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D-DAY - THE 6TH OF JUNE

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Bianca
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« on: June 06, 2008, 01:40:08 pm »



Assault landing one of the first waves at Omaha Beach

as photographed
by Robert F. Sargent.

The U.S. Coast Guard
caption identifies the unit as

Company E, 16th Infantry,

1st Infantry Division.



Date June 6, 1944 – mid-July 1944

Location Normandy, France
« Last Edit: June 06, 2008, 01:51:09 pm by Bianca » Report Spam   Logged

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Bianca
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« Reply #1 on: June 06, 2008, 01:49:12 pm »








 
Date June 6, 1944 – mid-July 1944
Location Normandy, France




                                                  Result - Decisive Allied victory
 




Belligerents


 Australia

 Canada

 Free France

 New Zealand

 The Netherlands

 Norway

 Poland

 United Kingdom

 United States

  Germany




Commanders


 Dwight Eisenhower
(Supreme Allied Commander)

 Arthur Tedder
(Deputy Supreme Allied Commander)


Bernard Montgomery
(21st Army Group, Ground Forces Commander in Chief)

 Trafford Leigh-Mallory
(Air Commander in Chief)

 Bertram Ramsay
(Naval Commander in Chief)

Omar Bradley
(U.S. 1st Army)

 Miles Dempsey
(British 2nd Army)







 Gerd von Rundstedt
(Oberbefehlshaber West)

 Erwin Rommel
(Heeresgruppe B)

 Friedrich Dollmann
(7.Armee Oberkommando)




 
Strength


1,000,000
(by July 4)[3] 380,000 (by July 23)


Casualties and losses
United States: 1,465 dead,
5,138 wounded, missing or captured;


United Kingdom:
2,700 dead, wounded or captured;


Canada: 500 dead;
621 wounded or captured;





Total:10,264 Nazi Germany:
Between 4,000 and 9,000 dead,
wounded or captured
 



v • d • eBattle of Normandy
 



Neptune – Tonga – American Airborne Landings – Sword – Juno – Gold – Omaha – Utah – Pointe du Hoc – Brécourt Manor – La Caine – Perch – Carentan – Villers-Bocage – Cherbourg – Epsom – Charnwood – Jupiter – Goodwood – Atlantic – Verriéres Ridge – Spring – Cobra – Bluecoat – Totalise – Lüttich – Tractable – Falaise – Brest – Paris
 
 
v • d • eWest European Campaign
(1944-1945)
 
 
Normandy - Dragoon - Paris to the Rhine - Bulge - Nordwind - Blackcock - Colmar Pocket - Battle of Central Europe - German capitulation
 
 
v • d • eWestern Front (World War II)
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Bianca
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« Reply #2 on: June 06, 2008, 01:56:46 pm »










                                       T H E   I N V A S I O N   O F   N O R M A N D Y
 
 



The Invasion of Normandy was the invasion and establishment of Allied forces in Normandy, France during Operation Overlord in World War II. It covers from the initial landings on June 6, 1944 until the Allied breakout in mid-July.

It was the largest seaborne invasion at the time,  involving over 850,000 troops crossing the English Channel from the United Kingdom to Normandy by the end of June 1944.

Allied land forces that saw combat in Normandy on June 6 came from Canada, Free French Forces, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In the weeks following the invasion, Polish forces also participated and there were also contingents from Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece, and the Netherlands. Most of the above countries also provided air and naval support, as did the Royal Australian Air Force, Royal New Zealand Air Force and the Royal Norwegian Navy.

The Normandy invasion began with overnight parachute and glider landings, massive air attacks, naval bombardments, an early morning amphibious landing and during the evening the remaining elements of the parachute divisions landed. The "D-Day" forces deployed from bases along the south coast of England, the most important of these being Portsmouth.
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Bianca
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« Reply #3 on: June 06, 2008, 01:58:10 pm »



General Eisenhower speaks with 1st Lt. Wallace C. Strobel and Company E,
502d Parachute Infantry Regiment,
101st Airborne Division

On the evening of
June 5, 1944
« Last Edit: June 06, 2008, 02:03:58 pm by Bianca » Report Spam   Logged

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« Reply #4 on: June 06, 2008, 02:01:16 pm »











ALLIED PREPARATIONS
 


The objective of the operation was to create a lodgement that would be anchored in the city of Caen (and later Cherbourg when its deep-water port would be captured). As long as Normandy could be secured, the Western European campaign and the downfall of Nazi Germany could begin. About 6,900 vessels would be involved in the invasion, under the command of Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay (who had been directly involved in the North African and Italian landings), including 4,100 landing craft. A total of 12,000 aircraft under Air Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory were to support the landings, including 1,000 transports to fly in the parachute troops; 10,000 tons of bombs would be dropped against the German defenses, and 14,000 attack sorties would be flown.

Some of the more unusual Allied preparations included armoured vehicles specially adapted for the assault. Developed under the leadership of Maj. Gen. Percy Hobart (Montgomery’s brother-in-law, and an armoured warfare specialist), these vehicles (nicknamed Hobart's Funnies) included "swimming" Duplex Drive Sherman tanks, the Churchill Crocodile flame throwing tank, mine-clearing tanks, bridge-laying tanks and road-laying tanks and the Armoured Vehicle, Royal Engineers (AVRE)–equipped with a large-caliber mortar for destroying concrete emplacements. Some prior testing of these vehicles had been undertaken at Kirkham Priory in Yorkshire, England. The majority would be operated by small teams from the British 79th Armoured Division attached to the various formations.
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« Reply #5 on: June 06, 2008, 02:05:41 pm »



U.S. soldiers of the 2nd Ranger Battalion march through Weymouth, a southern English coastal town,
en route to board landing ships for the invasion of France.
« Last Edit: June 06, 2008, 02:07:43 pm by Bianca » Report Spam   Logged

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« Reply #6 on: June 06, 2008, 02:14:32 pm »










PLANNING THE INVASION




Allied forces rehearsed their roles for D-Day months before the invasion. On April 28, 1944, in south Devon on the English coast, 638 U.S. soldiers and sailors were killed when German torpedo boats surprised one of these landing exercises, Exercise Tiger.

In the months leading up to the invasion, the Allies conducted a deception operation, Operation Fortitude aimed at misleading the Germans regarding the date and place of the invasion.

There were several leaks prior to or on D-Day. One such leak was the crossword that came out in The Herald and Review six days before the beach landings were to take place. Some of the answers consisted of Overlord, Neptune, Gold and other key terms to the invasions; the US government later declared that this was just a coincidence. Through the Cicero affair, the Germans obtained documents containing references to Overlord, but these documents lacked all detail.

Double Cross agents, such as Juan Pujol (code named Garbo), played an important role in convincing the German High Command that Normandy was at best a diversionary attack. Another such leak was Gen. Charles de Gaulle's radio message after D-Day. He, unlike all the other leaders, stated that this invasion was the real invasion. This had the potential to ruin the Allied deceptions Fortitude North and Fortitude South. For example, Gen. Eisenhower referred to the landings as the initial invasion.

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« Reply #7 on: June 06, 2008, 02:16:37 pm »

CODE NAMES




The Allies assigned codenames to the various operations involved in the invasion. Overlord was the name assigned to the establishment of a large-scale lodgement on the Continent. The first phase, the establishment of a secure foothold, was codenamed Neptune. According to the D-day museum:

"The armed forces use codenames to refer to the planning and execution of specific military operations. Operation Overlord was the codename for the Allied invasion of northwest Europe. The assault phase of Operation Overlord was known as Operation Neptune. (...)

Operation Neptune began on D-Day (6 June 1944) and ended on 30 June 1944.

By this time, the Allies had established a firm foothold in Normandy.

Operation Overlord also began on D-Day, and continued until Allied forces crossed the River Seine on
19 August 1944.
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« Reply #8 on: June 06, 2008, 02:17:52 pm »

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« Reply #9 on: June 06, 2008, 02:22:36 pm »









A L L I E D   O R D E R   O F   B A T T L E
 



D-Day

The following major units were landed on D-Day. A much more detailed order of battle for D-Day
itself can be found at Normandy landings.



British 6th Airborne Division.
 
British I Corps, British 3rd Infantry Division and the British 27th Armoured Brigade.

Canadian 3rd Infantry Division, Canadian 2nd Armoured Brigade

British XXX Corps, British 50th Infantry Division and British 8th Armoured Brigade.






79th Armoured Division



U.S. V Corps, U.S. 1st Infantry Division and U.S. 29th Infantry Division.

U.S. VII Corps, U.S. 4th Infantry Division.

U.S. 101st Airborne Division.

U.S. 82nd Airborne Division.
 
The total number of troops landed on D-Day was around 130,000-156,000






SUBSEQUENT DAYS




The total troops, vehicles and supplies landed over the period of the invasion were:



By the end of 11 June (D + 5), 326,547 troops, 54,186 vehicles and 104,428 tons of supplies.
 
By June 30th (D+24) over 850,000 men, 148,000 vehicles, and 570,000 tons of supplies.
 
By July 4th one million men had been landed
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« Reply #10 on: June 06, 2008, 02:23:49 pm »



Large landing craft convoy crosses the English Channel on June 6, 1944.
« Last Edit: June 06, 2008, 02:27:29 pm by Bianca » Report Spam   Logged

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« Reply #11 on: June 06, 2008, 02:26:33 pm »









NAVAL PARTICIPATION

 


The Invasion Fleet was drawn from 8 different navies, comprising 6,939 vessels: 1,213 warships,
4,126 transport vessels (landing ships and landing craft), and 736 ancillary craft and 864 merchant vessels.

The overall commander of the Allied Naval Expeditionary Force, providing close protection and bombardment at the beaches, was Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay. The Allied Naval Expeditionary Force was divided into two Naval Task Forces: Western (Rear-Admiral Alan G Kirk) and Eastern (Rear-Admiral Sir Philip Vian).

The warships provided cover for the transports against the enemy—whether in the form of surface warships, submarines, or as an aerial attack—and gave support to the landings through shore bombardment.

These ships included the Allied Task Force "O".

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« Reply #12 on: June 06, 2008, 02:29:32 pm »









GERMAN ORDER OF BATTLE




The number of military forces at the disposal of Nazi Germany reached its peak during 1944.

Tanks on the east front peaked at 5,202 in November 1944, while total aircraft in the Luftwaffe inventory peaked at 5,041 in December 1944.

By D-Day 157 German divisions were stationed in the Soviet Union, 6 in Finland, 12 in Norway, 6 in Denmark, 9 in Germany, 21 in the Balkans, 26 in Italy and 59 in France, Belgium and the Netherlands.

However, these statistics are somewhat misleading since a significant number of the divisions in the east were depleted; German records indicate that the average personnel complement was at about 50% in the spring of 1944.

A more detailed order of battle for D-Day itself can be found at Normandy landings.
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« Reply #13 on: June 06, 2008, 02:30:47 pm »

       
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« Reply #14 on: June 06, 2008, 02:36:18 pm »










ATLANTIC WALL AND ENGLISH CHANNEL
 



Standing in the way of the Allies was the English Channel, a crossing which had eluded the Spanish Armada and Napoleon Bonaparte's Navy. Compounding the invasion efforts was the extensive Atlantic Wall, ordered by Hitler in his Directive 51.

Believing that any forthcoming landings would be timed for high tide (this caused the landings to be timed for low tide), Rommel had the entire wall fortified with tank top turrets and extensive barbed wire, and laid a million mines to deter landing craft.

The sector which was attacked was guarded by four divisions.






DIVISIONAL AREAS



The following units were deployed in a static defensive mode in the areas of the actual landings:



716th Infantry Division (Static) consisted mainly of those 'unfit for active duty' and released prisoners.

352nd Infantry Division, a well-trained unit containing combat veterans.

91st Air Landing Division (Luftlande – air transported), a regular infantry division, trained, and equipped to be transported by air.

709th Infantry Division (Static). Like the 716th, this division comprised a number of "Ost" units who were provided with German leadership to manage them.







ADJACENT DIVISIONAL AREAS




Other divisions occupied the areas around the landing zones, including:

243rd Infantry Division (Static) (Generalleutnant Heinz Hellmich), comprising the 920th Infantry Regiment (two battalions), 921st Infantry Regiment, and 922nd Infantry Regiment. This coastal defense division protected the western coast of the Cotentin Peninsula.

711th Infantry Division (Static), comprising the 731th Infantry Regiment, and 744th Infantry Regiment. This division defended the western part of the Pays de Caux.

30th Mobile Brigade (Oberstleutnant Freiherr von und zu Aufsess), comprising three bicycle battalions.
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