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Jacques Cartier Lands In Canada July 24, 1534

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Author Topic: Jacques Cartier Lands In Canada July 24, 1534  (Read 658 times)
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Bianca
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« on: July 24, 2008, 08:06:24 am »










                                                J A C Q U E S   C A R T I E R






Jacques Cartier (December 31, 1491 – September 1, 1557) was a French navigator who first explored and described the Gulf of St-Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, which he named Canada.




 
Biography

Jacques Cartier was born in 1491 in Saint-Malo, a port on the north coast of the duchy of Brittany which would later be incorporated into France in 1532.

Cartier, who was part of a respectable family of mariners, also improved his social status in 1520 by marrying Mary Catherine des Granches, member of a leading ship-owning family.

His good name in Saint-Malo is recognised by its frequent appearance on baptismal registers as godfather or witness.
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Bianca
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« Reply #1 on: July 24, 2008, 08:10:04 am »


First voyage, 1534









In 1534, Jacques Cartier set sail under a commission from King Francis I of France, hoping to discover a western passage to the wealthy markets of Asia. In the words of the king's commission, he was


"to discover certain islands and lands where it is said that a great quantity of gold and other precious things are to be found".


Starting on May 10 of that year, he explored parts of Newfoundland, the areas now known as the Canadian Atlantic provinces and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. On one stop at Iles-aux-Oiseaux, his crew slaughtered around 1000 birds, most of them great auks (now extinct).

Cartier's first encounter with aboriginal people, most likely the Mi'kmaq (Micmac), was brief and some trading occurred.

On his second encounter Cartier panicked as 40 Mi'kmaq canoes surrounded one of his long boats. Despite the Mi'kmaq signs of peace Cartier ordered his men to shoot two warning shots over their heads. The Mi'kmaq paddled away.

His third encounter took place at Baie de Gaspe with the St. Lawrence Iroquoians, where on July 24
he planted a nine-metre cross bearing the words


                                                "Long Live the King of France"


and took possession of the territory in the name of the king. The change in mood was a clear indication that the Iroquoians understood Cartier's actions. During this trip he captured Domagaya and Taignoagny, the sons of Chief Donnacona, and took them back to France. He also began to build diplomatic relations with the natives. Cartier returned to France in September 1534.

His brother Jean, died during the voyage due to harsh weather.
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Bianca
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« Reply #2 on: July 24, 2008, 08:13:32 am »










Third voyage, 1541-1542






On May 23, 1541 Cartier departed Saint-Malo on his third voyage with five ships.

This time, any thought of finding a passage to the Orient was forgotten. The goals were now to
find the "Kingdom of Saguenay" and its riches, and to establish a permanent settlement along the
St. Lawrence.

Unlike the previous voyages, this one was led by the Huguenot courtier Jean-François de la Roque
de Roberval, with Cartier as his subordinate. While Roberval waited for artillery and supplies, he
gave permission to Cartier to sail on ahead with his ships.

Anchoring at Stadacona on August 23, Cartier again met the Iroquoians, but found their "show of joy" and their numbers worrisome, and decided not to build his settlement there.

Sailing nine miles up-river to a spot he had previously observed, he decided to settle on the site of present-day Cap-Rouge, Quebec. The convicts and other colonists were landed, the cattle that had survived three months aboard ship were turned loose, earth was broken for a kitchen garden, and seeds of cabbage, turnip and lettuce were planted. A fortified settlement was thus created and was named Charlesbourg-Royal. Another fort was also built on the cliff overlooking the settlement, for added protection.

The men also began collecting what they thought were diamonds and gold, but which turned out to be quartz crystals and iron pyrites, respectively - which gave rise to a French expression: faux comme les diamants du Canada {"As false as Canadian diamonds"). Two of the ships were dispatched home with some of these minerals on September 2.

Having set tasks for everyone, Cartier left with the longboats for a reconnaissance in search of "Saguenay" on September 7. Having reached Hochelaga, he was prevented by bad weather and the numerous rapids from continuing up to the Ottawa River.

Returning to Charlesbourg-Royal, Cartier found the situation ominous. The Iroquoians no longer made friendly visits or peddled fish and game, but prowled about in a sinister manner.

No records exists about the winter of 1541-1542 and the information must be gleaned from the few details provided by returning sailors. It seems the natives attacked and killed about 35 settlers before the Frenchmen could retreat behind their fortifications. Even though scurvy was cured through the native remedy, the impression left is of a general misery, and of Cartier's growing conviction that he
had insufficient manpower either to protect his base or to go in search of Saguenay.

Cartier left for France in early June 1542, enountering Roberval and his ships along the Newfoundland coast. Despite Roberval's insistence that he accompany him back to Saguenay, Cartier slipped off under the cover of darkness and continued on to France, still convinced his vessels contained a wealth of gold and diamonds. He arrived there in October, in what proved to be his last voyage. Meanwhile, Roberval took command at Charlesbourg-Royal, but it was abandoned in 1543 after disease, foul weather and hostile natives drove the would-be settlers to despair.

Cartier spent the rest of his life in Saint-Malo and his nearby estate, and died aged 66 on September 1, 1557 from an epidemic. He died before any permanent European settlements were made in Canada; that had to wait for Samuel de Champlain in 1608.
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« Reply #3 on: July 24, 2008, 08:16:45 am »











Legacy


 
Cartier was the first to document the name Canada to designate the territory on the shores of the St-Lawrence River. He used the name to describe the village (Stadacona), the surrounding land and the river itself. Thereafter the name Canada was used to designate the small French colony on these shores, and the French colonists were called Canadiens, until the mid-nineteenth century when the name started to be applied to the loyalist colonies on the Great Lakes and later to all of British North America.

In this way Cartier is not strictly the European discoverer of Canada as it is understood today, a vast federation stretching across the North American content. Eastern parts had previously been visited by the Norse, Basque and Breton fishermen, and perhaps the Corte-Real brothers and John Cabot (in addition of course to the Natives who first inhabit the territory).

Cartier's particular contribution to the discovery of Canada is as the first European to penetrate the continent, and more precisely the interior eastern region along the St. Lawrence River. This region was to become the first European-inhabited area of that country since the Vikings. But even to this extent, the use of discoverer is perhaps too enthusiastic, as the two sons of Donnacona guided Cartier in his first exploration of the inner continent (in the second voyage) through the St. Lawrence estuary up to the village of Stadacona.

Despite these critical notes, Cartier's professional abilities can be easily ascertained. Considering that Cartier made three voyages of exploration in dangerous and hitherto unknown waters without losing a ship, that he entered and departed some 50 undiscovered harbors without serious mishap, and that the only sailors he lost were victims of an epidemic ashore, he may be considered one of the most conscientious explorers of the period.

Cartier was also one of the first people to formally acknowledge that the New World was really a separate land mass from Europe/Asia.
« Last Edit: July 24, 2008, 08:41:25 am by Bianca » Report Spam   Logged

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« Reply #4 on: July 24, 2008, 08:18:56 am »









Rediscovery of Cartier's first colony



On August 18, 2006, Quebec Premier Jean Charest announced that Canadian archaeologists have discovered the precise location of Cartier's lost first colony of Charlesbourg-Royal.

The colony was built where the Cap Rouge river runs into the St. Lawrence River and is based on
the discovery of burnt wooden timber remains that have been dated to the mid-16th Century and
a fragment of a decorative Istoriato plate manufactured in Faenza, Italy, between 1540 and 1550
that could only have belonged to a member of the French aristocracy in the colony--probably the
Sieur de Roberval, who replaced Cartier as the leader of the settlement. 

This colony was the first European settlement in modern day Canada. Its discovery has been hailed
by archaeologists as the most important find in Canada since the c.1000 AD L'Anse aux Meadows
Viking village was unearthed in northern Newfoundland.
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« Reply #5 on: July 24, 2008, 08:24:00 am »









HONOURS






The Cartier Pavilion at the Collège militaire royal de Saint-Jean was named in his honour.





                                                             S H I P S







Grande Hermine

Length: 78.8 ft
Beam: 22ft
Depth of hold: 12ft
120 tons
Built: France 1534; used in the 1535-36 and 1541-42 voyages; replica 1967 built for Expo 67 in Montréal




Petite Hermine

Length:ft
Beam:ft
Depth of hold:ft
40 tons
Built:France; used in the 1535-36 voyage and abandoned in 1536




Émérillon

Length: 78.8 ft
Beam: 22ft
Depth of hold: 12ft
120 tons
Built: France; used in the 1535-36 and 1541-42 voyages





Georges (1541-42)

Length: ft
Beam: ft
Depth of hold: ft
tons
Built: France; used the 1541-42 voyage





Saint-Brieux

Length: ft
Beam: ft
Depth of hold: ft
tons
Built: France; used the 1541-42 voyage
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« Reply #6 on: July 24, 2008, 08:28:35 am »










MONUMENTS




Place Jacques-Cartier, a major street in the Vieux Port of Montreal






                   
Jacques-Cartier River




MONTREAL - Jacques-Cartier Bridge
over the St. Lawrence River
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« Reply #7 on: July 24, 2008, 08:30:32 am »










     THE THOUSAND ISLANDS
                                                 

                            JACQUES CARTIER STATE PARK - NEW YORK STATE - U.S.A.

 
 
 
Located in Morristown, N.Y.,  JACQUES CARTIER  STATE PARK is well known for its sheltered bay, beautiful grounds and clean facilities. Day use and overnight facilities attract fishermen, campers, picnickers, hunters and winter sports enthusiasts. Regular summer hours run from Memorial Weekend through Columbus Day.  Enjoy a relaxing day on the beach, fishing on the St. Lawrence river, an evening in Alexandria Bay or make the one mile journey across the river to Brockville, Ontario.

Jacques Cartier State Park has a sheltered bay protecting the sandy swimming beach and campers' dock. The biggest draws for the park are unlimited water sport opportunities, excellent fishing, the view of the seaway and ocean vessels, and the relaxing pace of the upstate. The park's large open lawns encourage games, picnics and star gazing. In the winter, cross-country skiing is permitted in the park.

                             

Visitors to Jacques Cartier State Park enjoy a swimming beach, a boat launch site, dockage, fishing, hunting, picnic area, a children's playground, power boating, campground and showers. The campground, picnic area and showers are handicapped accessible. The park is open from mid-May through Columbus Day weekend.


WINTER IN THE PARK

This area has a varied climate with average January temperatures ranging from below 14 degrees reaching to 22 degrees Fahrenheit (below -10 to -6 degrees Celsius). Summer temperatures average between 72 degrees and below 68 degrees Fahrenheit (22 to below 20 degrees Celsius). Precipitation in the region ranges from less than 36 to 40 inches of rain and snowmelt.
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