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the Holocaust Chronicle

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Rebekkah
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« Reply #75 on: March 26, 2010, 01:29:53 am »




The Depression hit Germany hard, forcing proud parents to send their children to soup kitchens operated by the Salvation Army.
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Rebekkah
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« Reply #76 on: March 26, 2010, 01:30:23 am »



Hitler addresses the NSDAP leaders' meeting in Munich in August 1928. He argued that the Nazis' poor showing in the May elections necessitated radical changes in strategy.
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Rebekkah
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« Reply #77 on: March 26, 2010, 01:30:44 am »

1868: Benjamin Disraeli becomes prime minister of Great Britain--and the first prime minister of Jewish descent in Europe.
 1869: Italy grants emancipation to Jews.
 1870: Sweden grants citizenship to Jews.
 1870-1871: German states are unified under autocratic and militaristic Prussia. The king of Prussia becomes German Kaiser (emperor). Prussia's capital city, Berlin, becomes Germany's capital.
 1871: Great Britain grants full emancipation to Jews.
 January 12, 1871: A new German constitution gives German Jews full legal equality for the first time since the region's first Jewish settlement, which dates to Roman times. This "equality" does little to stem German antisemitism.
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Rebekkah
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« Reply #78 on: March 26, 2010, 01:31:31 am »




The Young Hitler

Adolf Hitler (center) grew up in an authoritarian household. His father, an Austrian customs official, was quick-tempered and overly strict, and Adolf drew much closer to his overindulgent mother. It was from his father that Hitler acquired many of his personality traits.

Hitler was born on April 20, 1889, in Braunau am Inn, an Austrian town on the German border. Little Adolf was spoiled by his mother, but did not have a happy childhood. He and his father quarreled frequently, and the boy was moody and discontent. A lazy and disinterested student, he dropped out of school at the age of 16 to pursue his dream of becoming a painter.

Crushed and bitterly disappointed when he failed the entrance examination to the Vienna Academy of Art in 1907, Hitler spent the next five years enduring a miserable existence in Vienna. Living in men's hostels, unshaven, and shabbily dressed, he barely eked out a living by hawking his sketches at local cafes and taverns. This period in Vienna was, he remembered, "the hardest, but also the most thorough, school of my life." There, his ideological foundations became established.
Photo: Stiftung Dokumentationsarchiv des österreichischen Wilderstandes
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Rebekkah
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« Reply #79 on: March 26, 2010, 01:31:49 am »

Adolf Hitler's Vision

Adolf Hitler wore no signature spectacles, but his racist, antisemitic vision meant that the pair Sophie Gerlich received in the early summer of 1934 were by no means the only ones that belonged to Nazi victims. When the Soviet Army liberated Auschwitz-Birkenau 11 years later, they found huge amounts of loot, which had been taken from the Jews who were murdered there. The loot included not only millions of pieces of clothing and tons of human hair but also mounds of eyeglasses. None of those spectacles or any others that could have been prescribed would have corrected Hitler's vision, however. His outlook--distorting and defacing human life nearly beyond recognition--won a following strong enough to govern Nazi Germany and to dominate most of Europe from 1933 to 1945. Mein Kampf contains the core of Hitler's vision. But as we shall see, it raises questions that go farther back than the 1920s or the turn-of-the-century world into which Hitler was born in Braunau, Austria, on April 20, 1889.

Disagreements persist about the precise origins of Hitler's antisemitism. No reputable scholar would deny, however, that Hitler was incorrigibly antisemitic well before he met Fritz Gerlich in Munich during the spring of 1923. Nor would any serious interpreter repudiate the view that Hitler's antisemitism was unwavering. His hatred for Jews was so unrelenting that the political testament he signed on April 29, 1945--one day prior to his suicide and less than ten days before the Third Reich surrendered--ended by ordering "the government and the people to uphold the race laws to the limit and to resist mercilessly the poisoner of all nations, international Jewry."

Hitler's own account of the beginnings of his antisemitism is sometimes at variance with sources that locate them prior to his first visit to Vienna in May 1906. Nevertheless, Hitler's emphasis on the formative quality of his experiences in that city, before he moved to Munich in 1913 at the age of 24, reveals that he found the imperial capital of Austria-Hungary to be very different from provincial Linz, his hometown, where he first heard the music of the antisemitic composer Richard Wagner, who long exerted strong influence upon him. Vienna alienated, captivated, and educated Hitler all at once, and in decisive ways that he could not have anticipated.
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« Reply #80 on: March 26, 2010, 01:32:08 am »

  1874: After a long process, Jews in Switzerland receive full rights of citizenship under the new constitution.
 1878: The antisemitic German Christian Social Party is founded by Adolf Stoecker, a court chaplain. The party demands that Jews convert to Christianity.
 1880: Petitions signed by 250,000 Germans demand that the government ban Jews from German schools and universities--and from holding public office.
 1880s: Anti-Jewish pogroms break out across Russia.
 1881: Eugen Karl Dühring publishes an antisemitic book in Germany, Die Judenfrage als Rassen-, Sitten-, und Kulturfrage (The Jewish Question as a Racial, Moral, and Cultural Problem).
   
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Rebekkah
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« Reply #81 on: March 26, 2010, 01:32:59 am »



Richard Wagner

Born in 1813, Richard Wagner was a leading proponent of völkisch nationalism, the movement that defined Germany in highly xenophobic and exclusive terms. Wagner's operas, especially Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelung), attempted to recapture Germany's grandeur and mystical past.

Wagner was also notorious for his political and racial antisemitism. His essay "Das Judenthum in der Musik" ("Jewry in Music") claimed that Germans were "instinctively repelled" by Jews. According to Wagner, Jews had a destructive effect on German culture. Their financial power enabled them to dictate public opinion.

Wagner's racial antisemitism attracted a large following among Germany's educated elite. Although the composer sank into insanity before his death at 70 in 1883, his political essays and music were greatly admired by Adolf Hitler. Wagner's works were performed at many Nazi festivals.
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Rebekkah
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« Reply #82 on: March 26, 2010, 01:33:41 am »



As this color sketch attests, Hitler had artistic ambitions. Rejected twice by Vienna's Academy of Art, he turned his frustrated energies toward reactionary, antisemitic politics.
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« Reply #83 on: March 26, 2010, 01:34:20 am »



Protestant minister and noted antisemite Adolf Stoecker was appointed court chaplain for Kaiser Wilhelm I. In this position he influenced the Kaiser and his ministers against Germany's Jews.
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« Reply #84 on: March 26, 2010, 01:34:33 am »

  1881-1884: Violently anti-Jewish pogroms sweep Poland, the Ukraine, and Russia; See 1903-1906.
 1881-1903: Waves of immigration of European Jews to Palestine and the United States occur.
 1883: Sir Francis Galton coins the term "eugenics" to encompass the notion of positive modification of natural selection through selective breeding of human beings; See 1910.
 April 20, 1889: Adolf Hitler is born in Braunau am Inn, Austria.
 1894: In France, Army Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a Jew, is falsely accused and convicted of treason, setting off a wave of French antisemitism, bordering on the hysterical. Dreyfus will spend nearly five years on Devil's Island before being freed and ultimately exonerated.
 1894: In France, the antisemitic Edouard-Adolphe Drumont and La Croix, the newspaper of the Assumptionist Order of the Roman Catholic Church, lead the attack on the Jews.
 1894: In Germany, Social Darwinist Alfred Ploetz describes selective breeding of human beings as "racial hygiene."
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« Reply #85 on: March 26, 2010, 01:35:24 am »



 These Jews, awaiting customers on Berlin's Grenadierstrasse, struggled to make a living on the black market during the lean interwar years.
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« Reply #86 on: March 26, 2010, 01:35:59 am »



 Antisemites fixated on Europe's Jewish Rothschild family, decrying them as political and financial manipulators.
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« Reply #87 on: March 26, 2010, 01:36:21 am »

 1896: Anti-Jewish violence accompanying the Dreyfus Affair inspires eyewitness reporter and Hungarian Zionist Theodor Herzl to publish Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State), a work that promotes Zionism; See 1897.
 1897: The World Zionist Organization (WZO) is created at Basel, Switzerland. Zionist leader Theodor Herzl, who has covered antisemitic violence as a journalist, calls for a Jewish state.
 1897: Antisemitic politician Dr. Karl Lueger is elected mayor of Vienna, running on the electoral ticket of the antisemitic Christian Social Party.
 1899: Die Grundlagen des 19. Jahrhunderts (Foundations of the Nineteenth Century), an antisemitic book by Houston Stewart Chamberlain, is published in Germany. It holds that human history is a battle between Jews and Aryans.
 1899: Action Française (French Action), an antisemitic group, is founded in France
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« Reply #88 on: March 26, 2010, 01:36:45 am »

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« Reply #89 on: March 26, 2010, 01:37:26 am »



German soldiers, once part of a massive wartime army, found solidarity during the interwar years within the ranks of a nationalist veterans organization called Stahlhelm (Steel Helmet).
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