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Pisa's Muddy Graveyard Gives Up Its Ancient Secret: A Ghostly Roman Fleet

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« on: June 15, 2008, 05:44:44 pm »












                          Pisa's muddy graveyard gives up its ancient secret: a ghostly Roman fleet





December 13, 2003

The chance discovery of a Roman "ghost fleet" buried in mud just outside Pisa has led experts to conclude that the city was built on a lagoon much like an early Venice.

Archaeologists believe that traces of a community dating back to a pre-Roman era, a sort of Etruscan Venice, may lie beneath the ships. The end of the lagoon civilisation may also offer pointers to the fate of modern Venice - the waterways were silted up by violent floods over a long period.

"The situation in Venice is not just similar to that of Pisa, but is practically identical," said Professor Stefano Bruni of the University of Ferrara.

The find first came to light five years ago when a bulldozer involved in work near the San Rossore station on the outskirts of Pisa came across an ancient wooden ship 10 metres below ground. A large archaeological dig, which was started under Professor Bruni's direction, later found four ships dating from various Roman periods.

The number of vessels rose to six, then nine, and finally 21, including what experts believe may be a Roman warship. They date from 200 BC to AD 500. The ships will soon be housed in a new museum in Pisa's old shipyards.

Archaeological teams are analysing material found, including navigational instruments, human remains, wicker baskets, clothing, oil lamps and scraps of leather.

But, equally important, the discovery has caused the entire geography of the area, and its relationship with the rest of the Mediterranean, to be redefined.

Professor Angelo Bottini, an archaeologist, said the digs had not brought to light the existence of a mere port separated from the sea. Rather, they showed there had been a "network of river and maritime landing places, in which the sea and the rivers were in dialogue".

This network included lagoon islands and wetlands where fresh water combined with salt water. "To compare Pisa and Venice is therefore not rash, even if we must exercise caution," he said.

The discovery of the ships also confirmed claims by ancient sources that before Pisa was a Roman city it had been Etruscan and Hellenic.

The extraordinary state of preservation of the ships was due to what Professor Bottini called flood "trauma". "[Floods] deposited sand in such a violent way that it didn't have time to oxidise the wood," he said.

While this had preserved the ships, it also meant that the wood, when exposed to the air, had to be rehydrated to stop it falling apart.



The Telegraph, London


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« Reply #1 on: June 21, 2008, 07:20:54 pm »



One of the Roman ships found by builders working at a Pisa train station.

(Giovanni Lattanzi) 









                                                     Sunken Ships of Pisa






May/June 1999 
by Andrew L. Slayman 

Four well-preserved Roman ships have been found in Pisa, Italy, by builders digging the foundation for new offices at one of the city's train stations.

Following Italian law, work was suspended and archaeologists were called in after the first ship was discovered. Moving quickly because construction could not resume until they were done, excavators found three more ships, cargo and other artifacts, and part of an ancient quay.

One hull, 46 by 20 feet, is in particularly good condition.

"The wood seems to have been buried almost yesterday," says a project volunteer. "The planking is still fastened to the frame with copper nails."

Potsherds found nearby date the ship to the mid-second century A.D. According to project director Stefano Bruni of the Archaeological Superintendency of Tuscany, the design of the hull suggests that it is a warship.

If this is the case, says Bruni, "it will be the first known imperial warship whose structure survives relatively intact, contributing immensely to knowledge of the Roman fleet."
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« Reply #2 on: June 21, 2008, 07:37:10 pm »



Artifacts from the site include a terra-cotta dish and lamp,
held by project director Stefano Bruni.

(Giovanni Lattanzi)








This ship was empty, but the cargo of another vessel, dating from the first century B.C., was nearly intact. Amphoras (two of which were stolen from the excavation) contained a liquid residue (possibly wine); remains of cherries, plums, and olives; as well as sand from the Bay of Naples. Another freighter's hull was very well preserved, but no cargo was found. Near a fourth, smaller boat, a wicker basket, a leather sandal, and a coil of rope were discovered.

Sixteenth-century histories mention a part of Pisa known as the Porto delle Conche (Port of the Basins), after an ancient inland harbor on the Auser River (now known as the Serchio). The location of the port, which no longer exists, was not known; Bruni speculates that it may at last have been rediscovered.

Conservators are encasing the hulls in resin so they can be moved, allowing construction to proceed. The city and the archaeological superintendency hope to build a special facility where the public can view the ongoing conservation, which is expected to take several years, before the ships are moved to a museum for permanent display.



© 1999 by the Archaeological Institute of America

www.archaeology.org/9905/newsbriefs/pisa.html
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« Reply #3 on: June 21, 2008, 07:43:36 pm »










                                                  The origins of Pisa and Etruscan Pisa





Neolithic remains indicate that the mouth of the Arno was settled in very early times and most likely Ligurian colonists of Celtic origin settled here. We know that Pisa was a port of call for the Greeks and the legend of
Pelops, who left the banks of the Alpheo, a river in the Peloponnese, for those of the Arno to found a new
Pisa is possibly supported by Virgil in the 10th book of the Aeneid.

In the Etruscan period between the 6th and 3rd centuries B.C., Pisa, situated near the extreme northern border of Etruria, was influenced by Volterra but never became more than a modest village of fishermen and boat builders, probably limited by the instability of the coastline and the periodic floods of the Arno.





Illustration:

Nos. 17 and 18 (upper)

War ship and merchant ship, about 500 B.C, from a painted vase found at Vulci in Etruria,
in the British Museum;

No 19 (lower), two war ships, about 500 B.C., from a painted vase by Nicosthenes found
at Vulci in Etruria, in the Louvre.

From Cecil Torr,
Ancient Ships,
1895.





The Etruscan tomb of the Ship dates from the mid 5th century BCE.

The tomb derives its name from a huge ship ,
filled with warriors,
which appears on the left hand wall.

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« Reply #4 on: June 21, 2008, 07:45:15 pm »














                                                                    Roman Pisa





As Etruria was romanised, Pisa grew in importance and was an ally of Rome in the long wars against the Ligurians and the Carthaginians.

The port (Portus Pisanus), situated between the mouth of the river (at that time near where San Piero a Grado stands today) and that portion of the coast now occupied by Livorno, constituted an ideal naval base for the
Roman fleet in its expeditions against the Ligurians and the Gauls, and in the operations aimed at subjugating Corsica, Sardinia and various coastal zones of Spain.

Pisa, as an ally of Rome, then became a colonia, a municipium and in the time of Octavianus Augustus (1st cent. B.C.) was known as Colonia Julia Pisana Obsequens. In the meanwhile the growth in population, the development
of shipbuilding and trade - fostered by the establishment of the Via Aurelia and the Via Aemilia Scaurii as well as
by the harbour - resulted in an expansion of the inhabited area which was soon surrounded by walls.

The imperial period was noted for the magnificence of its public and private buildings. Although now traces of Roman life in Pisa are scarce (Baths of Hadrian, improperly called the 'Baths of Nero', capitals from the age of Severus, 3rd century A.D.), there were probably a forum and a palatium as well as an amphitheatre, public baths, a naval base and numerous temple structures, replaced by churches in Christian times.

In 1991, excavations carried out near the Arena Garibaldi revealed the presence of an Etruscan necropolis on which a domus augustea was laid out in Roman times.

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« Reply #5 on: June 21, 2008, 07:49:45 pm »



P I S A

THE ANCIENT PORT









                                            Mediaeval Pisa and the rise of the Maritime Republic





Legend has it that the first Christian influences were introduced into the area of Pisa by Saint Peter himself, who landed 'ad Gradus' in 47 A.D. and a basilica was subsequently built there.

With the fall of the Roman Empire, Pisa passed first under the Lombards and then under the Franks.

In the early Middle Ages, the city's maritime ambitions burgeoned and Pisa soon came into conflict with the Saracens, who were aiming at full supremacy of the Mediterranean. With bases in Corsica and Sardinia, they frequently threatened the lands controlled by the Church itself. The story of Kinzica de' Sismondi is set in this period. This young Pisan heroine is said to have saved the city from a Saracen incursion while most of the Pisan army and fleet were out driving the moslem infidels from Reggio Calabria (1005).

Between 1016 and 1046, the Pisans conquered Sardinia and finally also Corsica (1052), thus laying the foundations for effective control of the Tyrrhenian Sea. After these successes, the city, with Papal consent, sent the fleet to Sicily to support the struggle of the Norman Roger I and Robert against the Saracens. After breaking the chains of the harbour of Palermo, the ships hoisted their standard - the Pisan Cross in a field of red (the city's standard since the exploit of Sardinia) - and defeated the enemy (1062), returning home with such rich booty that they were able to begin the construction of the Cathedral.


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« Reply #6 on: June 21, 2008, 07:50:58 pm »



P I S A

XII CENTURY








In the meantime, rivalry with Genoa let to a naval conflict, in which the Pisans were victorious, opposite the mouth of the Arno (6 September 1060), while in a larger Mediterranean theatre the Pisan fleet successfully took part in the first Crusade. These positive results helped the Maritime Republic consolidate its position in the Near Eastern ports of call and in particular in Constantinople. The subsequent conquest of the Balearic Isles, completed in 1115, and the victory over Amalfi (1136), coincided with the peak of the city's maritime and military power.

But the 13 C was to be disastrous for Pisa, whose standing in the Western Mediterranean had in the meanwhile equalled that of Venice in the Adriatic and the Eastern Mediterranean. The continuous rivalry on the seas with Genoa and fierce conflicts with the Guelph cities of Tuscany (headed by Florence and Lucca) led to an inexorable downfall. As a result of its unconditioned support of Imperial policies, but above all because of the seizing of a group of ecclesiastic dignitaries who were on their way to Rome to take part in a council which could have ended in the removal of Frederick II of Swabia (1241), Pisa was excommunicated by the Pope, and had to wage a bitter struggle on two fronts - against Genoa (which also declared Guelph sympathies) and against the Tuscan cities which had by then become members of the Guelph League.
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« Reply #7 on: June 21, 2008, 07:55:42 pm »













                                                     Guelphs and Ghibellines





The disastrous consequences of the war on land against the Guelphs and the burdensome conditions consequently imposed by the Florentines (1254), and in particular the collapse of the Ghibelline ideal, were paralleled by events on sea: in the fateful waters of the Meloria on August 6, 1284, the day of
St. Sixtus, a date up to then propitious for the Republic, an astute naval manoeuvre of the prepon-
derant Genoese fleet, commanded by Oberto Doria, wiped out the Pisan galleys, under the command of the Venetian Alberto Morosini and Andreotto Saracini.

It was absolutely impossible for Count Ugolino della Gherardesca, who was defending the port of Pisa,
to come to the aid of the fleet, which suffered heavy losses, and at least 10,000 prisoners were taken.

The subsequent attempt of Ugolino (who in the meanwhile had become podestà) to impose a neo-Guelph restoration in Pisa, ceding possession and castles to the eternal Florentine, Luccan and Genoese rivals, earned him the undisguised hostility of the Ghibelline faction, and this together with what had happened at Meloria, led to new accusations of betrayal.

In March of 1289 the Ghibelline faction, with Archbishop Ruggeri degli Ubaldini at its head, prevailed,
and Ugolino, with his children and grandchildren, was sentenced to die of starvation in the Torre dei Gualandi.

In the meanwhile the peace of Fucecchio (12 July 1293) imposed new and onerous conditions in favor
of the Florentines, and the hopes aroused in Ghibelline Pisa by the ephemeral episode of Henry VII of Luxenbourg was to no avail.

With the advent of the podestà Uguccione della Faggiola, a valorous Ghibelline condottiere, Pisa took
its revenge, conquering Lucca (1314) and dramatically defeating the Florentines and their Siennese and Pistoiese allies at Montecatini (29 August 1315).

Subsequently, the prevailing party struggles in the city (in which the philo-Florentine merchant faction headed by Gambacorti was long opposed to the anti-Florentine faction comprised of nobles and entrepreneurs, headed by the Gherardesca) led the Genoese to force the harbour and carry off the chains, which they showed off as a trophy for many years (at present they are once again in Pisa, in the Camposanto).

On the land front, the Florentines were once more victorious at Cascina (28 July 1364).
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« Reply #8 on: June 21, 2008, 08:00:33 pm »



P I S A

XVI CENTURY








                      The fall of the Maritime Republic of Pisa and the rise of Medici suzerainty






The signoria of Piero Gambacorti seemed to inaugurate a period of relative peace and prosperity but
his treacherous assassination (21 October 1392) by hired killers instigated by the Visconti, delivered
Pisa into the hands of the lords of Milan.

In 1405, they traded Pisa off to the Florentines for money. The indignation and fierce resistance of
the Pisans was weakened by a series of negative events and in the end the city had to surrender
after a siege.
This episode (9 October 1406) marked the irreversible fall of the glorious Maritime Republic.

The subsequent advent of the French king Charles VIII aroused new hopes of independence in the city but the Florentines hastened to gather under the walls of their once invincible rival and again besieged it together with their allies.

The indomitable resistance of the Pisans was so strong the Florentines even thought of deviating the course of the Arno and called in Leonardo da Vinci  for this purpose, but the idea remained on paper,
for Pisa, exhausted by famine, had to accept the Florentine Signoria (20 October 1509).

The Medici government of Cosimo I resulted in a renaissance in the city: university activity was rationalised and augmented, various public offices were organised, and, most important, the Order
of the Knights of St. Stephen was instituted (1561), bringing new lymph to the Pisan maritime tradit-
ions, and taking part in the epic naval encounter of Lepanto (7 October 1571).

In that circumstance the Christian fleet, the expression of a coalition of European powers (the papacy and Spain, Venice and the House of Savoy and still others), under the leadership of Don Juan of Austria, assisted by Gian Andrea Doria, Marcantonio Colonna, Ettore Spinola and Sebastiano Veniero, wiped out the maritime power of the Ottoman Turks captained by Mehemet Ali.

Subsequent Medici rulers achieved important public works, such as the Aqueduct of Asciano (1601)
and the Canal of the Navicelli - between Pisa and Livorno (1603). In the early 1630s, a fierce plague raged through the city.

With the advent of the Lorraine government which obtained the sovereignty of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany in 1738, as established by the treaty of Vienna, the rationalisation of the cultural institutions began (the Scuola Normale was once more opened, 1847).
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« Reply #9 on: June 21, 2008, 08:03:34 pm »



                                                   








                                                             Modern Pisa





The re-unification of Italy also involved the citizens of Pisa: on the unforgettable day of Curtatone
and Montanara (28 May 1848), the volunteers and the university students, who had cut off the tips
of their university caps in order to aim their guns better, wrote one of the most glowing pages of the
first War of Independence.

The year 1860 marked the plebiscite adhesion to the Kingdom of Italy: two years later Pisa bestowed
a warm welcome on Garibaldi who had been wounded on the Aspromonte.

The most recent history of the city includes the devastating destruction of World War II and in 1966 the disastrous flood of the Arno resulted in the collapse of the Ponte Solferino and the partial destruction of
the Lungarno Pacinotti.



http://www.pisa-info.com/history_of_pisa.htm
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« Reply #10 on: June 21, 2008, 08:47:31 pm »



BOCCA D'ARNO - MARINA DI PISA

Where the River Arno meets the sea
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« Reply #11 on: June 21, 2008, 10:10:42 pm »









From C

                                             Lost Roman port gives up buried fleet





John Follain
and Holly Watt
The Sunday Times
Nov. 25, 2007

WHEN his cargo ship capsized, perhaps struck by a catastrophic flood, the Roman sailor struggled in vain to free his foot from a rope. Almost two millenniums later, his skeleton was found with an arm outstretched towards the remains of a dog similar to a basset hound.

The discovery of the two skeletons, both dating from AD10 when the Roman empire was at its zenith, is among a host of finds, which include 30 ancient ships preserved by their burial in the watery clay silt of an ancient port near the Tuscan city of Pisa.

The vanished port has been likened to an underwater Pompeii – the city destroyed by Mount Vesuvius in AD79 – and is now to be put forward for formal recognition from Unesco as a world heritage site.

Andrea Camilli, director of the archeological site at Pisa, within a few hundred yards of the Leaning Tower, is seeking funds to complete the excavation and to build a museum. The remains have been preserved by the anaerobic conditions, as was the Tudor warship Mary Rose, raised from the sea off Portsmouth 25 years ago.

Archeologists believe the Pisa wrecks were sunk over a period of almost a thousand years, from the
4th century BC to the 5th century AD. Some of the wrecks fell victim to catastrophic floods, likened
by Camilli to tsunamis.

The Romans bore some responsibility for this naval graveyard as they had cut down surrounding woods of oaks and birches, thus destroying a natural barrier against periodic flooding of the Pisa plain. The port, similar to modern-day Venice, was a maze of canals at the junction of two rivers, the Arno and the Auser. Only the Arno still exists.

Historians describe the finds as offering a unique insight into the ships and sea trading of the ancient world. They are impressed by the variety of the ships – from 24ft to 90ft, and some still virtually intact – as well as by organic traces, such as those of wood and ropes, that have been preserved.

“We get a picture of daily life on the ships and of what they transported. Until now what was transported in amphorae was supposition, but the contents we have discovered reveal new trading patterns,” said Camilli.

Amphorae, or terracotta jars, were thought to have been used principally for transporting wines and wheat. But the Pisa site, where 13,000 amphorae have been found, shows they were used to transport fruit, including figs, and even fine sand, used by Romans to clean themselves after exercising.

One ship’s cargo was pork shoulder hams – with a preponderance of right shoulder bones. According to one theory, this was because most pigs rest on their left side, and the meat of the right side makes better quality prosciutto.

The jawbone of a wild boar suggests another boat carried live animals. The remains of a newborn baby were found in one amphora, which is believed to have been used as a small coffin for a burial.

“Each boat for each period is a snapshot for trading links in which Pisa was involved. Wrecks at sea are deep down and badly eroded, so these are incredible,” said Simon Keay, a maritime archeologist at Southampton University, who specialises in the Roman empire.

Some of the oldest ships are Greek and Phoenician, providing new clues about the trading links of the Etruscans, the preRoman inhabitants of the region. None of the vessels is a warship.

In the worst of the flooding, the ship Alkedo, powered by 12 oarsmen, and at least another four cargo ships, including the one in which the sailor and the dog were found, capsized in the year AD10. Then under the rule of Augustus, the empire was prosperous and at peace.

Analysis of the sailor’s remains shows he was about 40 and 5ft 6in tall. The skeleton was buried under a mass of cargo and debris, with a beam pinned against the neck.

Work at the site began in 1998 after the remains of a wooden ship were discovered as foundations were being dug for a new control centre for Italian state railways on the Rome-Genoa line. It has so far cost €13m (£9.3m).

Camilli said budget cuts imposed by the Italian government meant the site was short of funds. He said it was costing about £215,000 a year, but double that was needed to do the work properly. He had only enough funds for half of the proposed museum to open in late 2008.

The museum will be housed in Renaissance shipyards in Pisa, with at first only two or three restored ships on display.

Work at the site is expected to continue for at least another eight years as 20 of the 30 ships have yet to be uncovered. Some are more than 20ft underground, and they start to disintegrate once they are exposed to oxygen.

Three ships are hanging in a laboratory in Pisa and will have to be soaked in water and fungicidal solution for several years before they can go on display.

“Special status as recognised by Unesco would give us international recognition and publicity, and that is the first condition necessary for obtaining extra funds,” said Camilli.

Alex Hildred of the Mary Rose Trust said: “It’s a very important find. It is one of the largest and most important harbours in Roman and Etruscan times.”


For further information and pictures see www.cantierenavipisa.it
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« Reply #12 on: June 21, 2008, 10:14:27 pm »




THE SHIPYARD


http://www.cantierenavipisa.it
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« Reply #13 on: June 21, 2008, 10:24:03 pm »









The "Restoration Centre for Archaeological Wet Wood" ( "Centre for Restoration of Wet Wood") is aimed at restoring and preserving, for future display, a huge quantity of objects - many of which are made of organic material - uncovered in the deposit of San Rossore.

The exceptional conditions in which these objects have rested require intervention strategies aimed at reconciling a correct stratigraphic excavation with the preservation of organic materials, subject to a fast decay.

The "Restoration Centre for Archaeological Wet Wood" was constructed close to the working site, and it is equipped with structures and machineries suitable to all kinds of restoration, both small objects and large-size ships; suitable making the testing of various treatments.

There are tanks for the immersion treatment, a room for the spraying treatment, the installations for the "close-shell" treatments, a refrigerated room for the findings' preservation and a lyophilizer.


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« Reply #14 on: June 21, 2008, 10:34:41 pm »











The Background

La scoperta del contesto delle Navi Antiche di Pisa è stato un evento inaspettato e fortuito, legato alla realizzazione, alla fine del 1998, di un centro di controllo delle Ferrovie dello Stato: proprio da queste condizioni particolari deriva la forma inusuale del cantiere, che ricalca quella dell'edificio da costruire. The discovery of the context of Ancient Ships of Pisa was an unexpected and fortuitous event, linked to the achievement at the end of 1998, a control center of Ferrovie dello Stato precisely these conditions rise to the unusual shape of the yard, which is aligned that the building be constructed. L'indagine del sito, condotta a partire dagli inizi del 1999 e dettata all'inizio dalla semplice esigenza di tutela, portò all'inaspettata e rapida scoperta, ad una certa profondità, di una impressionante serie di relitti – ne furono individuati 16 nel giro di pochissimi mesi – determinando così la decisione di spostare altrove la costruzione dell'edificio e la trasformazione del sito in un vero e proprio cantiere di scavo archeologico, stimolante per il numero di materiali e relitti restituiti e per l'unicità delle condizioni di rinvenimento, che comportano l'utilizzo di tecniche, strumenti e attrezzature d'avanguardia.




The survey of the site, conducted from the beginning of 1999 and dictated to by the simple need of protection, led to the unexpected and rapid discovery, to a certain depth.

An impressive series of wrecks  were identified within 16 of very few months - thus leading to the decision to move elsewhere the construction of the building and transformation of the site in a real archaeological excavation site, stimulating for the number of materials and relics returned and the uniqueness of the conditions of discovery, involving the use of techniques, tools and equipment in the forefront.
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