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The Toltec Empire

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Tempest
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« on: May 13, 2007, 01:05:04 am »

Most Toltec history is known from writings of later people, such as the Aztec, written centuries later after a "dark age" in Central Mexico, together with some references by the Maya. Toltec rulers are said to have included:

•   Chalchiuh Tlatonac - first Toltec king, founder of Tula
•   Mixcoamazatzin
•   Huetzin
•   Mixcoatl or Mixcoatl Totepeuh
•   Ihuitimal
•   Topiltzin Ce Acatl Quetzalcoatl, son of Mixcoatl, the most famous Toltec ruler
•   Matlacxochitzin
•   Nauhyotzin
•   Matlacoatzin
•   Tlilcoatzin ¬ died c. 1000 (?)Huemac ¬ the last Toltec king, died in exile c. 1100 (?), some 6 years after the fall of Tula


In 1941, the Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología confirmed that Tula was the capital of the Toltec, as had long been tradition and suggested by archeologists since the 19th century. Some scholars, including Laurette Séjourné, regret the decision, claiming that several seasons of excavation only revealed a minor city, not enough to justify the legend of the Toltecs. The site of Tula actually shows it to have been a large city in its prime, although the ceremonial art and architecture visible there today is less impressive than that at other Mesoamerican sites. It should be understood, however, that some chronicles from the time of the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores and later confuse the Toltec with other earlier Mesoamerican civilizations and sometimes tend to attribute all achievements of the centuries before the rise of the Aztec to the Toltec.
During the late twentieth century, some Mexican shamans, including Don Miguel Ruiz, who claim to be descendants of the Toltec and inheritors of their spiritual powers, began writing and teaching for a worldwide audience, causing a renewed interest in the Toltec. Another such author is Victor Sanchez who was inspired by the writings of Carlos Castaneda. For the concept Toltec in the writings of Carlos Castaneda.
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