 'qualities, virtues and effects' to be explored. Galileo conjectured how the 'little planets' might affect us, contrasting 'superior' and 'inferior' causes:


If, therefore, of the inferior causes, those which arouse boldness of heart are diametrically contrary to those which inspire intellectual speculation, it is also most reasonable that the superior causes (if indeed they operate on us) be utterly different from those on which courage and the speculative faculty depend; and if the stars do operate and influence principally by their light, perchance it might be possible with some probable conjecture to deduce courage and boldness of heart from very large and vehement stars, and acuteness and perspicacity of wit from the thinnest and almost invisible lights. [13]
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« Reply #3 on: October 17, 2008, 09:36:54 pm »








Dynasty and Destiny

Sidereus Nuncius was dedicated to the young Grand Duke Cosimo di Medici, sovereign of Tuscany. As the book was proposing that the new moons of Jupiter should be named after the Duke, his natal chart had relevance, included in the original manuscript of Sidereus Nuncius in Florence.[14] Its purpose was to establish that the Duke's chart did indeed have such characteristics as he had claimed.

Jupiter was traditionally the royal star, and the 18-year old Cosimo's grandfather Cosimo I was said to have especially identified himself with Jupiter as head of the Roman pantheon of deities.[15, 16, 17] The Medici court palace, the Palazzo della Signoria, had been filled with frescoes on this classical Olympic theme, as aided his usurping of power over other prominent families who had long governed in uneasy coalition.[18] It was a court which took astral mythology very seriously, indeed no other ruling house had made more public and consistent use of astrological symbolism.[19] Biagioli has shown how these mythologies "constituted the 'master narrative' that informed that imagery used in public political ceremonies and festivals as well as the subject matter of court poetry, theater, painting and opera".[20]




Chart of Cosimo II de Medici.


The Court Record Office gives 12th May 1590 at one in the night, i.e. one hour after sunset.[21] Sunset was at 7.06 p.m. that day (local apparent time), and Galileo's initial version of the chart I reconstruct as having been for 8.31 p.m., then his final vesion here shown, twenty minutes later, took 8.51 p.m. Galileo possibly used the later time in order to place Jupiter close to the Midheaven. A modern chartwheel using Regiomontanus house divisions plus the aspects formed by Jupiter (to Mars, Saturn and the ascendent) shows more clearly Jupiter's dominant position.
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« Reply #4 on: October 17, 2008, 09:40:05 pm »














The young Cosimo had three brothers, so that the four new stars were shared out, one to each.

It was no mere coincidence, as Galileo explained in his dedication of Sidereus Nuncius to the young Cosimo, that "bright stars offer[ed] themselves in the heavens" immediately following his enthronenent. The four stars had been 'reserved' for the Medicis. The Nuncius dedication was a political use of astrological symbolism. Jupiter in Cosimo de Medici II's horoscope held a dominant position, being clearly the strongest planet. It held a commanding position at the top of the horoscope (at the Medium Coeli or MC, the highest point of Jupiter's diurnal arc), as was especially significant for a state ruler - not rising as Biagioli averred; it formed major aspects to two planets (Mars and Saturn) plus the ascendent, and thirdly, his rising sign ('horoscopos') was Sagittarius, 'ruled' by Jupiter.

In July 1610 Galileo gained the title of chief mathematician and philosopher to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, which meant that copies of his telescope and the accompanying Sidereus Nuncius were thenceforth distributed by the Medici. Later on, Cosimo III was partial to the four stella Medici and had an image of them placed on his chest at his funeral in 1723.[22] By any standards, Galileo's ploy was awesomely successful.
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« Reply #5 on: October 17, 2008, 09:43:41 pm »









Charts for his Daughters



Galileo not only drew up charts for his two illegitimate daughters, but composed character-judgements based upon them. For Virginia the elder daughter he noted that the Moon (traditionally of feminine significance for motherhood, etc) was 'debilitated', and wrote grimly:


The Moon is very debilitated and in a sign which obeys. She is dominated by family relationships. Saturn signifies submission and severe customs which gives her a sad demeanour, but Jupiter is very well with Mercury, and well-aspected corrects this. She is patient and happy to work very hard. She likes to be alone, does not talk too much, eats little with a strong will but she is not always in condition and may not fulfil her promise.

In the younger daughter Livia he discerned (quite wrongly, according to Sobell [23]) a more extrovert character. Her De Ingenio affirmed:


Mercury rising is very strong for all things, and Jupiter which is conjunct gives knowledge and bounty, simplicity, humanity, erudition and prudence.

Sobell's six-hundred page opus Galileo's Daughter makes no allusion to these texts, though published by Favaro, indicating how censored the topic remains.
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« Reply #6 on: October 17, 2008, 09:44:46 pm »








Giovanni Sagredo



The Venetian aristocrat Sagredo consulted Galileo for astrological advice on a fairly regular basis. His analysis of Giovanni Francesco Sagredo's horoscope was generally very laudatory ('beneficient, pacific, sociable, pleasure-loving'), as derived from the positions of Venus and Jupiter:


The ascendent falls in the Terms of Venus in her own house, surrounded by the fixed Pleiades and applying to Jupiter by an exact sextile. She is free from rays malefic to herself.

Thus, there were no 'bad aspects' to the ascendent. In addition, however, Galileo discerned an imbalance in the chart:


From the combination of testimonies a warm and moist temperament results, indeed a sanguine one with lack of balance because of Venus being the ill-balanced lady of the geniture, and the ascendent and its house, and what is more from Saturn being in opposition to the ascendent.

Sagredo was characterised in a Foreword of the Dialogue as "a man of noble extraction and trenchant wit". A letter from Sagredo to Galileo requested a chart reading for a colleague, in a manner which suggested repeated, similar requests.





Galileo's chart for Sagredo. The full worksheet, which offers interesting indications on Galileo's technique, can be found here.



A propos of the tendency for oracles and prophecies to be interpreted retrospectively, the character Salviati in the Dialogue states:


And why do you leave out the prophecies of the astrologers ['genethliaci'], which are so clearly seen in horoscopes (or should we say in the configuration of the heavens) after their fulfilment?[24]

... which question is followed by an immediate change of subject, to an attack upon alchemists who have credulously interpreted ancient myths as if they had encoded alchemic mysteries. There is no follow-up as such to Salviati's question. Galileo is here fulminating against those who pretend to be making predictions and do so only in retrospect. One may demur before seeing this as an attack upon judicial astrology as such. That is the nearest to a criticism of astrology one finds in Galileo's Dialogue.
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« Reply #7 on: October 17, 2008, 09:51:58 pm »





                 







                                                     Galileo's Date of Birth





Two charts for Galileo's birth by himself, 3.30 and 4.00 p.m on February 16th 1564, published by Biblioteca Nazionale, Florence in 1980. Planetary longitudes are identical in the two charts (except for seven arcminutes for the Moon) and are also written out at the side, together with celestial latitudes.
[A larger image and notes on this chart can be found here.]


These birth-charts for Galileo are the sole source of evidence concerning his birthdate. Favaro published a collection of these, over several different dates, without indicating which were composed by Galileo. The archivists at the Biblioteca Nazionale at Florence, for a 1980 exhibition on astrological material, displayed just two charts as drawn up by Galileo for his own birth,[25] as depicted above.

These two horoscopes differed by only half an hour, thereby giving a choice between different degrees of the rising-sign: at 14° 33' or 21° 37' of Leo. His birthplace Pisa used sundial time, and counted hours from sunset, whereas Padua where these charts were presumably composed had adopted the French system,[26] with hours measured from noon. Above the charts was written:


1564, 15 February, h 22.30. lat 42.30
16 February, h 4 pm
16 February, h 3.30 pm
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« Reply #8 on: October 17, 2008, 10:00:12 pm »










The first two lines describe the same moment with the first giving the older method, which measured hours as from the previous sunset, while the second gives 'p.m.', ie hours after noon. As Favaro noted, on the second line Galileo had first written 15 February, then changed it to the 16th [27] - an initial error, we may conjecture, as caused confusion in futurity. His latitude for Pisa is out by just over one degree, its true value being 43° 43.' The notion of his birthtime being the 15th February may well have come from casual readings of this old-style timing, whereby his birthtime was given as 22 hours of the 15th, i.e., after sundown on the 15th.

That Galileo took these charts seriously, as those of his nativity, is shown by the way he wrote out the planetary latitudes on the left, beside their longitude, as required for computing 'primary directions'. These are required for looking at the course of a life. It is evident that these two charts have been carefully prepared and mulled over, with longitudes in triplicate and latitudes and the differing time-conventions compared. They are definitely by Galileo, and indicate that he was born on the 16th February, 1564, (26th February, New Style) - and not the 15th as is generally stated.[28] His Mercury position erred by four degrees and his Moon by one, indicating that the need for reform in astronomy had a very practical basis.

A letter of Galileo's from 1633, the year after his Dialogue Concerning Two World-Systems was published, to his friend Elia Diodati in Paris, alludes to Morin de Villefranche, Mathematics professor at Paris and the most celebrated astrologer of the epoch.[29] Having received copies of new books by Morin and Fromondo, he deplored not having known of them sooner, since he would have had 'an opportunity to say many things in praise of both.' His letter concluded by saying:


"I am astounded that Morino has such an extremely high regard for judicial [astrology] and that he claims with his conjectures (which to me appear uncertain, if not very uncertain) to establish the certainty of astrology; and it would really be a wonderful thing if - as he promises - he can, shrewd as he is, place astrology in the highest position of the human sciences; and I shall wait with great curiosity to see this marvellous innovation."[30]
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« Reply #9 on: October 17, 2008, 10:01:29 pm »








The book in question, by Jean-Baptiste Morin, had argued for the Earth's immobility using astrological arguments. Furthermore, Morin was working on a huge multi-volume astrological treatise. Would this not have been an occasion for that famous sarcasm with which Galileo decimated his opponents? Instead we hear merely of his 'praise' for the book and the shrewdness of its author - hardly compatible with Favaro's notion of a scepticism as developing in mature years.

For centuries the image of Galileo has functioned as an icon of the new science he did so much to found. This has meant ignoring the real person. His biography becomes more interesting if we see him in the context of a Renaissance mathematicus without imposing our preconceptions upon him. French philosophers such as Descartes and Gassendi were sceptical towards astrology, whereas this had not become an issue in Renaissance Italy: there was no social context as could have supported astronomers sceptical towards astrology during Galileo's life. Only later on, in the latter half of the seventeenth century, was astrology expelled from the universities, whereby astronomy became established as a separate and independent discipline.


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------





Title page from Galileo's
Sidereus Nuncius (Sidereal Messenger)
printed in Venice, 1610.
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« Reply #10 on: October 17, 2008, 10:05:27 pm »









References:




Biblioteca Nazionale di Florence (BNF), Manoscriti Galileiani, VI, Tomo VII.

Favaro Antonio Ed., Le Opere di Galileo Galilei, Florence 1929-39, 20 Vols.



  1 ] Antonio Favaro, 'Galileo astrologo secondo i documenti editi e inediti', in Mente a Cuore (Mind & Heart, a periodical) 1881, Trieste, pp.1-10, 4.
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  2 ] Catalogue entry by Germana Ernst in Opuscoli Astrologici ms Galil. 81, BNF 1980 exhibition: 'the most famous charts have been lost.' Galileo's Astrologica nonnulla comprises 48 pages. BNF ms Galilei n.81; Opere, 19, pp.205-220.
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  3 ] Favaro, op. cit. (1), p.3.
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  4 ] Giorgio de Santillana, Processo a Galileo, Milan 1964, trans. 'The Crime of Galileo' Chicago 1955, p.3.
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  5 ] Robert S.Westman, 'The Astronomer's Role in the Sixteenth Century: a Preliminary Study' History of Science, 1980, 18, 105-147, 118.
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  6 ] Galileo to the Riformati, U. of Padua, 9th March and 4th November 1609, Opere, 2, 236-7 and 264-5.
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  7 ] Favaro, A., Galileo Galilei e Lo Studio do Padova, Florence 1883, Ch. 4, 'Le Matematiche nello Studio di Padova prima di Galileo.'
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  8 ] Santillana op. cit. (4) p.286.
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  9 ] 'La Denuncia Contro il Galilei,' in Antonino Poppi, Cremonini e Galilei Inquisiti A Padova Nel 1604, Nuove Documenti D'Archivo, Padova 1992, pp.51-4, 54.
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  10 ] Ibid, p.43.
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  11 ] Van Helden's translation of Galileo' Sidereus Nuncius 1610 is here used (Chicago,1989, p.31), except that 'most,' as: 'most benign star...' has here been inserted (ex benignissimo Iouis Astro ... emanare).
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  12 ] For Germana Ernst's discussion of Sagittarius as Cosimo II's rising sign, see: 'Aspetti dell' Astrologia e della profezia in Galileo e Campanella' in Novita Celesti e crisi del Sapere Ed P.Galluzi Florence 1984, pp.258-266, 264.
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  13 ] Opere XI pp.105-116,111; translation by Mike Edwards.
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  14 ] Guglielmo Righini, 'L'Oroscopo galileiano di Cosimo II de' Medici', Annali dell'Instituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza di Firenzi 1976 vol.1 pp.28-36, pp.31,36.
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  15 ] J. Cox-Rearick, Dynasty and Destiny in Medici Art, 1984, p.215.
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  16 ] Mario Biagioli, Galileo, Courtier: The Practice of Science in the Culture of Absolutism Chicago 1993, p.107.
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  17 ] R.S. Westman has disagreed, averring that "The alleged connections between Jupiter and Cosimo I...are at best tenuous"; 'Two Cultures or One?' Isis 1994, 85, 79-115, 103, n.76.
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  18 ] Dava Sobell, Galileo's Daughter, 1999 p.30.
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  19 ] Paulo L.Rosso, 'Society, Culture and the Dissemination of Learning' in Pumfrey,S., Ed., Science, Culture and Popular Belief in Renaissance Europe, Man. U.P. 1991 p.158.
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  20 ] Biagioli op.cit.(16), p.110.
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« Reply #11 on: October 17, 2008, 10:07:07 pm »








21 ] Michael Talbot, 'Ore Italiane' Italian Studies, 1985, Vol.L, p.52.
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  22 ] Biagioli op.cit. (16) p.253.
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  23 ] Sobell, op.cit. (18), pp.5,46: "...Galileo's strange, silent, second daughter ... [her] morbid tendency to melancholy and withdrawal..."
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  24 ] Galileo, Dialogue Concerning the two chief World-Systems, trans. Stillman Drake UCLA 1953 p.110.
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  25 ] BNF Opuscoli Astrologici ms Galil. 81, sec.XVI Cart. cc.48; reprinted in Opere XIX pp.23,4.
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  26 ] Michael Talbot, op.cit. (21), p.52.
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  27 ] Opere, 19, Doc.IV. p.23.
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  28 ] See Ernst, G., op.cit. (12) p.265 for uncertainty over the dates of 15th Feb. vs 16th.
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  29 ] M.Grenet, La Passion des Astres au XVII siecle, Paris 1994, p.44.
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  30 ] Letter of Galileo to Diodati, Opere, 15 pp.23-5, 24, trans. by A.Kitson.
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 See also: 'Galileo's Astrology' at Culture & Cosmos

 'Galileo & the New Star' (PDF) by N. Kollerstrom

 'Galileo's First Trial' (PDF) by N. Kollerstrom

 'How Galileo Dedicated the Moons of Jupiter to Cosimo II de Medici' (html) by N. Kollerstrom



The PDF files link to articles that appeared in Astronomy Now.





--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Nick Kollerstrom has a Cambridge science degree and has worked as a physics schoolteacher. He is recognised throughout the astrological community for his pioneering studies that have brough his scientific background into exciting fields of research on planets, plants and metals. He has been actively involved in the study of planet-metal associations and other matters of a Hermatic nature for 30 years, and has lectured on these subjects since 1975. His work in medical research resulted in his book Lead on the Brain - a plain guide to Britain's No 1 pollutant. His investigation of lunar effects upon plant growth led in the 1980s to his gardener's guide Planting by the Moon and the popular annuals Gardening and Planting by the Moon. Nick Kollerstrom's latest title, Crop Circles: The Hidden Form, published by Wessex books, offers a new way of experiencing the crop circle mystery, through the geometry of the forms revealed in crops.







© Nick Kollerstom, 2004. Published in Largo Campo di Filosofare Eurosymposium Galileo 2001 Ed Montesinos and Solis, 2001, 421-432; see also: 'Galileo's Astrology' at:

www.cultureandcosmos.com/galileosastrology.htm

 

http://www.skyscript.co.uk/galast.html
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« Reply #12 on: October 17, 2008, 10:12:24 pm »









                                     Galileo's astrology and telescopic discoveries






Added: 11/23/2006 

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"You cannot teach a man anything; you can only help him find it within himself." Such a famous quote from the astrologer himself, Galileo's astrology and his continued efforts to prove "how the heavens go" were just a few of his contributions and notable discoveries. Having caused such chaosis in the Roman Catholic Church that for the later part of his life he was placed on house arrest, discover here the life and accomplishments of Galileo's astrology.

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Galileo Galilei was born on February 15, 1564 in Pisa, Italy. Galileo pioneered the "experimental scientific method" and was the first to use a refracting telescope to make important astronomical discoveries. As a professor of astronomy at University of Pisa, Galileo was required to teach the accepted theory of his time...that the sun and all the planets revolved around the Earth. Later, at the University of Padua, he was exposed to a new theory proposed by Nicholaus Copernicus. This theory stated that the Earth and all the other planets revolved around the sun.

Galileo didn't invent the telescope but he was the first to use the telescope to study the heavens systematically. What he had observed in the heavens rocked the very foundations of Aristotle's universe and the theological-philosophical worldview that it supported. It is said that what Galileo saw was so disturbing for some officials of the Church that they refused to even look through his telescope; they reasoned that the Devil was capable of making anything appear in the telescope, so it was best not to look through it. Galileo's observations with his newly fashioned telescope (which he fashioned a vastly superior model of one he had simply heard about from Holland) convinced him of the truth of Copernicus' sun-centered theory.
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« Reply #13 on: October 17, 2008, 10:13:34 pm »




                  










Galileo's astrology studies allowed him to observe the Sun through his telescope. Here, he saw that the Sun had dark patches, which we now call sun spots. He also observed motion of the sun spots indicating that the Sun was rotating on an axis. These "blemishes" on the Sun were contrary to the doctrine of an unchanging perfect substance in the heavens, and the rotation of the Sun made it less strange that the Earth might rotate on an axis, too, just lie the Copernican model. Galileo also observed four points of light that changed their positions with time around the planet Jupiter. He concluded that these were object in orbit around Jupiter. He later discovered these were the four brightest moons around Jupiter (which we now call the Galilean moons).

These observations showed that there were new things in the heavens that Aristotle and Ptolemy had not known about. They also demonstrated that a planet could have moons circling it that would not be left behind as the planet moved around its orbit.

Galileo also used his telescope to show that Venus went through a complete set of phases, just like the Moon. This was among the most important in human history because it provided the first conclusive observational proof that was consistent with the Copernican system but not the Ptolemaic system.

As noted above, Galileo's astrology studies also brought us other observations, such as showing that the planet were disks, not point of light, showing that the great "cloud" called the Milky Way was composed of enormous numbers of stars that had not been seen before, that the moon was not smooth, as once thought, but was covered by mountains and craters, and showing that the planet Saturn had "ears". This may seem strange, but we now know that Galileo's astrology studies discovered the rings of Saturn, his telescope was just not good enough to show them as more than extensions on either side of the planet!

Beginning with the Sidereus Nuncius in 1610, Galileo brought the Copernican issue before a wide audience. In his letters on sun spots and in his letter to the Grand Duchess Christina he actually interpreted the problematical biblical passage in the book of Joshua to conform to a heliocentric cosmology. Galileo's life was interesting, even for a man in his time. Galileo's astrology work related strongly to physics and was a pivotal figure in the development of modern astronomy. He provided the crucial observations that proved the Copernican hypothesis and also laid the foundations for a correct understanding of how objects moved on the surface of the earth and of gravity. This work, however, challenged the authority of the Church through his assault on the Aristotelian concept of the Universe and eventually got him into trouble with the Inquisition. Late in life, he was forced to recant his Copernican views and spend his last years under house arrest. Galileo's contributions including the "Law of Inertia" led Issac Newton, who was born in 1642, the year Galileo died laid the foundation for Newton's First Law of Motion.



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« Reply #14 on: October 17, 2008, 10:22:28 pm »










                                                     Galileo's Astrology






Renaissance Quarterly, 

Spring, 2006 
by Patrick J. Boner

E-mail Print Link Nicholas Campion and Nick Kollerstrom, eds.

Galileo's Astrology.

Vol. 7, no. 1 of Culture and Cosmos. Bristol: Cinnabar Books, 2003. viii + 176 pp. append. illus. tbls. $30. ISBN: 1-898485-09-7.


Introduced as "a collection of stand-alone papers on a single theme" (v), Galileo's Astrology sets out
to explore the significance of astrology in Galileo's personal practice and sociocultural context. The volume contains primary sources taken from Galileo's scant collection of extant astrological writings, which are arranged into individual chapters together with works of original secondary scholarship.

The volume is designed to explore astrological episodes from Galileo's career, including his summons
to a Paduan court in 1604 under charges of "astral determinism" (39), his naming of the four moons
of Jupiter discovered in 1610 after members of the Medici family, and the birth charts he drew up for various patrons. Each section similarly aims to offer insight into the efforts of one of "the last of the great medieval astrologers" (5). Easing transitions between chapters through introductions, supplementary notes, and concluding comments, Galileo's Astrology conveys an engaging account of
a once-obscure side of the celebrated scientific figure. While the work does little to situate astrology
in Galileo's broader worldview, it does take crucial steps beyond his mere acceptance of astrology.

 Greater priority is given to glimpsing ways in which astrology can eventually be integrated into a
richer understanding of Galileo's perceived and projected persona--it shows, for example, how the "astrological logic" in which he "truly believed" (13, 65) not only provided a source of personal interest, but won him widespread recognition as a skilled astrological practitioner.
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